The Rifles
by William T. Vollmann
It's been a long time since I've read a book that feels... unreviewable—at least in the way that I would normally tackle a review by trying to understand the "why" that connects the various themes and events or by relaying the reading experience through a reflection of my own life. The Rifles is just not relatable like that, it aspires to so much more than a mirror for the reader to find themselves in.
According to Vollmann himself, as he writes in a letter to the RCMP in 1991, which is included in the back of this book, The Rifles is "partially concerned with the relocation of Inuit families from Inukjuak, Quebec and Pond Inlet, Baffin Bay, to Resolute and Grise Fiord in the 1950s," and it is, but it is much more complicated than that; it's also, as the title suggests, an investigation into the way that the introduction of mechanical rifles into indigenous communities impacted both their food supply and their very way of being for better and for worse. A lot of these communities were handed rifles and then coerced into predatory trade agreements with European settlers for access to ammunition that ultimately led to overhunting and mass starvation events amongst the population. It is also about Sir John Franklin, a British explorer who, in the 1820s and 1840s, captained three different expeditions to map out the Arctic archipelago. The Rifles is also about Vollmann's own expeditions to the Arctic, where he creates an alter-ego version of himself named Subzero and explores the parallels between his own life and the life of Sir John Franklin, often weaving their identities and stories together in a sort of metamorphic flow state of time and consciousness that is mapped onto the ice-locked corridors of the Northwest Passage. And then animating the story and all of its narrative mechanics is this tragic Inuit myth of Sedna and the Fulmar, a beautiful maiden who is deceived and whisked away by a great bird-spirit and eventually, after being rescued by her father, is drowned in the sea, thus becoming the sea goddess who provides the Inuit peoples with their source of nutrition. This myth is then recreated and mirrored in the stories of Subzero and Sir John Franklin and their respective relationships with both the Arctic itself and the Inuit women they fall in love with, making The Rifles ultimately about the very nature of exchange itself, whether bodily, culturally, or technologically. There is no such thing as exchange without consequence, emotionally, physically or otherwise.
In many ways The Rifles is a personal odyssey through history, memory, and geography, with all of these journalistic queries into the relocation of Inuit families and the evolution of hunting technology and its impact on culture unfolding in the periphery. Vollmann explores the ramifications of these events through anthropological fiction rather than essay, but there is real journalism in here, too. There is a whole chapter where Vollmann drops the Subzero alter ego and details his own trip to Isachsen on Ellef Ringes Island, where he almost froze to death and set himself on fire in the same night. There are also real interviews that Vollmann conducted with the residents of these communities about their conditions, as well as email exchanges between Vollmann and the government of Canada, that are all presented plainly in sections of the novel.
But it's the way that Vollmann takes his investigative inquiries and his thoroughly sourced knowledge of history and shoves them through a blender of pure psychological fantasy that makes The Rifles such a hard book to pin down in a review. At the beginning of the novel, Vollmann speaks to the reader, using the second-person pronouns "you," and describes you, the reader, trying to follow a stream to its origin in an attempt to find "some place definite," only to find that each pool of water has another one higher above it and that, in fact, you’re standing on a goddamn glacier, so it is foolish to think you can find a single source anyway. So perhaps the "why" that threads the patchwork of stories, characters, and places in this book together isn't so much of a single relationship of cause and effect, but an absence of omniscience that creates a void of perspective for the reader to fill in themselves, like the glacial labyrinth of waterways that both connect and isolate the Arctic archipelago.
Vollmann is operating in a mode here that I don't think anyone else has the nerve or grit to copy, his approach is raw and sometimes he takes great risks by leaping into ambiguous territory, sometimes even painting an unsavoury picture of himself in the process, but mostly leaving the reader with more questions than answers, and it is truly something special to behold. That is why I consider The Rifles to be a beautiful, ugly masterpiece.