#thermogenesis

[biology-geology-beaches-india]

The Scientific Research Notes of S. Sunkavally. Years: 1986 - 1990.

Page 117.

[peakperformance-nutrition]

Body fat retention is a caloric-partitioning signaling error. Delete the energy surplus and access your inherent definition by optimizing your body's natural adipose-burning architecture. 💎🔥⚡

Source

[botanyshitposts]

Have you ever seen (symplocarpus foetidus) skunk’s cabbage? I know it’s not your usual deal but it’s a real funky flower that’s blooming this time of year that I thought you might like (: it can bring it’s temperature to 15–35 °C (59–95 °F) above air temperature to melt ice and snow so it can get to doing it’s thing. Also it stinks when it gets bruised or broken! (Hence the name.)

this was actually my gateway drug to botany! i got interested in them in high school, then wanted to find out what exactly made them heat up and why because the popsci articles i read didn't actually give an answer, and that led me into a bunch of scientific papers i didnt have the education to understand and needed to learn a lot to slowly go through, etc. they were my first academic spiral into madness lmao. VERY cool little guys doing VERY clever things in the disgusting cold mud, let me tell you.

(side note: i think what i find shocking about these dudes now, years later, isn't the fact that they do thermogenesis, but how WELL they do thermogenesis. like i need to go do another research deep dive now that i have like... a bio degree instead of being in high school tbh, but basically they're able to detect the outside temperature to a very specific amount and adjust their heat production to match, and they do this for like, WEEKS at a time. it's shocking, legitimately, like to my knowledge it's the only plant that does this to this degree. most other thermogenic plants seem to use the strategy of just heating up as hot as possible for a really short amount of time just to Have Sex and then bail-- there's no real effort in maintaining it for more than a few hours or days and it's a VERY expensive process in terms of energy, so why bother doing tons of really specific constant tiny checks and adjustments for weeks on end? there must be a huge benefit to the time these plants put into it, conserving that energy and carefully partitioning heating out in spurts instead of dumping it all at once... man, its really interesting. but anyway i love them so much like, truly i do, there is a skunk cabbage shaped place in my heart for them lmao)

[thepastisalreadywritten]

Meal Frequency

Some research suggests that eating one large meal per day may increase calorie burn more than consuming several smaller meals.

This idea is supported by findings from PubMed, which highlight how meal size can influence diet-induced thermogenesis — the energy your body uses to digest food.

Frequent small meals, on the other hand, may trigger hunger hormones more often, leading to increased appetite throughout the day.

These insights show how meal frequency impacts both metabolism and hunger regulation.

Still, the most effective eating pattern can differ from person to person based on lifestyle and health goals.

[wtf-fun-factss]

Early-blooming flowers have a unique ability to push through frozen soil. Click to read the full fact.

[phyto-telma]

＊Winter has already come.＊

@fransweek 2022 Day 3 Warmth

Undertale belongs to Toby Fox

“Winter Flies” belongs to  Motojirou Kajii (1928)

[drhoz]

Sometimes, plants do unexpected things. Like control their own body temperature.

[indefenseofplants]

Cycad Pollinators

When it comes to insect pollination, flowering plants get all of the attention. However, flowers aren't the only game in town. More and more we are beginning to appreciate the role insects play in the pollination of some gymnosperm lineages. For instance, did you know that many cycad species utilize insects as pollen vectors? The ways in which these charismatic gymnosperms entice insects is absolutely fascinating and well worth understanding in more detail.

Cycads or cycad-like plants were some of the earliest gymnosperm lineages to arise on this planet. They did so long before familiar insects like bees, wasps, and butterflies came onto the scene. It had long been assumed that, like a vast majority of extant gymnosperms, cycads relied on the wind to get pollen from male cones to female cones. Indeed, many species certainly utilize to wind to one degree or another. However, subsequent work on a few cycad genera revealed that wind might not cut it in most cases.

It took placing living cycads into wind tunnels to obtain the first evidence that something strange might be going on with cycad pollination. The small gaps on the female cones were simply too tight for wind-blown pollen to make it to the ovules. Around the same time, researchers began noting the production of volatile odors and heat in cycad cones, providing further incentives for closer examination.

Subsequent research into cycad pollination has really started to pay off. By excluding insects from the cones, researchers have been able to demonstrate that insects are an essential factor in the pollination of many cycad species. What's more, often these relationships appear to be rather species specific.

By far, the bulk of cycad pollination services are being performed by beetles. This makes a lot of sense because, like cycads, beetles evolved long before bees or butterflies. Most of these belong to the superfamily Cucujoidea as well as the true weevils (Curculionidae). In some cases, beetles utilize cycad cones as places to mate and lay eggs. For instance, male and female cones of the South African cycad Encephalartos friderici-guilielmi were found to be quite attractive to at least two beetle genera. 

Beetles and their larvae were found on male cones only after they had opened and pollen was available. Researchers were even able to observe adult beetles emerging from pupae within the cones, suggesting that male cones of E. friderici-guilielmi function as brood sites. Adult beetles carrying pollen were seen leaving the male cones and visiting the female cones. The beetles would crawl all over the fuzzy outer surface of the female cones until they became receptive. At that point, the beetles wriggle inside and deposit pollen. Seed set was significantly lower when beetles were excluded.

For the Mexican cycad Zamia furfuracea, weevils also utilize cones as brood sites, however, the female cones go to great lengths to protect themselves from failed reproductive efforts. The adult weevils are attracted to male cones by volatile odors where they pick up pollen. The female cones are thought to also emit similar odors, however, larvae are not able to develop within the female cones. Researchers attribute this to higher levels of toxins found in female cone tissues. This kills off the beetle larvae before they can do too much damage with their feeding. This way, the cycad gets pollinated and potentially harmful herbivores are eliminated. 

Beetles also share the cycad pollination spotlight with another surprising group of insects - thrips. Thrips belong to an ancient order of insects whose origin dates back to the Permian, some 298 million years ago. Because they are plant feeders, thrips are often considered pests. However, for Australian cycads in the genus Macrozamia, they are important pollinators.

Thrip pollination was studied in detail in at least two Macrozamia species, M. lucida and M. macleayi. It was noted that the male cones of these species are thermogenic, reaching peak temperatures of around   104 °F (40 °C). They also produce volatile compounds like monoterpenes as well as lots of CO2 and water vapor during this time. This spike in male cone activity also coincides with a mass exodus of thrips living within the cones.

Thrips apparently enjoy cool, dry, and dark places to feed and breed. That is why they love male Macrozamia cones. However, if the thrips were to remain in the male cones only, pollination wouldn't occur. This is where all of that male cone metabolic activity comes in handy. Researchers found that the combination of rising heat and humidity, and the production of monoterpenes aggravated thrips living within the male cones, causing them to leave the cones in search of another home.

Inevitably many of these pollen-covered thrips find themselves on female Macrozamia cones. They crawl inside and find things much more to their liking. It turns out that female Macrozamia cones do not produce heat or volatile compounds. In this way, Macrozamia are insuring pollen transfer between male and female plants.

Pollination in cycads is a fascinating subject. It is a reminder that flowering plants aren't the only game in town and that insects have been providing such services for eons. Additionally, with cycads facing extinction threats on a global scale, understanding pollination is vital to preserving them into the future. Without reproduction, species will inevitably fail. Many cycads have yet to have their pollinators identified. Some cycad pollinators may even be extinct. Without boots on the ground, we may never know the full story. In truth, we have only begun to scratch the surface of cycads and their pollinators.

Photo Credits: [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7]

Further Reading: [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6]