History of Physics, Part 10 - Annus Mirabilis
In 1905, Albert Einstein, then a Bern Patent Clerk, published his paper "On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies" which argued that the speed of light is constant independent of any moving observers and reference frame. It also asserted that the laws of electrodynamics are valid in all inertial reference frames. This theory soon became known as "The Special Theory of Relativity"
In his theory he identified two principles:
1) The speed of light is constant, regardless of any inertial reference frame or observer.
2) The laws of electrodynamics are valid in all inertial reference frames.
While the second postulate is fairly obvious, the first gives people a lot of trouble. Consider the following:
The speed of light is roughly 3 x 10^8 m/s, if a truck with a headlamp is traveling directly towards you at 90 m/s, what speed is the light reaching you at?
Anyone unfamiliar with special relativity would say that the light is traveling the 90 m/s in addition to its speed of 3x10^8 m/s. But that truth is that no matter how fast you are traveling, you will always see light travel at 3x10^8 m/s in any inertial reference frame. This is something that gives even the professionals headaches sometimes.
Einstein's work on the subject of light completely revolutionized the concept of time and space, and has so many implications and uses in today's society that I could never list all of them. If you really want the whole scoop, read his actual theories (This post does no justice to the simplicity and beauty that Einstein had created, and covered barely 1% of the total content). You can find hundreds of books explaining them,but if you want the true experience, find a modern publication of the originals.