The Evolution of Buddhist Schools
Buddhism, founded by the Buddha around the 5th century BCE, soon diversified into various schools after his death. Though the Buddha opposed hierarchical leadership, his followers institutionalized his teachings, leading to divisions. The three main branches today are Theravada, Mahayana, and Vajrayana, each claiming to preserve Buddha’s true vision but differing in practice and interpretation.
Key Facts
Buddhism began around 563–483 BCE with Siddhartha Gautama, the Buddha.
After his death, followers split into three main schools:
Theravada ("School of the Elders") claims to maintain Buddha’s original teachings.
Mahayana ("Great Vehicle") emerged as a response, emphasizing a broader path beyond self-liberation.
Vajrayana ("Diamond Path") developed mainly in Tibet, focusing on natural, less rule-bound practice.
All schools embrace the Four Noble Truths and the Eightfold Path but interpret and practice them differently.
Despite differences, they share a common goal of harmony and compassion, known as Ekayana ("One Vehicle").
Historical Context
Buddha instructed no formal leadership after his death, but his disciples quickly organized to preserve his teachings. Early unity gave way to disagreements on doctrine, causing fragmentation into distinct schools. These schools evolved across regions like India, Southeast Asia, and Tibet, adapting to cultural contexts.
Historical Significance
This early division shaped the rich diversity of Buddhism worldwide. Different schools emphasize unique practices but share core philosophies, allowing Buddhism to remain adaptable and influential. Today, their coexistence illustrates Buddhism’s capacity for inclusivity and spiritual harmony, engaging both religious and secular followers.
Buddhism’s history teaches us that even a movement founded on unity can grow diverse yet remain centered on shared values of compassion and enlightenment.
Learn More: A Short History of the Buddhist Schools