Sterlet (Acipenser ruthenus) are still sold for ponds, where they tend to be misfed, as though they shared the diet of koi and goldfish. As carnivores, they certainly do not, requiring foods that supply large amounts of protein, and fish oil. The sterlet and it's surgeon kin, cannot digest plant material, so they require foods based on aquatic animal proteins, as sold for predatory aquarium fishes. As predators with a high metabolism, they require 2-3% of their own body weight each day, though less when they are more dormant in the cold season. Sterlets are benthic feeders on insect larvae, amphipods, and the like, equipped with underslung mouths adding to their shark-like appearance. Thus food provided to these sturgeon will be eaten from the bottom, and should be of a sinking nature.
Adult sterlet can grow to around 90 to 125 centimeters, or 36 to 50 inches long, but a more typical length would be 40 centimeters or 16 inches. This species are active bottom rovers, requiring an aquarium or pond that is at least six times by four times their own total length. Although they are thus too huge for most aquariums, they are considered a small sturgeon species, as the largest sturgeon weigh in excess of a metric ton. Sturgeons have no close living relatives excepting the paddlefishes, which share their superficial similarity to sharks, not least because of the structure of their tails. In fact this asymmetrical tail morphology - upkinked and sporting the caudal fin underneath - was seen in the most recent, Palaeozoic common ancestor of the sharks and true finfishes.
Sturgeon and paddlefishes are an ancient sister branch to the mainline of finfish evolution, lacking many of the traits that are common to typical fishes known as teleosts, and retaining anatomical curiosities as are seen in ancient fossils. One peculiarity of sturgeons is their impressive bony plates. These can be sharp to touch, especially in younger sturgeon, and have obviously evolved as armor to protect them from predators. As a group, the sturgeons are famous for migrating between their freshwater spawning grounds and the sea, but not all species make such journeys, and even among the those that do so, may exist landlocked breeding populations, which inhabit freshwater year round.
Riverine A. ruthenus is among those species that is never found in the sea, although it is known to migrate downriver to overwinter, before returning upstream in spring to spawn on gravel beds. They do not seem to spawn on softer substrates. Wild A. ruthenus are inhabitants of temperate, alkaline freshwaters, more specifically large rivers and their tributaries, from the drainages of the Danube to the Yenesei. Data on their water temperature tolerances is inconsistent in the scientific literature. One source says that their optimal ambient temperature, is 13 to 16 centigrade, and the seasonal rise of temperature to 13 degrees triggers their spawning. But another says their growth is optimal, at 18 to 22 degrees.
The latter is, in my experience, quite correct for their welfare. All the same, sterlets are a coldwater, and certainly not a tropical species, and in winter the water temperature may be slowed to drop down to 4 degrees. Sterlets like open swimming space without excessive planting, or other obstructions to their path whilst they are roving over the substrate. As carnivores they might well consume small fish, but they are clearly harmless to mature sized koi and the like, and they are usually bought at a small size, to share outdoor ponds with ornamental strains of carp and goldfish. Unfortunately they happen to be intolerant of common pond medications that are safe for cyprinids, such as those containing formalin/formaldehyde, potassium permanganate, or copper sulfate.