PREFACE: This is a nine part series of some important things to keep in mind while studying Japanese grammar. It’s very different from English, so try not to study it through an “English lens.” To understand grammar points better, it’s really beneficial to learn the characteristics behind Japanese grammar. These notes are taken from A Dictionary of Japanese Grammar. To see the other parts, click here.
PS: I’ve decided to skip part 6 (politeness and formality).
Giseigo (onomatopoeia) and gitaigo (words that depict psychological states) are integral in spoken and written language, even for adults. Sound symbolism is an adverb that is sometimes followed by the quotation marker と and a verb that co-occurs with the sound.
Voiceless consonants tend to represent something small/light/pretty while voiced consonants represent something big/heavy/dull:
きらきら(と光る) : shine sparklingly
ぎらぎら(と光る) : shine dazzlingly
ころころ(と転がる) : small object rolls
ごろごろ(と転がる) : heavy object rolls
ぽたぽた(と落ちる) : small amount of liquid drips
ぼたぼた(と落ちる) : large amount of liquid drips
Consonants “k” and “g” tend to represent hardness, sharpness, separation, and sudden change:
くっきり(と見える) : be clearly visible
きっぱり(と別れる) : separate from people once and for all
Consonant “s” tends to represent a quiet state. “Sh” consonant seems to represent some quiet human emotion:
しんまり(と話す) : talk quietly/intimately
しょんぼり(とする) : be despondent
Consonant “r” tends to represent fluidity and slipperiness:
Consonants “m” and “n” tend to represent tactility, warmth, and softness:
なよなよ(としている) : be slender and delicate
“P” tends to represent explosiveness, crispiness, and suddenness:
ぴん(とくる) : come in a flash
ぷい(と出て行く) : leave suddenly
“Y” tends to represent weakness, slowness, and softness:
よぼよぼ(になる) : become senile
よれよれ(になる) : become worn out
“U” tends to represent something that has to do with human physiology or psychology:
うずうず(する) : itch for action
うんざり(する) : be fed up with
“O” tends to represent something negative with regard to human psychology:
おずおず(している) : be nervous and timid
おどおど(している) : be very nervous
For the complete list of examples, see A Dictionary of Basic Japanese Grammar.