TruPhysics

You shouldn't have to go to a university to learn physics.

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Conduction Band

Introduction to Energy Bands In solids, electrons are not associated with individual atoms, but are spread throughout the material. Because of the close proximity of the atoms, the atomic energy levels overlap, forming continuous energy bands. The electron energy in solids is therefore not discrete, but rather exists within these energy bands. The conduction band is where electrons move…

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Valence Band

Introduction In the realm of solid-state physics, understanding electronic band structure is essential for appreciating the electrical, optical, and thermal properties of materials. Among various energy bands, the valence band holds a pivotal position. It helps in explaining numerous phenomena, such as electrical conductivity, superconductivity, and optical absorption. Energy Bands in…

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Ultracold Atoms

Introduction Ultracold atoms are atomic particles that have been cooled to temperatures close to absolute zero (0 Kelvin or -273.15 degrees Celsius). At such extremely low temperatures, atoms behave in ways that defy our everyday understanding of the physical world. This is due to quantum mechanical effects that become more pronounced at ultracold temperatures, leading to novel states of matter…

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Junction Diode

Introduction to Junction Diodes A junction diode, commonly referred to simply as a diode, is a fundamental electronic component used in various circuits. Its primary function is to allow electric current to flow in one direction while blocking the flow in the opposite direction. This makes diodes particularly useful in applications such as rectification, voltage regulation, and signal…

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Intensity

Introduction to Intensity In physics, intensity is a measure of the energy flux, or the power per unit area. It is commonly used to describe various phenomena such as light, sound, and electric fields. It quantifies how much energy passes through a specific area in a given time period. Mathematical Definition of Intensity In the most general sense, the intensity ($I$) is defined as the power…

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Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy (KPFM)

Introduction to KPFM Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy (KPFM), also known as Surface Potential Microscopy, is a powerful scanning probe microscopy technique used to measure the contact potential difference (CPD), or electrostatic surface potential, between the tip of a probe and the sample surface. The technique is based on the original work of Lord Kelvin, who developed the theory of contact…

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Impedance Matching

Introduction Impedance matching is a fundamental concept in electrical engineering and physics, particularly regarding the transmission and reflection of waves. In the most basic sense, impedance matching involves making the output impedance of a source equal to the input impedance of a load to maximize the power transfer or minimize signal reflection. Concept of Impedance Before delving into…

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Extrinsic Semiconductors

Introduction Extrinsic semiconductors are a specialized type of semiconductors that are chemically modified (or ‘doped’) to enhance their electrical conductivity. Unlike intrinsic semiconductors, which consist solely of one type of atom, extrinsic semiconductors have been intentionally doped with impurities to create a surplus of free charge carriers, either electrons or holes. Doping…

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Intrinsic Semiconductors

Introduction Intrinsic semiconductors, sometimes referred to as pure semiconductors, are materials that are not doped by impurities and consist only of one type of atom. They represent an essential class of materials that have revolutionized the world of electronics and underpin the operation of devices such as transistors, diodes, and solar cells. Basic Concept: Band Gap Intrinsic…

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LIGO (Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory)

Introduction The Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO) represents one of the most ambitious and successful projects in experimental physics. It was designed to detect gravitational waves, ripples in the fabric of spacetime caused by violent cosmic events like the collision of black holes or neutron stars. Theoretical Background: Gravitational Waves Gravitational waves,…

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Unitarity

Introduction Unitarity, a principle central to quantum mechanics and quantum field theory, is the mathematical expression of the fundamental conservation law in these theories – the conservation of probability. At the most basic level, it guarantees that the total probability of all possible outcomes of a quantum mechanical system is always one. The Basics: Unitary Operators In the language of…

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Z-Pinch

Introduction Z-Pinch, also known as zeta pinch, is a type of plasma confinement system that uses an electric current in the plasma to generate a magnetic field that compresses it. This physical principle is applied in various scientific fields, notably in fusion power and astrophysics research. Basic Principle: Lorentz Force The core principle of the Z-Pinch method lies in the magnetic fields…

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Optoelectronics

Introduction Optoelectronics, a sub-field of photonics, blends the fascinating realms of optics and electronics. It concerns devices that operate on the interaction of light and electrical signals. The Heart of Optoelectronics: The Photon The quintessential particle of light, the photon, is the main player in optoelectronics. Understanding how photons interact with materials forms the…

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Van Hove Singularity

Introduction The concept of the Van Hove Singularity, introduced by Belgian physicist Léon Van Hove, adds an interesting dimension to the study of solids in condensed matter physics. This intriguing concept is linked to the density of states in a solid material, and it has significant implications for electronic properties. Understanding the Density of States To comprehend the idea of the Van…

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Exploring the Metric System and Vectors through Paper Airplanes

Objective In this hands-on lab, you’ll familiarize yourself with the metric system and the concept of vectors. You’ll design and launch paper airplanes, measure their flight distances and times, and assess the direction and magnitude of each flight. Materials You’ll Need Sheets of paper (A4 or Letter size recommended) A tape measure (using metric units)—or else convert to the metric system…

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Overhauser Effect: Amplifying Signals in Magnetic Resonance

Introduction The Overhauser Effect, named after American physicist Albert Overhauser, is a fascinating phenomenon in nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. It demonstrates a unique quantum mechanical interaction between the magnetic moments of electrons and nuclei. Basic Concept of Overhauser Effect In simple terms, the Overhauser Effect refers…

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Vibronic Spectroscopy

Introduction Vibronic spectroscopy provides a window into the fascinating realm of molecular vibrations and electronic transitions. This scientific tool reveals the hidden dance of molecules, helping us unravel the mysteries of molecular structures and their dynamic behaviors. Understanding Vibronic Spectroscopy The term “vibronic” is a portmanteau of “vibrational” and “electronic.” As the…

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