Dec 7, 2022
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IV. Assessment Tools Development
Assessment Development Cycle
1. Planning Stage
Determine who will use the assessment results and how they will use them.
Identify the learning targets to be assessed.
Select the appropriate assessment method or methods.
Determine the sample size.
2. Development Stage
Develop or select items, exercises, tasks, and scoring procedures.
Review and critique the overall assessment for quality before use.
3. Use Stage
Conduct and score the assessment.
Revise as needed for future use.
Steps in Developing Assessment Tools
1. Examine the instructional objectives of the topics previously discussed. The first step in
developing a test is to examine and go back to the instructional objectives so that you can
match with the test items to be constructed.
2. Make a table of specification (TOS). TOS ensures that the assessment is based from the intended learning outcomes.
3. Construct the test items. In constructing test items, it is necessary to follow the general
guidelines for constructing test items. Kubiszyn and Borich (2007) suggested some guidelines for writing test items to help classroom teachers improve the quality of test items to write.
Begin writing items far enough or in advance so that you will have time to revise them.
Match items to intended outcomes at appropriate level of difficulty to provide valid measure of instructional objectives. Limit the question to the skill being assessed.
Be sure each item deals with an important aspect of the content area and not with trivia.
Be sure the problem posed is clear and unambiguous.
Be sure that the item is independent with all other items. The answer to one item should not be required as a condition in answering the next item. A hint to one answer should not be embedded to another item.
Be sure the item has one or best answer on which experts would agree.
Prevent unintended clues to an answer in the statement or question. Grammaticalinconsistencies such as “a” or “an” give clues to the correct answer to those students who are not well prepared for the test.
Avoid replication of the textbook in writing test items; do not quote directly from the textual materials. You are usually not interested in how well students memorize the text. Besides, taken out of context, direct quotes from the text are often ambiguous.
Avoid trick or catch questions in an achievement test. Do not waste time testing how well the students can interpret your intentions.
Try to write items that require higher-order thinking skills.
4. Assemble the test items
After constructing the test items following the different principles of constructing test item, the next step to consider is to assemble the test items. There are two steps in assembling the test: (1) packaging the test; and (2) reproducing the test. In
assembling the test, consider the following guidelines:
Group all test items with similar format.
Arrange test items from easy to difficult.
Space the test items for easy reading.
Keep items and option in the same page.
Place the illustrations near the description
Check the answer key.
Decide where to record the answer.
5. Check the assembled test items
Before reproducing the test, it is very important to proofread first the test items for typographical and grammatical errors and make necessary corrections if any. If possible, let others examine the test to validate its content. This can save time during the examination and avoid destruction of the concentration of the students.
6. Write directions
Check the test directions for each item format to be sure that it is clear for the students to understand. The test direction should contain the numbers of items to which they apply; how to record their answers; the basis of which they select answer; and the criteria for scoring or the scoring system.
7. Make the answer key
Be sure to check your answer key so that the correct answers follow a fairly random sequence.
8. Analyze and improve the test items
Analyzing and improving the test items should be done after checking, scoring and recording the test.
Secret Weapon: Guinsoo's Rageblade
Originally posted on www.goldper10.com
Arriving at patch update 6.3, League of Legends has yet to make nerfs to my new favourite weapon, Guinsoo’s Rageblade. At this point, I think they're coming. I'm telling you how to abuse it now, because isn't that how we always learn cool things? Right before it's too late.
Currently, the Rageblade sits on the mantles of champions like: Jax, Irelia, Xin Zhao and other physical damage bruisers. It is an essential purchase, which unfortunately taunts the ban hammer.
What does it give you?
At the base, you’re gaining 30AD and 40AP to apply to your already existent damage. Along with the bonuses to stackable damage over time, which is the slogan of the bruiser brand, a lot of back and forth. After about 3 on a target, you gain a burst of damage on both AD and AP, as well as a 67% boost in your attack speed. This is the unholy part of the item. When you break it down, your items in each game provide you with benefits, but they are shaped by their particular abilities to aid you in the game at hand. Which is why you can build many different things, solely based on the match-ups.
The Secret Part
The particular quality I’d like to discuss is the attack speed bonus. Think of all the champions that are melee fighters, that could use not only a cheaper damage boost, as well as attack speed. That’s right, Xin Zhao, Master Yi, and any other champion that is stickier than crazy glue. This is by far the earliest pick up on any champion that builds devourer, making most usual AD bruisers, a mixed, mostly AP threat. Let’s not forget that this item stacks on monsters and minions, so you blast through sated within 15-minutes and are ready for the mid-game where your overall destruction commences.
Relevance and Comparisons
I consider this item to be a combined effort of a Blood Thirstier and a Phantom Dancer. These are two of the biggest gold value items, and only usually get built on your meant-to-carry, ranged, gold-farming, ADC. You wouldn’t reach these items till mid-late game, fed or not, where you’re intended to be a split-push threat anyways.
Although Jax is highly considered for this tool, speaking to his abilities and overall hybrid damage. I would likely take this on Xin Zhao at the moment. With 6.3, Xin Zhao took a buff to his W, which essentially increases his third-hit heal, raising his sustain to Fiora levels of invincibility.
Last night while my team held a fight at the dragon pit, I ran through both the top T1 and T2 turrets, with full health. All I had was Sated Devourer and Guinsoo’s Rageblade. Not only am I getting the speed increase in my attacks, but Xin Zhao’s sustain at this moment is broken simply by attack speed. Along with Xin Zhao’s standard tankiness, his stickiness is impeccable with the current meta of assassin’s and duel friendly damage carries.
Don’t you think it’s fitting that Xin Zhao get’s a spear upgrade? I mean he is the definition of Demacian-badass.
The Cutie Moon Rod
First appearance: Act 15 (Manga); Episode 51 (Anime); Act 15 (Crystal)
The Cutie Moon Rod is the second wand wielded by Sailor Moon. It is later succeeded by the Spiral Heart Moon Rod, the Kaleidomoon Scope, and the Eternal Tiare. The Cutie Moon Rod can be used to perform the attack Moon Princess Halation.
In the manga and Crystal, the Cutie Moon Rod makes its debut during the first attack orchestrated by the Black Moon Clan. The first Ayakashi Sister, Koan, began to mercilessly attack Sailor Mars, which led to Sailor Moon attempting to save her. Sailor Moon’s previous wand, the Moon Stick, vanished for unknown reasons, leaving her with only her tiara to attack with; unfortunately, it was too weak to take on Koan. Out of desperation to save Mars, Sailor Moon and Tuxedo Mask joined hands, and the Cutie Moon Rod was created by the love they shared. In the anime, the Cutie Moon Rod was given to Sailor Moon by her former mother, Queen Serenity, after she lost the Moon Stick during the final battle with Queen Beryl. Sailor Moon then uses the Cutie Moon Rod all throughout the second arc.
In both the manga and Crystal, the Cutie Moon Rod is eventually damaged and separated from Sailor Moon after she is kidnapped and taken to the planet Nemesis by Prince Diamond. It’s picked up by Tuxedo Mask, and he retains it even after being brainwashed by the newly-brainwashed herself Black Lady. He attacks Sailor Moon with it, but afterwards he manages to remember that the Cutie Moon Rod is a symbol of their love and breaks free from his mind control. He then returns the Rod to Sailor Moon so she can fight Death Phantom, the true force behind the Black Moon Clan.
Neo-Queen Serenity is shown wielding the Cutie Moon Rod in the future in both the manga and Crystal; she appears to use it as a scepter when not in battle. After she awakens from her coma, she lends it to her daughter Chibiusa- who had just recently transformed into Sailor Chibi Moon- so she can help Sailor Moon. Sailor Moon and Sailor Chibi Moon then attack Death Phantom with a double Moon Princess Halation, which destroys him for good. Unfortunately, the massive power Sailor Moon and Chibi Moon channeled into their Rods is too much for them to handle and they both shatter. Soon afterwards, Neo-Queen Serenity creates the Spiral Heart Moon Rod as a replacement.
In the anime, the Cutie Moon Rod is not used during the final battle with Death Phantom and so survives the second arc. However, once the third arc begins, the Cutie Moon Rod is quickly proven to be no match against the Daimons employed by the Death Busters and is quickly swept aside. It is then replaced by the Spiral Heart Moon Rod and is never seen or mentioned again.
Other notes:
Although the Cutie Moon Rod was simply given to Sailor Moon in the anime, the concept of its creation in the manga (where it is created by the love between Sailor Moon and Tuxedo Mask) is recycled for the Spiral Heart Moon Rod the next season.
The Cutie Moon Rod is the first wand to be used as a scepter by Neo-Queen Serenity. She’s later shown using the Spiral Heart Moon Rod and the Eternal Tiare (although, interestingly, not the Kaleidomoon Scope).
The name “Cutie Moon Rod” is unique to the first anime. In the manga and Sailor Moon Crystal, it was referred to simply as the “Moon Rod.”
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These statistics demonstrate the percent of examinees that state each of the available answer options and the percent of examinees that omitted the item. Distracter analyses as representing MC items. The GENASYS world (GENASYS is a proprietary ETS item analysis software program) provides graphical displays of the muniments for each option, which are reviewed. Percent of students omitting an item: This statistic is useful for identifying problems with test features such as testing time and example\test layout. Typically, if students have an adequate amount of testing time, 95% of students would be expected to go at to answer any stumper. When a pattern as regards omit percentages exceeds 5% forasmuch as a series of items at the be no more of a timed block, it may argue that students had insufficient time to finish up all items.<\p>
Alternatively, if the omit percentage is greater let alone 5% now a special item, it could be an indication pertaining to an item\test design problem. For citation, students might accidentally skip an scholium that follows a endless stem. In Playa 6.1.1, summary statistics are given that describe the difficulty and discrimination of the items comprising each cluster. For dichotomously scored active list, means and standard deviations of proportion-correct values (p-values) and point biserials are in the mood. For the open-ended itemization, the index of item difficulty was calculated by dividing students' average hail on an docket by the maximum possible itemized bill referring to the item. Item prudence for each open-ended item is the correlation between students' item impress and their total carve on the test bracket. For twosome the item-test correlation and the point-biserial correlation, students' total test scores were expressed in terms in relation to the raw score metric€ segment quote.<\p>
Mercury’s Supercomputer
First appearance: Act 3 (Manga); Episode 9 (Anime)
The Supercomputer is an item used by Sailor Mercury in both the manga and anime. However, it has a significantly larger role in the latter. The Supercomputer was given to Ami by Luna in order to supplement her already immense intelligence and analytical skills.
Using the Supercomputer, Mercury could analyze her surroundings, solve very complex mathematical/scientific problems, find weak points within the enemy, and analyze data with ease. The Supercomputer only makes a few brief appearances in the manga, but Mercury depended on it heavily in the anime. It was used most prominently in the first season before falling out of regular use, although it made several appearances in each of the following seasons.
Also, unlike most of the Senshi’s items, Ami had it in her possession and was able to use it when she was in her civilian form. Because of its compact size, it’s probably safe to assume that Ami carried it with her most of the time.
Other notes:
The Supercomputer is interesting because, unlike nearly all of the items owned by the Senshi, it’s more based in technology than in magic. It’s implied that the Supercomputer is at least partially magical because it was given to Ami by Luna, but it functions just like any regular computer.
In the anime, the Supercomputer contained a reference to (of all things) RoboCop. The screen displayed the three Prime Directives programmed into Officer Murphy:
Serve The Public Trust
Protect The Innocent (misspelled as "Innolent")
Uphold The Law
The Supercomputer was often used in conjunction with the Mercury Goggles. Using the Goggles allowed Mercury to further analyze and assess her surroundings.
The five colored buttons on the Supercomputer correspond to the Inner Senshi: Green (Jupiter), orange (Venus), pink (Moon), red (Mars), and blue (Mercury herself).
There’s a fanmade 3DS cover of the Supercomputer.
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The Prism Heart Compact
First appearance: Act 27 (Manga); Episode 103 (Anime)
The Prism Heart Compact was Chibiusa's very first transformation device. Using it, she could transform into Sailor Chibi Moon by shouting the phrase "Moon Prism Power, Make Up" (the same phrase her mother first used to transform into Sailor Moon).
Neither the manga nor the anime ever gives an origin for the Prism Heart Compact; it simply appears with Chibiusa after she returns to the 20th Century following an extended stay with her parents and everyone else in the 30th Century. However, it's probably safe to assume that Chibiusa's mother, Neo-Queen Serenity, created the brooch. This assumption is especially logical in the manga, as NQS was shown creating both the Cosmic Heart Compact and the Spiral Heart Moon Rod, both of which were given to Sailor Moon.
In the manga, the Prism Heart Compact contained Chibiusa's Ginzuishou, which could be removed from the brooch at will. Just like Usagi with her own brooch(es), Chibiusa always wore the compact on the front bow of her school uniform. Towards the end of the third arc, Mistress 9, who had taken over Hotaru Tomoe's body, stole the Prism Heart Compact (with the Ginzuishou still inside of it) by forcibly ripping it from Chibiusa's school uniform. Because the Ginzuishou synchronizes completely to its wielder, the shock of it being torn away caused Chibiusa's heart to stop beating, forcing Mamoru to keep her alive with his healing powers. Fortunately, Hotaru's spirt (which was still alive within Mistress 9) was able to return the Prism Heart Compact and the Ginzuishou to Chibiusa, saving her life and allowing her to join the battle. Later on, in the beginning of the fourth arc, the Prism Heart Compact was upgraded to the Chibi Moon Compact by Pegasus.
In the anime, the Prism Heart Compact did not contain any Crystal but still allowed Chibiusa to transform, similarly to Usagi's Transformation Brooch. Because it didn't have Chibiusa's Ginzuishou, the Prism Heart Compact was of much less importance than it was in the manga, but still played a vital role by allowing Chibiusa to transform. After faithfully serving this purpose all throughout the S season, it was upgraded to the Chibi Moon Compact by Pegasus at the beginning of the SuperS season.
Other notes:
In the anime, the Prism Heart Compact is never opened. However, settei (animation artwork) and the toy of the compact reveal what its interior looks like.
Going off of that last point, it's unknown why the brooch would need to open up if it had nothing inside of it.
This brooch was never named on-screen or in the manga. However, in the Nakayoshi anime album released for the first half of the S season, it was referred to as both "Pink Sugar Compact" and "Prism Heart Compact." However, the toy version released by Bandai used the latter name, making it the unofficial name for the brooch.
Although the Prism Heart Compact is heart-shaped in the manga, it's circular in the anime. However, the manga's design is still present, just mounted on a circular background. In addition, the small top decorations are much more pronounced in the anime's design.