#kesir

[ozelmatematik1]

Kesir Problemleri

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[haberimrize]

FETÖ şüphelisi Balıkesir'de yakalandı Balıkesir'in Bigadiç ilçesinde jandarma ekipleri hakkında 6 yıl 3 ay hapis cezası bulunan kaçak FETÖ'cüyü yakaladı. 

[haberimrize]

Balıkesir'de FETÖ operasyonu: 5 kişi yakalandı Balıkesir polisi FETÖ/PDY örgüt üyesi şüphelilerine operasyon yaptı. 2'si subay toplam 5 kişi yakalandı. Edinilen bilgiye göre, Balıkesir genelinde FETÖ/PDY Silahlı Terör Örgütü ile mücadele kapsamında İl Emniyet Müdürlüğü Terörle Mücadele Şube Müdürlüğü görevlilerince yapılan operasyonlarda; İstanbul Cumhuriyet Başsavcılığınca örgüt üyeleri tarafından ankesörlü telefonlardan periyodik aralıklarla arandıkları değerlendirilen 2 şüpheli üsteğmen ve açıkta bulunan yüzbaşı Balıkesir merkez'de ve Erdek ilçesinde; Isparta Cumhuriyet Başsavcılığınca yürütülen soruşturma kapsamında aranan sözleşmeli uzman erbaş iken istifa eden, halen Bandırma Ceza İnfaz Kurumu Müdürlüğünde görevli 1 infaz koruma memuru Bandırma'da ve Gönen Cumhuriyet Başsavcılığınca yürütülen soruşturma kapsamında aranan müzahir kurum çalışan şüpheli ile hakkında örgüt üyesi olduğu yönünde ihbar bulunan 1 şüpheli Gönen'de yakalandı. Yakalanan FETÖ şüphelileri hakkında soruşturmanın devam ettiği öğrenildi. Kaynak: Hürriyet

[wozwaldllik]

Mısırlıların kesir gösterimleri

Mısırlılar, milattan 2000 yıl önce hiyerogliflerle gösterdikleri birim kesirlere, yani paydaları 1 olan kesirlere dayanan bir kesir sistemi geliştirdi. Bunu günümüzde British Museum’da bulunan Rhind Papirüsü’nden biliyoruz. Bu o kadar karmaşık bir sistemdi ki sırlarına hâkim olup doğru hesaplamalar yapabilmek için uzmanı olmak gerekiyordu.

 2/3 gibi bazı ayrıcalıklı kesirlerin kendi gösterimleri olsa da diğer tüm kesirler 1/2, 1/3, 1/11 veya 1/168 gibi birim kesirlerin bileşimi olarak ifade ediliyordu. Bunlar, diğer tüm kesirlerin ifade edebildiği “temel kesirler”di. Örneğin 5/7 kesrini şu şekilde yazabiliriz:

 5/7= 1/3 + 1/4 + 1/8 + 1/168

 Aynı birim kesirden birden fazla kullanmaya izin yoktu. Sistemin kendiliğinden gelen bir özelliği, bazı kesirlerin birden fazla yazım şeklinin olmasıdır. Örneğin,

 5/7= 1/2 + 1/7 + 1/14

 “Mısır Açılımı”nın pratik faydaları kısıtlı olsa da soyut matematikçileri kuşaklar boyu etkilemiş ve bir kısmı hala çözülememiş olan ilginç problemler sunmuştur. Mısır kesri eski zamanda kullanıldığı zaman birçok yarar sağlamış ama günümüzde yeterli olmamıştır.Bundan dolayı da günümüzde Mısır kesri temel alınarak birçok algoritmalar ve yeni metotlar keşfedilmiş,kullanımda yeni metotlar tercih edilmiştir.

         Tony Crilly, Gerçekten Bilmeniz Gereken 50 Matematik Fikri

[sage-nebula]

VLD - Auxiliary Team Gossip

Notes: I wrote this back at the end of May / beginning of June for two reasons: One, some of the dialogue (ridiculous as it is) just popped into my head, and two, I wanted flesh out some of the Auxiliary Team members in the Paradigm Shift universe, since in later entries they do come up a bit (Dune was actually created on-the-spot in another fic that has yet to be posted, where she’s commanding the bridge while the primary team is down by the Sincline ship / Lion hangars). In “Revolutionary,” the fic that started it all, the Auxiliary Team members don’t really have names or personalities, since the focus wasn’t really on them. That’s fine for “Revolutionary,” but moving forward I wanted to improve upon that a bit, since they’re important characters in their own right, given how their very presence (and the purpose behind their presence) characterizes a key difference in how Lotor’s revolution is run, versus what we see in canon.

That said, this fic primarily focuses on some Auxiliary Team Two members, as well as one Auxiliary Team One member (Dune). It’s also a humor fic, and a completely ridiculous / silly one, at that. Like, this happens in Paradigm Shift canon, but it’s just . . . shenanigans. Ridiculous shenanigans. But it was fun to write, and it allowed some personalities to develop (I didn’t go in with very many ideas in mind, outside of Dune’s general personality; I just threw names down, threw a scenario in the mix, and let the characters flesh themselves out from there as the dialogue flowed). Even if no one else is interested because these are all OCs with just discussions of the canon characters (which is why it has taken me so long to post it; it’s just been sitting in my drafts for the past few months), that’s fine. It was fun to write anyway. 

So with that said, here’s this.

Each member of all three auxiliary teams had been brought to the castle for one reason, and one reason only: they were willing and capable of learning not only how to fight, but also how to pass that knowledge onto others.

Make no mistake, the people who made up the auxiliary teams were among the best of the best, personally chosen by either Prince Lotor or the other paladins themselves. But it wasn’t just that they were chosen; it was that they were given a choice. They knew exactly what they were signing up for. They knew the risks, and the possible (maybe even probable cause). Dune remembered vividly when the choice had been offered to her as they stood among the rubble that had been her home for the past few decaphoebs. Amidst all the chaos and bloodshed, Dune had found a blaster and had shouted at her neighbors to take cover while she fired back at the approaching Empire soldiers. She hadn’t done very much damage; she’d never used a blaster before, and picking one up off the ground at random didn’t tell her to prepare for the kickback or teach her how to aim. But General Acxa had quickly leapt in to offer on-the-spot advice while firing back herself, and in any case, it wasn’t just General Acxa’s attention that Dune’s willingness to fight back in the heat of the moment had captured. Most everyone who had survived the Empire’s attack was going to be taken somewhere safe, but as Generals Narti, Zethrid, and Ezor shepherded the refugees into their respective Lions, Generals Acxa and Keith, along with Prince Lotor, had made Dune an offer. She could go with the other refugees to live somewhere safe, and quiet, or she could stay on at the castle as a new member of Auxiliary Team Three and not only learn how to actually use weapons like the blaster she had still gripped in her sweaty, shaking hands, but also eventually learn how to teach others to do the same.

“Will it always be . . . like this?” she had asked.

“Yes,” Prince Lotor had answered, without hesitation. “Training itself will be quieter, in most cases, but actual battle will not be. You will fight, and you may well die.”

“This is war,” General Keith had said. “That’s part of it. People die in war.”

General Acxa had given him a sidelong glance, and despite everything, Dune had felt a shaky laugh bubble out of her as she said, “Poetic.”

She couldn’t be sure, but she thought General Keith’s lips had twitched.

She hadn’t given them her answer right away. They hadn’t expected her to. She made the trip back in General Acxa’s Lion, and while General Acxa didn’t offer much, she answered whenever Dune had asked her a question. The auxiliary teams were made up of part-galra, just like Dune and just like the rest of them, who had skills and merit and worth the Empire would never recognize. The auxiliary teams weren’t meant to live in the castle forever; eventually they would be deployed to planets seeking autonomy from the Empire so that they could teach the citizens who lived there how to fight and defend themselves. And it would be dangerous, of course---as General Keith had so succinctly said, people die in war---but it wasn’t as if they would be alone. Everything had happened so fast that, even phoebs later, Dune still had difficulty sorting through the events of that day in her head. But General Acxa had come to her rescue. She had spotted Prince Lotor and General Keith fighting side by side, and the others had provided aerial cover with their Lions. Prince Lotor was unlike Emperor Zarkon in many ways, but one of them---and the one that, ultimately, pushed Dune to her decision to join---was his decision to fight on the frontlines, rather than order others to die for him. (Not that he wanted to die, Dune didn’t think---people who wanted to die didn’t fight like he did. But there was a difference in not wanting to die while fighting tooth and nail to stay alive, and not wanting to die while sending others to be meat shields in your place. In terms of leaders, Dune felt she preferred the former.)

While she wasn’t present for every new recruit (there had been people to join the auxiliary teams before and after her, after all), Dune knew that she wasn’t unique in the choice she was given. Everyone who had joined the auxiliary teams was given a variation of the same speech. They all knew what they were signing up for. Each of them had their own reasons why. And it was because of this that Dune felt it fair to think that all of them---all three teams---were elite. They were serious, they were sharp, they were skilled. They wouldn’t have been chosen if they didn’t have potential. They weren’t paladins, or generals, but that didn’t mean they weren’t the cream of the crop regardless. Not one of them was meant to be taken lightly by the Empire, and Dune started each quintant feeling ready to make sure the Empire knew it.

But even so, as she caught a snatch of the conversation drifting through the door to the small lounge in Auxiliary Team Two’s wing of the castle, she pinched the bridge of her nose with a sigh.

Every member of each of the auxiliary teams was elite. She stood by that. But some . . . some were more elite than others. Auxiliary Team One, which she had just recently been promoted to, were the most elite. They were the most skilled, but also the most serious. They knew they were no longer in the realm of goofing off. Auxiliary Team Three were mostly newbies; aside from not yet having the skills to move up through the ranks, they also tended to be somewhat skittish, shy, and easily intimidated, particularly around Prince Lotor or the generals. And Auxiliary Team Two . . .

“. . . gotta be General Zethrid. I mean, you’ve seen her. She’s obviously the hottest of the bunch. If Prince Lotor is getting with any of them, it’s definitely her.”

Auxiliary Team Two were not skilled or experienced enough to undertake the most dangerous missions like Team One, but they were also far more familiar with and comfortable around the castle and the occupants that lived in it than Team Three were, enough so that they could and did have conversations like . . . that.

Dune curled her fingers into fists, set her jaw, and walked into Team Two’s lounge.

“Mm, nah, I don’t see it. They don’t have that kind of chemistry,” Rai said. He was perched up on the back of the sofa, and gestured widely with his hands like he normally did as he talked. “You can tell if you watch them. They like each other, but they don’t like-like each other.”

“‘Like-like’?” Kesir, the Team Two member who had spoken before, repeated, a sneer in her voice. “Are we eight?”

“You might as well be,” Dune said flatly.

The moment she spoke, five of the six Auxiliary Team Two members presently in the lounge scrambled around from where they had been reclining to face her. Rai, as mentioned, as perched on the back of the sofa, and he nearly tumbled off in his haste to see who had caught them; Indar and Orin were both on either side of the sofa, leaning against the armrests, and for once both of them looked at least mildly alarmed by something that had happened, even if they relaxed when they saw it was just her; Weyr was sitting in a chair on the left side of the table, her legs folded up on the chair cushion, her fingers toying with the end of her tail in her lap; Paxret was seated on the ottoman on the other side of the table, across from Weyr, and he slammed his knee against the table when he jumped in surprise at the sound of Dune’s voice; and lastly, Kesir was reclined in the chair directly across from the door, one leg slung over the armrest while she relaxed against the other one. Of them all, only she looked wholly unconcerned with the fact that Dune had caught them. She had been a member of Auxiliary Team Two ever since Dune had first joined Team Three, and in all their time working together, Dune could only ever remember her being . . . like that.

But now wasn’t the time to focus on Kesir’s attitude. Instead, Dune put her shoulders back as she glared at the lot of them and said, “What is going on here? What in the world are you talking about?”

“We’re discussing which combination of the paladins are getting it on with each other,” Kesir said, even as Paxret hissed at her to shut up and Weyr simultaneously ducked her head and hunched her shoulders up. “Right now we’re on Prince Lotor’s pick, which is obviously General Zethrid.”

“No, it’s---” Rai started, but Dune---who had slammed her hand against the lockpad the minute Kesir opened her mouth just in case one of the aforementioned generals or the prince himself happened to be down in the Team Two wing---cut across him.

“What is the matter with you?” she demanded, and Kesir raised her eyebrows. “What right do you---why would you ever talk about something like that?”

“Like you’re not curious?” Kesir said.

“It’s---it’s not my business to be curious!” Dune said, and Kesir rolled her eyes. “We’re here to do our duty and learn to protect the people---”

“---and blah, blah, blah---look,” Kesir said, as Dune glared at her, “we all know you have a big ol’ crush on Acxa, but she’s not here for you to impress right now. So you can drop the hall monitor act.”

Fire flooded Dune’s face as Paxret, Indar, and Orin---all of whom Dune had worked alongside prior to her promotion, the traitors---snickered. “I---I don’t---that’s not---!”

“The point?” Kesir asked, a teasing grin on her lips.

“No,” Dune said hotly, but now Kesir joined in with the others’ laughter. “If there is a point, it’s that it’s inappropriate to---to discuss things like this about your superior officers. It’s---it’s gossip!”

“It is,” Kesir agreed primly. “And it’s fun, and interesting, and we all have opinions, so we’re going to discuss them.” Her eyes flicked back to Rai before she said, “It’s General Zethrid. If he has any sense at all, it’s General Zethrid.”

“It’s not,” Rai insisted, even as Kesir let her head fall against the back of her chair so she could roll her eyes up to the ceiling. “What are you even basing that on?”

“You’ve seen her!” Kesir said, raising her voice as she lifted her head to look at him again. “She’s smokin’ hot! Everyone here knows it!” There was a murmured assent around the room. “There’s no way he’d pass her up, and since he’s the prince, you know he’s got his pick.” She sighed wistfully, and sagged in his chair. “He’s so lucky. Wish I was the prince so I could have a shot. Wish she would step on me.”

“If she hears you talking about her like this, she just might,” Dune snapped.

Kesir sat up straight in her chair again, hope in her eyes. “You think so? Really?” She chewed her lip through her smile. “I could ‘accidentally’ say something about it at breakfast tomorrow . . .”

Dune rolled her eyes.

“No one’s going to deny General Zethrid’s looks,” Rai said, “but that doesn’t mean Prince Lotor is definitely with her. That just means you wish you were.”

“Well, duh,” Kesir said. “Unlike Dune, I’m not going to deny what I want---”

“Hey!” Dune snarled.

“---but why wouldn’t he pick the hottest of the bunch?”

“Because . . . Prince Lotor’s not that way?” Weyr piped up. “At least, I don’t think he is? I don’t think he’d use his title to get someone to . . . you know, with him.”

“I don’t mean it like that,” Kesir said, and she waved a dismissive hand. “I’m just saying, he’s the prince---”

“So you think General Zethrid would sell out for celebrity status?” Indar asked, eyebrows raised.

“She really will step on you if she hears that one,” Orin muttered. “Right on your windpipe.”

“No, I’m not saying that!” Kesir cried, and threw herself back in her chair with an exaggerated huff. “Ugh, fine, you’re just not getting it. So who do you think Prince Lotor’s with, then?”

“I really don’t think---” Dune began.

“So you don’t need to offer your opinion, then,” Kesir interrupted, and Dune squeezed her fists together to stop herself from hurling her blaster straight at Kesir’s forehead. “Next.”

“Um, I think . . . General Keith?” Weyr suggested, and it was only because of how quiet and . . . mousy the girl’s voice was that prevented Dune from yelling at Kesir over her. “I . . . I think General Keith.”

All eyes had turned to Weyr when she had spoken up, but now Kesir barked a laugh. “What? Get out of here!”

“I agree, it’s not General Keith,” Paxret said, and Weyr ducked her head. “General Keith’s with General Acxa.”

“What?!” Dune cried, before could help herself. Her voice cracked at an embarrassing pitch, and once more she felt like her cheeks were filled with the lava of her home planet as all eyes turned to hers. “N-No, they’re not---!”

“Careful,” Kesir said, smirking as she locked eyes with Dune. “You know how sensitive Dune can be. Don’t suggest her crush is dating someone else right in front of her.”

Orin bit his fist in a bad attempt to hide his laughter as Dune felt some of the lava in her cheeks churn in her gut instead. “She’s not my---do you want to take this to the training room, Kesir?”

“Nah. I’m busy,” Kesir said, and Dune grinded her teeth together.

“I don’t see that, either,” Rai said, and when everyone looked to him, he clarified, “General Keith and General Acxa. They’re close, I’ll give you that---but I don’t think they’re close in that way.”

“You mean they don’t like-like each other?” Kesir mocked.

Rai looked her dead in the eyes. “Exactly. They don’t like-like each other.”

Kesir snorted, and rolled her eyes again.

“Are you sure?” Paxret said. “Because I’ve seen them, and I think it’s really---like, they do that thing where they look at each other, and it’s like they just know what the other is thinking. And they’re so in sync---last movement they both scolded me for not paying attention during training at the exact same time. It was scary.”

“Yeah, but that’s a twin thing, talking in sync,” Rai argued. “You hear stories about twins doing that, right?”

Paxret frowned. “Yeah, I guess---”

“So they could be twins.”

“What?” Kesir said, incredulous laughter in her voice.

“Mm, I don’t think so,” Orin said.

“They could be!” Rai insisted.

“They look nothing alike,” Indar said.

“Their eyes kind of do---”

“No.”

“Well, they’re definitely not in love!” Rai said loudly, and he crossed his arms over his chest. “So think what you want, but siblings or not---”

“So now they’re just siblings, not twins?” Indar asked.

“---they’re not in love, and I’m sure of it.”

“Well, okay, Love Doctor, then who do you think is together?” Kesir demanded.

Rai thought on it a moment, his head tilted to the side, before he said, “General Ezor and General Zethrid.”

Kesir scoffed. “Puh-lease, Ezor couldn’t land General Zethrid in ten thousand decaphoebs, get real. Emperor Zarkon would bed a bii-boh-bi before that ever happened.”

“That’s a mental image we all needed,” Orin muttered.

“General Ezor is fun and cute,” Rai said, sounding (at least to Dune’s ears) a little defensive. “And she and General Zethrid actually have chemistry, unlike---”

“What does that even mean?” Kesir demanded loudly.

“It means they show attraction to each other!”

“How?”

Rai began to tick points off on his fingers. “They eat breakfast together most mornings, they laugh at each other’s jokes, they---”

“That’s just teammate and friend stuff---”

“Well, it’s a lot more than just personal opinion of which one’s hottest!”

“It’s objective fact that General Zethrid’s the hottest---”

“Look, it doesn’t matter which one is hottest,” Indar said loudly, and just when Dune was about to sigh and thank them for speaking up, they said, “I think we should go back to talking about General Acxa and General Keith. I think Paxret had a point.”

“A wrong one,” Rai said.

“And what have you got to prove me wrong?” Paxret demanded, sitting up straighter on the ottoman. “Because I’ve got a whole lot pointing to how close General Keith and General Acxa are, and you know how they both come from Revender, right?”

“Hey,” Dune cut in sharply. She had never been there herself, but she knew enough about Revender to know it had to be a sensitive subject to any who ever had been. “That’s not---”

“Well, I bet they have some kind of past there,” Paxret went on, heedless of her warning. “In fact, I heard---”

“So what? People can be friends without getting together later on,” Rai said, and Paxret rolled his eyes. “They can be!”

“Yeah, but a shared past at Revender has tragic romance backstory all over it,” Indar said, and Paxret gestured at them as if to say ‘see?’ “If they were both prisoners and fell in love despite that---”

“But . . . wasn’t Prince Lotor exiled to Revender, too?” Weyr asked, and when everyone turned to her, she fidgeted with her tail again as she said, “So---if Prince Lotor was exiled to Revender, and that’s where General Keith and General Acxa come from . . . maybe they met there? And if they did, then Prince Lotor and General Keith---”

“For the last time, Prince Lotor would never waste his time with Keith!” Kesir said loudly. “He can and would do so much better!”

“What the hell do you mean by that?” Dune snapped, and as all eyes turned to her even she couldn’t explain the sudden rush of cold fire in her veins. All she could think about was how General Keith had maybe-smiled in response to the quip she’d made about what he’d said the first day they met, and how even though his feedback on her swordplay was always short and very direct, it was also always incredibly specific because of how attentive he was. “What are you trying to say?”

“I’m not trying to say anything,” Kesir said. “I’m saying that Prince Lotor is way, way, way out of Keith’s league, and everyone who has seen Keith---which is everyone here---knows it.”

Indar nodded their head to the side, as if to give Kesir the point, but although Weyr hunkered down in her chair even more as she fidgeted with the tip of her tail, she said in a tiny voice, “I think General Keith’s nice.”

Kesir waved a dismissive hand. “He’s okay, but---look at him. We’ve all seen him. He’s---if General Zethrid’s a ten---and let’s be real, she’s a twelve---Keith’s a zero.”

“How dare---!” Dune began, as Indar said, “Okay, that’s a little---he’s at least a four. A three-point-five.”

“Are you kidding?” Kesir said incredulously. “He’s tiny---”

“Yeah, but his face isn’t bad---”

“He’s tiny!” Kesir said again, more loudly this time, and Indar sighed as they exchanged an exasperated look with Orin. “Anyone could carry him off in one hand right before they snap him in half like a twig.”

“Aren’t you the only one here who has never managed to get past even his first test?” Dune said coldly. “You know, the one where he gives you a sword and defends with only a knife?”

For the first time, Kesir’s smug expression fell into a scowl. She glared at Dune for a moment before she scoffed and looked away.

“Whatever. I could beat him if I wanted to,” she said.

“I’m sure you could,” Dune said, with as much flat sarcasm as she could muster.

Kesir glared at her again. “I could. The only reason I don’t is because I’m not dumb enough to get myself promoted to Team One. All that extra work, and for what? So we can be chucked onto some piss-poor planet someday? No thanks.”

“If you don’t want to learn how to defend a planet that needs it, then why are you here?” Dune demanded. “This isn’t a party, Kesir. This is war, and it’s an honor to---”

“---have a warm place to sleep and nice, warm meals,” Kesir said. She stretched her arms above her head, and flexed her biceps. Dune clenched her jaw. “I pass General Zethrid’s tests just fine. Hers are the only ones that matter, anyway.”

“She’s going to notice eventually, and she won’t be happy,” Indar said.

“Yeah, but then she’ll step on Kesir’s neck, and everyone else will be,” Orin said. “Including Kesir. But back on subject, we still haven’t discussed, most importantly, General Nar---”

“No. That’s it, that’s enough,” Dune said loudly, and Orin frowned, clearly put-out at being interrupted. Dune ignored him. She pointed her finger at Kesir. “I’ve had enough of you, Kesir. You’ve been like this ever since I joined, and I don’t know why Prince Lotor and the others put up with you so long, but I’m tired of it.”

“Yeah?” Kesir asked, and snorted. “What are you going to do about it?”

“Maybe you’re too lazy to get promoted to Team One, but I wasn’t,” Dune said. “And you can make fun all you want, but I’ve not only earned responsibility. I’ve earned respect. General Acxa and the others will listen to me if I come to them with a problem, and right now?” She narrowed her eyes. “That problem is you.”

“Okay,” Kesir said, sounding thoroughly unconcerned. “Well, right now my problem is that you’re being a stick-up-your-ass pissbaby, like usual---”

“Kesir---” Indar began.

“---and it’s really killing my buzz,” Kesir said, raising her voice to speak over him, “so I’d really like it if you get out of our lounge, since you’re Team One now and no longer belong here.”

Dune was clenching her jaw so tightly it hurt. “Fine,” she snapped. “I have to make my report, anyway.”

“You do that,” Kesir said, and as Dune turned and slammed her hand against the lockpad to open the door, she called, “But just so you know, you’ll be just as much of a nobody to Acxa after as you are to her now.”

Dune paused, her fingers squeezing the doorframe, molten lava churning in her stomach, before she looked back and said, “Maybe. But considering General Zethrid would never recognize someone with so little drive she’s been stuck on Auxiliary Team Two for going on three decaphoebs, you have no room to talk.”

She lingered just long enough to see Kesir’s face fall in a hateful scowl before she let the door slam shut behind her.

[volkankaz]

Kesirlere farklı yaklaşım #kesir #matematik #lego #egitim #eğitim #ilkokul #ilkogretim #firstgrade #school #sınıf #okul #clasroom #volkanegitim #sinifogretmeni #etkinlik #ogretmen #teacher #ogrenci #student #etkinlik #etkinlikpaylasimi #ilkokuletkinlik #sinif

[bilginindibi]

Babil

Babililer matematik dehalarıydı. Açıları, dereceleri, kesirleri ve denklemleri ilk kullanan ilk medeniyetti. #babil#matematik #açı#kesir#denklem#derece#

Babililer matematik dehalarıydı. Açıları, dereceleri, kesirleri ve denklemleri ilk kullanan ilk medeniyetti.

-Kaynak

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[hesap23]

Allah'a ve Sizden Olan Ülü'l-Emr'e İtaat

Buhârî der ki: Bize Sadaka İbn el-Fadl'ın... îbn Abbâs'tan rivaye­tine göre o : «Ey îmân edenler, Allah'a itaat edin. Peygambere ve sizden olan emir sahiplerine de itaat edin.» âyeti hakkında şöyle demiştir : Bu âyet Rasûlullah (s.a.) in bir seriyyede göndermiş olduğu Abdullah İbn Huzâfe îbn Kays îbn Adiyy hakkında nazil olmuştur.

îbn Mace dışındaki diğer muhaddisler de bu hadîsi Haccâc İbn Mu-hammed el-A'ver kanalıyla tahrîc etmişlerdir. Tirmizî ise, hadîsin hasen, garîb olduğunu, sadece İbn Cüreyc kanalıyla gelen rivayetini bildikle­rini kaydetmiştir.

İmâm Ahmed der ki: Bize Ebu Muâviye'nin... Ali'den rivayetine göre; o şöyle demiştir : Rasûlullah (s.a.) bir seriyye (askerî birlik) gön­derip başlarına ansârdan birisini başkan tayîn etti. Yola çıktıklarında başkanlan bir konuda onlara kızarak: Allah Rasûlü (s.a.) bana itaat etmenizi emretmedi mi? dedi. Onlar, evet dediler. Bunun üzerine : Bana odun toplayın, deyip ateş istedi ve bununla toplanan odunlan ateşleye­rek : Size kesin olarak söylüyorum ki; bu ateşin içine mutlaka girecek­siniz, diye emretti. Topluluk ateşe girmeye kalkışınca içlerinden bir genç : Siz ateşten kaçarak Allah'ın Rasûlüne sığındınız. Rasûlullah (s.a.) a varıncaya kadar bunu yapmayın (ateşe girmeyin). Şayet o gir­menizi emrederse bu takdirde girin, diye müdâhelede bulundu. Rasûlul­lah (s.a.) a dönerek olayı kendisine haber verdiler. Şöyle buyurdu : Şa* yet ona girmiş olsaydınız ebediyyen ondan çıkmayacaktınız. İtaat ancak iyiliktedir. Hadîsi Buhârî ve Müslim sahihlerinde A'meş kanalıyla tah-rîc etmişlerdir.

Ebu Dâvûd da şöyle rivayet eder : Bize Müsedded'in... Abdullah îbn Ömer'den, onun da Rasûlullah'dan naklettiğine göre; o, şöyle buyur­muştur : Sevdiği ve hoşlanmadığı konularda müslüman kişiyi dinleyip ona itaat etmek; o, bir kötülükle emretmediği sürecedir. Bir kötülüğün yapılması emredildiğinde; bunu dinleme de, itaat etme de yoktur. Ha­dîsi Buhârî ve Müslim de Yahya el-Kattân kanalıyla tahrîc etmişlerdir.

Ubâde tbn Sâmit'den nakledildiğine göre; o şöyle demiştir: Hoşu­muza giden ve gitmeyen konularda, zorluk ve kolaylık anlarımızda Ra­sûlullah (s.a.) a onu dinleyip itaat etmek üzere biat ettik. Herhangi bir işte onun ehli olanla münâkaşa da etmeyecek idik. Şöyle buyurdu: Allah katından bir burhanınız varken onda açık bir küfür görme haliniz müstesnadır. Hadîsi Buhârî ve Müslim rivayet etmişlerdir. Enes'den rivayet edilen diğer bir hadîs-i şerifte Allah Rasûlü (s.a.) şöyle buyur­muşlardır :

Başı kuru üzüm gibi (siyah) bir habeşli köle dahi sizin üzerinize emîr olsa; dinleyip itaat ediniz. Hadîsi Buhârî rivayet etmiştir. Ebu Hüreyre'den rivayete göre o şöyle demiştir:

Dostum (Allah Rasûlü) bana, kolları kesik Habeşli bir köle bile olsa dinleyip itaat etmemi tavsiye etti. Hadîsi Müslim rivayet etmiştir.

Ümm el-Husayn'dan rivayete göre; o, Allah Rasûlü'nü veda haccın-daki hutbesinde şöyle buyururken işitmiş :

Sizi Allah'ın kitabı ile idare eden bir köle dahi sizin üzerinize vâll yapılsa; onu dinleyip itaat ediniz. Hadîsi Müslim rivayet etmiştir. Yine onun değişik lafızla olan bir rivayetinde : Kollan kesik Habeşli bir kö­le... buyurulmuştur.

İbn Cerîr der ki: Bana Ali İbn Müslim et-Tûsî'nin... Ebu Hürey-re'den naklettiğine göre; Hz. Peygamber şöyle buyurmuşlardır : Benden sonra size bir takım kişiler vali olacaklardır. İyi olanlar iyilikleriyle sizi idare edecek, günahkar olanları günahkârlıklarıyla sizi idare edecektir. Onların hakka uyan her bir işinde onları dinleyip itaat edin ve arkala­rından gidin. Eğer iyilik yaparlarsa; hem onlara hem size sevâb vardır. Eğer kötülük yaparlarsa size sevâb, onlara ceza vardır.

Ebu Hüreyre'den rivayete göre; Rasûlullah (s.a.) şöyle buyurmuş­lardır : İsrâiloğullanm peygamberler idare etmiştir. Bir peygamber öl­düğünde peşinden bir peygamber gelmiştir. Benden sonra ise peygam­ber gelmeyecek bir çok halîfe gelecektir. (Ashâb) Ey Allah'ın Rasûlü, (bu konuda) bize ne emredersiniz? diye sordular. En öncekilere bîat edi­niz. Sonra ondan sonrakilere. Onlara haklarını veriniz.. Muhakkak ki Allah Teâlâ onların güdümüne verdiklerinden kendilerini sorguya çe­kecektir, buyurdular. Hadîsi Buhârî ve Müslim tahrîc etmişlerdir.

İbn Abbâs'tan rivayet edildiğine göre; Allah Rasûlü (s.a.) şöyle bu­yurmuşlardır :

Kim emîrinden hoşlanmayacağı bir şey (davranış) görürse sabret­sin. Zîrâ cemâatten bir karış ayrılan kimse; câhiliyet Ölümü ile ölmüş olur. Hadîsi Buhârî ve Müslim tahrîc etmişlerdir.

İbn Ömer'den rivayete göre o, Allah Rasûlü (s.a.) nü şöyle buyu­rurken işitmiş : Kim itaatten elini çıkarırsa kıyamet günü hiçbir delil (hüccet) i olmadığı halde Allah'a kavuşur. Kim de boynunda bir biy'at olmaksızın ölürse câhiliye ölümü ile ölmüş olur. Hadîsi Müslim rivayet etmiştir. Yine Müslim'in Abdurrahmân'dan rivayetine göre; o şöyle de­miştir : Mescide girdim ve Abdullah îbn Amr İbn el-Âs'i Kâ'be'nin göl­gesinde oturur gördüm. İnsanlar onun etrafında toplanmışlardı. Onla­rın yanına giderek oturdum. Şöyle diyordu: Biz Allah Rasûlü ile bir­likte bir seferde idik. Bir yerde konakladık. Kimimiz çadırını kuruyor, kimimiz ok atıyor, kimimiz henüz hayvanının üzerindeydi. Bu sırada Allah Rasûlü'nün habercisi şöyle nida etti: Toplarım namaza (namaz için toplanın). Allah Rasûlü'nün yanında toplandık. Şöyle buyurdu­lar : Benden önce hiç bir peygamber yoktu ki; ümmetine hayırlı oldu­ğunu bildiği her bir şeye onları iletme ve onlara kötü olduğunu bildiği şeylerin kötülüğünden de onları sakındırma hakkı olmasın. Sizin bu üm­metinize gelince; bu ümmetin afiyet üzre olması evvelindedir. Sonunda musibetler, sizin hoşlanmayacağınım şeyler ve birbiri içine girmiş fit­neler gelecektir. Bir fitne geldiğinde ınü'min: îşte benim helakim, di­yecek. O fitne açılıp da bir başkası geldiğinde mü'min yine : İşte benim helakim diyecek. Kim cehennemden uzaklaştırılıp cennete girmeyi sevi­yorsa, Allah'a ve âhiret gününe îmân eder olduğu halde ölümüne kavuş­sun. İnsanlara, kendisine davranılmasım istediği gibi davransın. Kim de elini uzatıp ihlas ile bir imâma biat ederse, gücü yettiği kadar ona itaat etsin. Şayet bir diğeri (bir diğer imâm yani devlet başkanı) çıkar da onunla mücâdeleye kalkarsa; onun boynunu vurunuz. Râvî anlatmaya şöyle devam eder : Ona yaklaştım ve dedim ki: Allah için söyle, bunları Allah ftasûlünden işittin mi? Elleriyle kulaklarını ve kalbini göstererek: İki kulağım işitti ve kalbim onu ezberledi, diye cevâb verdi. Ben kendi­sine : Amcanın oğlu Muâviye bize, mallarımızı aramızda bâtıl yollarla yemememizi, birbirimizi öldürmemizi emrediyor. Halbuki Allah Teâlİ: «Ey îmân edenler, mallarınızı aranızda karşılıklı nzâ ile gerçekleştirdi­ğiniz ticâret yolu hâriç; bâtıl yollarla yemeyin. Ve kendinizi öldürmeyin. Şüphesiz ki Allah sizin için Rahîm olandır.» (Nisa, 29) buyuruyor, de­dim. Bir süre sustuktan sonra şöyle dedi: Allah'a itaat olan konularda ona itaat et, Allah'a isyan olan konularda ona isyan et.

Bu konudaki hadîsler pek çoktur.

İbn Cerîr der ki: Bize Muhammed İbn Hüşeym'in... Süddî'den naklettiğine göre; o, «Allah'a itaat edin. Peygambere ve sizden olan emir sahiplerine de itaat edin.» âyeti hakkında .şöyle demiştir: Allah Rasûlü, Hâlid İbn el-Velîd'in başkanlığında bir seriyye gönderdi. İçle­rinde Ammâr İbn Yâsir de vardı. Üzerlerine gönderildikleri kavme doğ­ru yürüdüler. Onların yakınına ulaşınca gecelediler. O kavme bir câsûs gelerek durumu onlara haber verdi. Bir kişi dışında hepsi kaçtılar. Ka­lan kişi, ailesine emrederek eşyalarını topladı, sonra gece karanlığı al­tında yürümeye başlayarak Hâlid'in karargâhına geldi. Ammâr İbn Yâ-sir'i sordu. Ammâr yanma gelince : Ey Ebu Yakzân (Ammâr İbn Yâ-sir'in künyesi) ben müslüman oldum. Allah'dan başka ilâh olmadığına, Muhammed'İn O'nun kulu ve elçisi olduğuna şehâdet ettim. Kavmim sizin geldiğinizi işitince kaçtı ,ben ise kaldım. Benim müslüman olmam şayet yarın bana fayda vermeyecekse kaçayım, dedi. Ammâr: Bilakis bu sana fayda verir, kal, diye cevâb verdi o da kaldı. Sabah olunca Hâ­lid hücum edip o kişiden başka hiç kimseyi bulamadı. Onu yakalayıp malını aldı. Bu haber Ammâr'a ulaşınca o; Hâlid'e gelerek : Bu adamı bırak, o müslüman olmuştur ve benim emânım altındadır, dedi. Hâlid : Sen ne hakla onu kurtarıyorsun? dedi ve münâkaşa ederek Hz. Peygam-ber'e geldiler. Hz. Peygamber Ammâr'ın emânım geçerli kılarak, bîr daha bir emîre rağmen emân vermekten onu men'etti. Hâlid ve Ammâr Al­lah Rasûlü'nün yanında tartışmaya devam ettiler, Hâlid: Ey Allah'ın Rasûlü, şu kollan kesik kölenin bana hakaret etmesine müsâade mi ede­ceksin? dedi. Allah Rasûlü de : Ey Hâlid, Ammâr'a hakaret etme. Kim Ammâr'a hakaret eder ve onu kızdınrsa Allah da ona kızar, kim Ammâr'a la'net ederse Allah da ona la'net eder, buyurdular. Ammâr kızarak kalktı (çıktı). Hâlid onun peşinden giderek, elbisesinden yakaladı ve ondan özür diledi. O da kendisinden hoşnûd oldu. Bunun üzerine Allah Teâlâ : «Allah'a itaat edin. Peygambere ve sizden olan emir sahiplerine de itaat edin.» âyet-i kerîme'sini indirdi.

Hadîsi İbn Ebu Hatim de Süddî kanalıyla mürsel olarak rivayet etmiştir. Bu hadîsin bir benzerini İbn Merdûyeh, Hakem kanalıyla... İbn Abbâs'tan rivayet etmiştir.

İbn Abbâs'tan naklen Ali îbn Ebu Talha; «Sizden olan emir sahip­lerine de itaat edin.» âyet-i kerîme'sinden din ve fıkıh âlimlerinin kas- -tedildiğini söylemiştir. Mücâhid, Atâ, Hasan el-Basrî ve Ebu'l-Âliye de aynı görüşte olup bu âyette âlimlerin kastedildiğini söylemişlerdir. Aye­tin zahiri ise —en doğrusunu Allah bilir ya— âyetin, emîr ve âlimlerden bütün emir sahipleri hakkında genel olduğudur. Nitekim başka âyet­lerde de Allah Teâlâ şöyle buyurmaktadır: «Rabba kul olanlar ve bil­ginler onları günâh söylemelerinden ve haram yemelerinden vazgeçir­meye çalışmalı değiller miydi?» (Mâide, 63), «Şu halde bilmiyorsanız bilgi sahiplerine sorun.» (Nahl, 43).

Müttefekun aleyh olan ve Ebu Hüreyre'den rivayet edilen sahîh bir hadîste, Allah Rasûlü şöyle buyurmuşlardır: Bana itaat eden Allah'a itaat etmiştir. Bana karşı gelip isyan eden de Allah'a isyan etmiştir. Be­nim emîrime itaat eden bana itaat etmiştir. Benim emirime isyan eden de bana isyan etmiştir.

Bunlar, âlimlere ve emirlere itaati içeren emirlerdir. Bunun ipin Allah Teâlâ : «Allah'a itaat edin.» buyuruyor ki; bundan maksad O'nun kitabına uymaktır. «Peygambere itaat edin.» buyuruyor ki; bundan maksad, o'nun sünnetine sarılmaktır. «Sizden olan emir sahiplerine de itaat edin.» buyuruyor ki; emirlerin Allah'a itaat olan konularındaki emirlerine itaat edilecek; değilse Allah'a isyan olan konulardaki emir­lerine itaat edilmeyecektir. Daha önce geçen sahîh bir hadîste : İtaat ancak İyiliktedir, buyurulduğu üzre Allah'a isyan olan konularda ya­ratıklara itaat yoktur. İmâm Ahmed der ki: Bize Abdurrahmân'ın... İmrân İbn Husayn'dan, onun da Hz. Peygamber'den naklettiğine göre; Rasûlullah (s.a.) :

Allah'a isyan olan konuda itaat yoktur, buyuruyor.

«Eğer bir şeyde çekişirseniz —Allah'a ve âhiret gününe inanmışsanız— onun hallini Allah'a ve peygambere bırakın.» âyet-i kerîme'si hak­kında Mücâhid ve seleften bir çoklaıi şöyle demişlerdir : Bunların halli­ni Allah'ın kitabına ve Rasûlü'nün sünnetine bırakın.

Allah Teâlâ'nın bu emri delâlet ediyor ki; insanların gerek dinin usûlüne ve gerekse fürûuna dâir ihtilâfa düştükleri her husus, Allah'ın kitabına ve sünnete bırakılacaktır. Nitekim Allah Teâlâ bir âyet-i ke-rîme'de: «İhtilâfa düştüğünüz herhangi bir şeyde hüküm vermek Al­lah'a mahsûstur.» (Şûra, 10) buyuruyor ki Allah kitabının ve Rasûlü-nün sünnetinin verdiği hükümle sıhhatine şehâdet ettikleri şey haktır, gerçektir. Bu hak ve gerçeğin dışındakiler de ancak sapıklık olabilir. Bunun içindir ki Allah Teâlâ : «Allah'a ve âhiret gününe inanmışsanız.» buyurmuştur. Yani husûmetleri ve bilmediklerinizi Allah'ın kitabıyla Rasûlünün sünnetine bırakarak aranızda ihtilâf konusu olan şeylerde onları hakem kılın. «Eğer Allah'a ve âhiret gününe inanmışsanız.» Âyet-i kerîme'nin bu kısmı; ihtilâf konularında kitâb ve sünnetin ha­kemliğine başvurarak bu konuda onlara dönmiyenlerin, Allah'a ve âhi­ret gününe inanmamış olduklarına delâlet eder.

Allah Teâlâ : «Bu hayırlıdır.» buyuruyor ki; Allah'ın kitabı ve Ra­sûlünün sünnetini hakem kılmak ve ihtilâfı halletmede bunlara müra­caat etmek daha hayırlıdır. «Hem de netice itibariyle daha güzeldir.» Süddî ve bir çokları âyet-i kerîme'nin bu son kısmını «netice itibariyle daha güzeldir.» şeklinde anlamışlardır. Mücâhid İse «Karşılık ve mü­kâfat yönüyle daha güzeldir.» şeklinde anlamıştır ki, bu doğruya daha yakındır.

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 Ebu’l-Fida İsmail İbn Kesir, Hadislerle Kur’an-ı Kerim Tefsiri, Çağrı Yayınları: 4/1742-1747