A Teach Yourself Linguistics Linkfest from Mutual Intelligibility
Looking to teach yourself linguistics? Mutual Intelligibility was a year-long project to help curate free linguistics resources online for people who are trying to teach or learn linguistics, and now all of its posts are collected here for you.
Crash Course Linguistics
A structured introduction to linguistics. Each post contains a 10-12 minute video from Crash Course Linguistics, plus supporting resources on the same topic including exercises with answer keys.
Week 0 - Preview
Week 1 - Introduction
Week 2 - Morphology
Week 3 - Morphosyntax
Week 4 - Syntax
Week 5 - Semantics
Week 6 - Pragmatics
Week 7 - Sociolinguistics
Week 8 - Phonetics, Consonants
Week 9 - Phonetics, Vowels
Week 10 - Phonology
Week 11 - Psycholinguistics
Week 12 - Language acquisition
Week 13 - Historical linguistics and language change
Week 14 - Languages around the world
Week 15 - Computational linguistics
Week 16 - Writing systems
Resource Guides
Longer, more comprehensive guides to a few common intro linguistics topics.
Introduction to IPA Consonants - Resource Guide 1
Introduction to IPA Vowels - Resource Guide 2
Introduction to Morphology - Resource Guide 3
Introduction to Constituency - Resource Guide 4
Introduction to World Englishes - Resource Guide 5
Introduction to Languages around the World - Resource Guide 6
3 Links Posts
Quick highlights of three relevant links about a specific topic, with a short description for each.
Hey y’all - over the next few days you’ll likely see some changes here. I rebranded from “Geek Girl Tarot” to “The Mystic Geek”. With the state of the world being as it is, I decided to dust off this account and to start re-engaging with my community.
One of the things that I did was create a ton of resources for those who want to learn more about what it’s like to try different metaphysical services - such as Tarot readings, energy healings, etc. Feel free to check them out!
Black Hair: How to describe texture and style in roleplay
Introduction: I want to start by saying that black hair is one of the most- if not the most- diverse hair groups in the world. What is in this guide may not apply to everyone, but it may give you some insight on the culture surrounding our hair and how it applies to your character. I didn’t fully edit this, so you might see typos, inaccuracies, etc. I’ll update it the more I pick up on things. Enjoy!
history.
Black hairstyles have been passed from generation to generation for thousands of years. From Ancient Africa to Black America, styles such as locs, bantu knots, braids, afros and twists have adorned our heads as symbols of identity, culture, politics and status. They have inspired fashion, music, movements and art, and defined cultures as we know them today.
During colonialism, black people were often forced to conform to European ideals of beauty- turning them to harmful chemicals and equipment to achieve what some would call “good hair”. During the civil rights movement (and even some time before with the Rastafarian movement), people were encouraged to turn away from damaging practices to embrace their natural textures, reestablishing their identities by shunning conformity and returning to their roots. In the years following, black hairstyles became symbols of pride and rebellion- as it was considered daring for black femmes in particular to wear big afros and long braids.
Today, black hair care is a billion dollar industry- from oils to equipment, we invest quite a bit of money and time into our crowns. The reasons why may vary- some see their hair as a symbol of pride and identity, others simply dig the aesthetic. Whatever the reasons, black hair is always evolving while simultaneously serving as a reminder of where we come from.
types of styles.
There are hundreds of styles that I could detail, but I’m going to stick to a few of the most popular ones. Many black hairstyles are often protective styles -styles used to protect our hair from natural detriments such as the sun, wind, rain, our own hands, etc-. Some even wear these styles beneath wigs for further protection and style options. Below, I will list a few that I know of personally with accompanying pictures.
cornrows
Cornrows were named because -well- they look like rows of corn. They are a protective style worn by braiding the hair in an underhand, upward motion. In Ancient Africa, they were considered a symbol of agriculture and order, while today they are used for a myriad of purposes whether protective or fashionable. The process of braiding can take anywhere from minutes to hours. When I was a little girl, it took approximately four hours to braid my full head of hair- for those with longer and more intricate styles, it can take even longer. These braids can be done in different angles and shapes. I personally liked to have my braids angled into stars.
locs
Dreadlocks, locs, goddess locs, faux locs, twists- there are so many different variations of this style it is mind boggling. The most basic one involves sectioning off the hair, twisting it and leaving it uncombed until it mats and turns itself into a loc.
Beginning dreadlocks can be an arduous, costly and time consuming task, but most who get them claim that it’s the best decision they ever made. Some incorporate weave into their locs for longer styles while others go for a shorter approach (thank you Michael B. Jordan in Black Panther). My big mama (grandmother) had locs all my life and they grew until they reached her waist- they required a lot more care and attention than my own hair did, with weekly retwisting, washing, oiling, etc.
microbraids/box braids
The reason I put microbraids and box braids into the same category is that they’re basically the same thing. Small sections of your hair are braided until they cover the entire head. Microbraids are very, very skinny and mimic strands of hair, while box braids are thicker and more defined- earning it’s name from the box-like way the hair is parted into sections. If someone plans to get box braids, they can plan to spend anywhere from 3-10 hours getting their hair braided. When I got mine a few years ago, I showed up to the shop (hair salon) at 7am and didn’t leave until 6pm. I also chose to incorporate weave into my hair for a bulkier braid and more of a protective style.
afros
Afros are, for the most part, exactly how our hair grows out of our heads. Some of us (me) don’t have the ability to grow afros that go upward or have volume like traditional afros do. This particular style involves maintaining healthy hair, and often picking it out with a pick comb. Those with afros usually have kinky, high volume hair textures that enable them to unravel their natural curl pattern to form their fros. I am not one of those people. While I have thick hair, my curl pattern is not as kinky as others, thus is tends to lay flat.
how to describe black hair
Black hair is incredibly diverse. It can be kinky or coily, loose or big, long or short. There is no set standard or expectation for our hair, it simply is, and every kind is beautiful.
When describing texture it always helps to keep in mind that there have been very harmful stereotypes to avoid. Words like ‘nappy’’ are generally best kept far away in describing your black character’s hair. Instead, aim for descriptors that give light to the features. Fluffy, crimped, coily, poufy, spirally, etc. It can also helps to simply describe the style they are wearing, as cornrows and afros create their own visual presence in your head.
ex.
“My hair, which someone had tied back into a puff in an effort to control it, broke the tie and clouded loose behind me.“ (The Inheritance Trilogy by N.K. Jemison
“I got the crown of his head at first, and marvelled as always at the feel of hair like my own — soft-curled, dense but yielding, thick enough to lose my fingers in. The first time I’d touched him I’d thought he was one of my people, because only Maroneh had such hair. (The Inheritance Trilogy by N.K. Jemison
That’s not to say that black people don’t have days when their hair is less than immaculate. For instance, my hair is currently piled on top of my head with curls popping out of my bun every which way. A good rule of thumb I have found when it comes to describing black hair is to avoid harmful stereotypes and to focus on shape, style and color.
ex.
“Dark spirals coiled around my face, the frayed ends frizzing from my night of tossing and turning. It would take some kind of miracle to free the knots that surely hid in the thick mass of curls and scalp.”
Black men and women often cut their hair short- sometimes in styles known as fades, where parts of the hairline fade to the skin to create a gradient effect. The hairline is always incredibly important, as a straight and well-angled hairline is often seen a sign of self care. Describing the hairline as sharp is always a good place to start off, though you could also go on to say that it is clean, precise, or smooth.
ex.
“He was good looking- dark skin, full lips and a clean, fresh cut.”
tips.
Avoid harmful stereotypes. Black people do wash their hair- whether it’s in locks or not-. Our hair is not nappy and “othering” our textures or styles is never okay.
It’s okay for your character to wear wigs, weave, etc. Despite what some people might say, there’s nothing wrong with weave. Taking care of our hair every single day can be exhausting and sometimes you just wanna throw that shit in a wig and call it a day.
When in doubt, do some research. It’s easier to do research than it is to offend someone. If you don’t have a way of describing a particular style or texture, just refer to the resources you have on hand. Or ask a black person that you’re friends with. More than likely, we’re not going to be upset at you wanting to accurately and respectfully portray us.
While there are many differences between our textures and different textures from various ethnic groups, we also have a lot of similarities. Don’t think you have to go above and beyond to get an accurate description of our hair, sometimes less is more.
Shrinkage is a thing. Because of how tightly curled our hair is, sometimes our hair can see shorter than it actually is when you stretch the curl out.
Have fun. Seriously, black hair is so incredibly expansive and beautiful, portraying it in anyway can be very exciting. Enjoy the experience.
This wasn’t exactly what I had in mind and I may make this into a series, but if you have any questions, feel free to message me! I’m always happy to clarify whatever I can!
Mutual Intelligibility Resource Guides for teaching or self-teaching the International Phonetic Alphabet
We’ve made two guides to the teaching resources available for the International Phonetic Alphabet as part of the Mutual Intelligibility project.
IPA Charts
Interactive IPA Chart
A free, web-based IPA chart. Each symbol is clickable and plays the corresponding phoneme. Good for an introduction to IPA or phonology in general.
IPA Lab Audio Illustrations
A far more detailed and complete IPA chart showing more phonemes and diacritics with detailed descriptions at the bottom of the screen for each symbol you click on. This would be good for a more complete and technical look at phonology and the IPA.
OSU Interactive IPA Chart
6 separate interactive IPA charts for specific phonemes found in these major world languages: Chinese, English, Indian, Korean, Spanish, Turkish.
rtMRI IPA charts
Each clickable phoneme or word corresponds to an MRI of someone’s oral and nasal cavities while they say that phoneme/word.
Introduction to IPA Consonants
The Art of Language Invention, Episode 21: Ejectives and Implosives
A short explanation and demonstration of implosive consonants. May be of interest to English-speaking students who have rarely, if ever, heard these before. Length: 7m32s total; timestamped at implosive section - section 4m40s. Captions: auto.
Vox: Why some Asian accents swap Ls and Rs in English
A less technical but professional, detailed look at a common question about speakers of Mandarin, Cantonese, Japanese, and Korean who learn English as a second language. Includes an interview with Eleanor Lawson about using ultrasound to study phonology. Length: 8m56s. Captions: human-edited.
NativLang: Weird Phonemes - pronouncing the world's rarest sounds
A short animated crash course in phonemes (almost all consonants) that English speakers are likely unfamiliar with. Length: 5m54s. Captions: human-edited.
Podcast: Lingthusiasm Episode 6: All the sounds in all the languages - The International Phonetic Alphabet
Section: Origin of the IPA symbols (9:16-11:50)
Section: Format of the IPA consonant table and mouth position (16:18-19:45)
Making Flaps Vibrate In Your Throat: Voicing
This Tom Scott video is an explanation of voicing only, but it's short and very engaging. Length: 3m18s. Captions: human-edited.
The Language Sounds That Could Exist, But Don't
This Tom Scott video is a nice introduction to the IPA chart as a whole and the grey "articulations judged impossible" area. Length: 6m30s. Captions: human-edited.
Introduction to IPA Vowels
ArticulatoryIPA YouTube Playlist
A collection of animations and ultrasounds that depict people pronouncing various phonemes. Captions: we're not exactly sure how one would caption this.
Essential of Linguistics: 2.8 Diphthongs
A short technical video about diphthongs with mini-quiz below; dry but informative. Length: 3m00s. Captions: human-edited.
Aaron Alon: What If English Were Phonetically Consistent?
A fun look at the relationship of English spelling to its phonology, mostly focused on the (in)consistency of our vowels. Breaks each vowel grapheme down into the different IPA symbols it’s likely to represent in English. Length: 4m05s. Captions: auto.
NativLang: Intro to Phonology: Consonants & Vowels
A short animated explanation of phonology in general. Length: 3m30s. Captions: human-edited.
Tech Tips
TypeIt: IPA Phonetic Symbols
An easy-to-use website that lets you easily type IPA symbols (either full IPA or language-specific subsets) into a text box, which you can then copy-paste elsewhere as needed.
How to Type the IPA on your phone (iOS or Android)
Several good free IPA phone keyboard options, reviewed.
Read the full consonants guide or vowels guide, or subscribe to the newsletter for all teaching resource compilations.
