Modern-day California was misrepresented in early maps as an island. This example, c. 1650, is by Johannes Vingboons.

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Modern-day California was misrepresented in early maps as an island. This example, c. 1650, is by Johannes Vingboons.
Features of a Nautical Chart - on the Blachford Blueback Nautical Chart of the English Channel of 1843
First there is no standard scale for sea charts, unlike land maps. They were often designed to fit the size of a ship’s chart table rather than being made to a specific scale. And the navigator always measures nautical miles from the latitude scale, and the distance between the degrees of longitude reduces the further one moves away from the equator. The size of the degrees of latitude as marked on the chart also increases, even within a single chart if it is on a small scale. In that case it is important that the navigator takes their measurements on the same latitude as they are working.
As maybe noticed there are more then one compass rose with a lot of lines next to it, there are there to make it easier for the navigator to lay off courses using his parallel rule.
The small numbers are the Depths, there were marked in fathoms (6ft each) They were measured from chart datum, which was usually the mean of low water spring tides, so it was possible that there was less water during a very low spring tide. The tide at the respective coastal section was also indicated. And special circumstances, such as special shallows, were also indicated in detail.
Coastal views were a common feature of charts, to help the mariner identify his position or find the entrance to a port. And prominent buildings are marked with a transit line, that offered the navigator a position line which was more accurate than one measured by compass.
Savannah River and Wassaw Sound 11512 with Border by NauticalCharts
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