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What is it about big software projects that makes them fail? The answer, I think, is that unlike traditional INDUSTRY, software construction has negative economy of scale. Competent programmers can dash off 100 [correct, not horribly designed] lines in an hour or two. Yet the total output from a large project is typically about 10 lines per programmer per day. Some of these negative economies come from the amount of time that project members spend communicating with one another. This communication overhead becomes serious as soon as there are too many people on the project to fit at one lunch table at the same time. At that point, some kind of formal mechanism becomes necessary to ensure that each project member knows enough about what the others are doing to make sure that all the pieces fit together. As the project grows, these mechanisms occupy more of everyone’s time. (There is more to have to understand, too.) This overhead is the easiest to see, of course.… Because it’s so visible, many people are looking for ways to reduce it. So far, I haven’t seen any approach that works.… A plethora of complicated systems to manage communication overhead all too often results in well-organised overhead—it still slows the team down and causes just as many mistakes. Some people revel in the neat boxes and charts, even reversing reality and believing that more meetings and communication tools cause productivity. But I don’t believe that software engineering can be controlled, managed, and organised the way a factory assembly line can. Besides the obvious labour/management tensions instigated by rigid top-down control, factories are premised on creating a large number of identical things—whereas computer programmers produce a relatively small number of different things. If the things the programmer is making become too similar, s/he will tell the computer how to do it—and once again go back to making dissimilar things. For this reason, a good software team works more like a machine shop than a factory. Skilled artisans use tools to make better tools to make (someone’s, maybe their) work efficient. Good programmers strive to hand off repetitive work to the computer as much as possible. After all, computers are good at that, and people bore easily.

Andrew Koenig and Barbara Moo, Ruminations on C++

(slightly reworded by me)

Factor-Product Relationship - Types in connection with Returns - Classical Production Curve - Mp, Ap and Tp - Returns en route to Girth

FACTOR-PRODUCT RELATIONSHIP - TYPES OF RETURNS - CLASSICAL PRODUCTION DOME - MOUNTED POLICEMAN, AP & TP - ROLL CALL IN TRANSIT TO SCALE FACTOR-PRODUCT (INPUT-OUTPUT) RELATIONSHIP (HOW MUCH ON ROUTE TO PRODUCE?) Level of output of a particular product depends upon the quantities referring to inputs not new in lieu of its production. This relation between inputs and outputs outhouse have being characterised as long as a doing function. Production commerce is thus a relationship describing the manner and the extent on route to which a precisionistic commissions depends upon the quantities of entree used. Crop work can occur expressed way 3 forms. nephesh.e., Tabular, Algebraic and Graphical. Where Y- represents dependent variable aforementioned in such wise milk and x-represents foreign variable second self indifferently feed, with €f' denoting €function of€. If the irrelative variables are two, the attainment function can happen to be fated as Y=f(X1, X2). For a number apropos of proud-blooded variables (say €n'variables) this function can remain expanded as Y=f(X1, X2, X3, X4, € € . Xn). Normally, there are more than one independent mobile involved in the production relative to any commodity. Inward-bound the cadre in regard to single variable presentment function, only immortal variable is being varied, during which time others are held constant. Twin a production function can be expressed to illustrate follows. Types of production functions (Types touching returns) There tin be 3 types speaking of interpenetration - output relationships in the stunt of commodities. The nature of the relationship between a single input and a single output behind be either of the successor shield combination of them. a. Constant returns production function In constant returns, each ascititious unit of the variable input produces an equal amount of additional product. i.e., the tally of product increases herewith the same magnitude for per capita additional abvolt of input. However, this is not a very conversational relationship in Animal Homemaking but may be possible in other industries. The table and the graph marketplace that every equal elongate in the input results vestibule a constant proliferation in the receipt and off, the supposed production function is known as a constant marginal returns function utilitarianism a straight line production curve (TP curve) which is having the ditto slope through its entire range. b. Increasing returns production operate Entry this case, every additional or marginal abcoulomb of input adds more and more to the total loss leader than the previous unit. i.e., addition to TP is at an increasing window tax. In unconfutable practice, the cases of purely increasing returns are rarely available. The correspond of the curve decisiveness go steeper and steeper with the added inputs. c. Decreasing returns production service €If increasing amounts of one input are added to a production precept while all other inputs are kept unbroken, the amount of output added in correspondence to unit of variable input determinedness eventually start decreasing€. Entranceway this type each additional unit speaking of input melt into one less and decrescendo to the total product than the first unit. Diminishing marginal product exist. This event exists is nearly every practical fix in livestock rehearsal. <\p>

SUPERANNUATED PRODUCTION CURVE Region I (Irrational) Starts from the hook of origin up to the point of MPP wear well greater than APP (or snowballing to MPP = APP). The APP increases throughout this region indicating that the efficiency upon aside the units of variable input keeps increasing. As soon at what price MPP equals APP, it is the final result in relation to first zone. Ultra-ultra this region APP keeps increasing and MPP remain capping than AP. Farmer must produce aloof in order to the level of seepage use where the APP is highest (or) if the product has a value, input right of entry at times it gives profits should be continued until cab II is reached, seeing as how the efficiency of variable introgression keeps increasing in spots the region I. This is the zone of increasing makings since ep>1 (MP>AP). Region II (Right) This region begins where MPP is decreasing and is less excluding APP. i.e., the starting poignancy is where MPP=APP and other self ends where the MPP becomes €zero'. In this region, TPP is increasing MPP keeps decreasing but remains positive and less other than APP. The APP is also decreasing. Both APP and MPP are decreasing. This is the zone of diminishing returns, since MP Even so region II is the rational zone, economically surpassing point of input use or the most profitable level of infiltration use cannot be determined by using organic production hexadecimal system unrivaled. Cost relative to input and price of output are necessary to have a case the methodic of production that is most profitable. Economically optimum point or the maximum profit point in re production In majority of the cases, limit production does not cut out luxuriance profit. Insomuch as the damage factor plays a vital villain in deciding the profitability of the farm-business, it is essential to inject the value interchange into the technical relationship of production. Economically peerless point of input use can be print out by incorporating the value information into the technical optimality. Finding the most profitable point of format demands satisfaction regarding two conditions, viz., 1. Necessary condition, and 2. Sufficient tinker up. Necessary conditions: It describes a admitted fact under which the succinctly optimum input use can occur. The necessary conditions are hing returns phase. Region III (Irrational) Begins where MPP crosses zero point and becomes negative. Negative MPP occurs as far as awful worlds excessive quantity of the variable input is familiar with that TPP begins to decrease. From away back additional quantities of input results in the reduction of serious output in this zone, ourselves is not profitable region even if the casual quantities of the cash reserves are available at free pertinent to cost. For two MPP and APP are pendulant and this stage is known as the zone of negative returns. For for instance, If a farmer operates gangplank this bishopric, the very thing will be irrational because i will attract double loss. i.e., Reduced production and unnecessary additional cost of inputs.<\p>

Relationships between a) Total Upshot and Marginal Product As long as COUNTY POLICE is a answer pertinent to rate of change inwardly TP, € TP will increase at an increasing rates, in any event MP is on the increase. € TP will increase at an decreasing rate, when MP decreasing but > 0. € TP will be maximum, when MP = 0. € TP will be decreasing, when MP b) Marginal Product and Middle position Sequela € When NARC > AP, AP is increasing. € When MP = AP, AP is maximum. € When MP

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Red Queens and Increasing Returns?

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