#interesting research

[wowieeitsisa]

who’s your favorite madness combat character (for research purposes 👍)

I like Sanford a normal amount.

[semperfidelisamo]

Thinking about death: High neural activity is linked to shorter lifespans

If there’s one thing that humans can’t stop thinking about, it’s death. But new research published in the journal Nature suggests that all that thinking might be the very thing that brings death on.

More precisely, researchers discovered that higher neural activity has a negative effect on longevity. Neural activity refers to the constant flow of electricity and signals throughout the brain, and excessive activity could be expressed in many ways; a sudden change in mood, a facial twitch, and so on.

“An exciting future area of research will be to determine how these findings relate to such higher-order human brain functions,” said professor of genetics and study co-author Bruce Yankner. While it’s probably not the case that thinking a thought reduces your lifespan in the same way smoking a cigarette does, the study didn’t determine whether actual thinking had an impact on lifespan — just neural activity in general.

THE ROLE OF REST:

To say this was an unexpected finding is an understatement. We expect that aging affects the brain, of course, but not that the brain affects aging. These results were so counterintuitive that the study took two additional years before it was published as the researchers gathered more data to convince their reviewers. Yankner was forbearing about the delay. “If you have a cat in your backyard, people believe you,” he said. “If you say you have a zebra, they want more evidence.”

Yankner and colleagues studied the nervous systems of a range of animals, including humans, mice, and Caenorhabditis elegans, or roundworm. What they found was that a protein called REST was the culprit behind high neural activity and faster aging.

First, they studied brain samples donated from deceased individuals aged between 60 and 100. Those that had lived longer — specifically individuals who were 85 and up — had unique gene expression profile in their brain cells. Genes related to neural excitation appeared to be underexpressed in these individuals. There was also significantly more REST protein in these cells, which made sense: REST’s job is to regulate the expression of various genes, and it’s also been shown to protect aging brains from diseases like dementia.

But in order to show that this wasn’t simply a coincidence, Yankner and colleagues amplified the REST gene in roundworm and mice. With more REST came quieter nervous systems, and with quieter nervous systems came longer lifespans in both animal models.

A PATH TO LONGEVITY?

Higher levels of REST proteins appeared to activate a chain reaction that ultimately led to these increases in longevity. Specifically, REST suppressed the expression of genes that control for a variety of neural features related to excitation, like neurotransmitter receptors and the structure of synapses. The lower levels of activity activated a group of proteins known as forkhead transcription factors, which play a role in regulating the flow of genetic information in our cells. These transcription factors, in turn, affect a “longevity pathway” connected to signaling by the hormones insulin and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1).

This longevity pathway has been identified by researchers before, often in connection with possible benefits to lifespan from fasting. Additionally, the insulin/IGF1 hormones are critical for cell metabolism and growth, features which relate to longevity in obvious ways.

The most exciting aspect of this research is that it offers targets for future research on longevity, possibly even allowing for the development of a longevity drug. For instance, anticonvulsant drugs work by suppressing the excessive neural firing that occurs during seizures, and in studies conducted on roundworms, they’ve also been shown to increase lifespan. This recent study shows that this connection might not be coincidental. Similarly, antidepressants that block serotonin activity have also been shown to increase lifespan. Dietary restriction has long been implicated in promoting longer lifespans as well. Dietary restriction lowers insulin/IGF1 signaling, which this study showed affects the REST protein and neural activity. More research will be needed to confirm or reject any of these possibilities, but all represent exciting new avenues to explore, possibly resulting in the extension of our lifespans.

[hallwangclinic-blog]

#Preventive Effects of #Cocoa and Cocoa Antioxidants in Colon #Cancer ..and since diet can be boring, here some interesting research on cocoa! Have a good day, your Hallwang team! Quelle: Preventive Effects of Cocoa and Cocoa Antioxidants in Colon Cancer

[lhs3020b]

Pure Oxygen

Here is an interesting little oddity: a white dwarf star whose outer atmosphere is composed of almost pure oxygen:

http://science.sciencemag.org/content/352/6281/37

And a non-paywalled article: http://www.popularmechanics.com/space/deep-space/a20213/newly-discovered-star-has-an-almost-pure-oxygen-atmosphere/

White dwarfs are noted for having unusual chemical compositions. A white dwarf is essentially the exposed core of a normal star, after hydrogen burning has stopped, the red giant phase has concluded and the outer layers have been shrugged off. Basically the WD is the ball of very hot stellar “ash” left over once the fire goes out - and, like a pile of ash, it retains heat for a while, so it carries on glowing.

(Also, white dwarfs are arguably misnamed. New white dwarfs are white in colour, or even bluish, as they're still extremely hot. But they cool and fade as they age. The ‘coldest’ white could have a temperature as low as about 3,000 Kelvins - see for instance https://public.nrao.edu/news/cold-white-dwarf/ )

Helium white dwarfs are fairly normal, as these things go. Carbon white dwarfs aren’t particularly unusual either - both of those elements are common by-products of nuclear reactions.

But ending up with a ball of almost pure oxygen is rather weird. Well, the WD may not be entirely oxygen - due to their extreme surface gravities (hundreds of millions of Gs), WDs actually stratify their elemental composition. Heavier atoms actually sink deeper into the star. So there may be other stuff, deep down. But, this makes things even weirder, because it means that oxygen is the *lowest* atomic mass of the constituents of this WD.

Something very odd has happened in this star’s history.

[additional-constructive-akx]

How to Go into Unique Ideas for Research File?

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[three-largest-search-d]

Some Symbiotic Blunders While Writing Research Form

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[susiesfabulousworld-blog]

Mehr Kalorien verbrennen? Tempo variieren beim Laufen!

Die Frage die sich alle stellen, die ein paar Kilo weniger haben wollen: Wie werde ich am schnellsten viel Masse los? Natürlich ist es ein Ammenmärchen in 2 Wochen 10kg abzunehmen (es sei denn man bekommt ein Kind - oder ein Bein amputiert oder sowas...).

Also bleibt: FDH (Friss die Hälfte), bzw. iss gefälligst gesünder (Salat statt Pommes zum Burger :) ) und “verbrenn mehr Kalorien”.

Letzteres ist natürlich immer mit dem inneren Schweinehund verbunden und bis man sich zum Joggen hinreißen lässt, vergehen nochmal ein paar Pfund Hüftgold... Aber wehe wenn sie losgelassen, die bewegungswütigen Fat-loss-Junkies, dann stellt sich sofort die Frage: “Wie schaff ich mit wenig Aufwand viel abzunehmen?”

Wissenschaftler der Ohio State University haben jetzt herausgefunden: Abwechslung bringts! Wenn man seine Laufgeschwindigkeit im Laufe des Workouts ändert, verbrennt das bis zu 20% mehr Kalorien, als wenn man immer gleichmäßig läuft.

Die Erklärung ist eigentlich ganz einfach, wenn man den Wissenschaftlern aus Ohio Prof Srinivasan und Dr Seethapathi Glauben schenkt: Das reale Leben ist ja auch kein Laufband auf dem man immer gleich läuft. Und die Anpassung an eine neue Geschwindigkeit beansprucht die Muskeln und den Körper einfach ein kleines bisschen mehr als immer einen Trott zu laufen.

Was lernen wir daraus? Abnehmen mit Abwechslung!

Quelle: Seethapathi N, Srinivasan M.The metabolic cost of changing walking speeds is significant, implies lower optimal speeds for shorter distances, and increases daily energy estimates. Biol Lett. 2015 Sep;11(9)