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A note for world harmonious society: to what extend can it be fruitful?

Initiating a harmonious life, secure and peace will always be easy to say but not at the time of implementation. For example when the League of Nations was initiated for the purpose of stopping the war and the awareness to foster harmony between the states, it was in fact only able to run with a fairly short time, the failure can be seen from the reluctance of Japan, Germany or Italy to put the desires of unilateralism, thus in international or global level, the battle back inevitably. Or, in the level of the state, one example, Israeli-Palestinian conflict, on some occasions when initiating peaceful way through dialogue, which expressed a desire to live in peace but in practice a number of attacks from Hamas or militias Israel respectively attack each other until now. In a smaller sub system, there are variety of communal conflict in a country that often occurs between ethnic or other identity politics, as in the case of the Rohingya in Myanmar or Ahmadiyah in Indonesia. The question arises: does human really want an order of harmonious and peaceful coexistence? What is the true of peace terminology, And how is it gained? The above at least only one angle that gives an example of how the world where we are today has dimensions of complex and anarchistic. But, in fact it is not the only face of the world.

In another side, appeared well organized movements or not, they are moving in the framework of thinking that emphasizes moral values and humanitarian or issues such as the environment, which is often called civil society. Along with the ease of domestic actors either of the government or individuals interact across borders, along with the rapid developing technology, the way they interacts with the values they believe are also easier to spread. In the context of civil society, when globalized, this movement will give the possibility of change in the interaction between countries, and countries with citizens to the context of redefining the concept of sovereignty without fully diminished the role of the state. Thus, it results the changing terminology to become the global civil society.

There are three levels that will explain and give notes for peace: the international system level, state level and the society level.

At the international system level, as described by Kenneth waltz, explained the condition of the anarchy of the world, resulted in the dilemma of security for each states to increase mutual vigilance and strength. History showed that occupation often occurs over group to another group with a variety of reasons. So to explain the arrangement of peace in this level, we will understand that: first, States require forces that can be used to tackle other forces that disrupt people’s lives, these conditions are believed by Waltz and Bull reduce the damaging effects of anarchy, despite military threats in the last decade tend unpopular but that does not mean it is nil. Second, the strength must be entirely based on commitment to maintaining the security and not for military intervention or occupation. That desire to be castrated. Bull offers a solution by creating common values and common interest. This can be a common agreement between the states or become international law and the shared values upheld to minimize the conflict and bring the seeds of peace. Third, the spreading of global civil society as a consequence of globalization at certain level could be a strength that is able to continue encouraging efforts for peace or humanity as their common interest. Recently, efforts to build trust among states through a variety of cooperation will also contribute its own for a harmonious life.

At the state level, the efforts to harmonize the society for peace led to the state to prerequisite equitable growth. In the first line, there will be the political and security stability, before doing development to fill the so-called positive peace. Development is similar to that aspired by, for example, Plato with en dam onia term, which means a prosperous life, to explain the nature of state. This is important, because many cases: separatism, terrorism, crime and other subversive actions undertaken as a result of not touching these groups in development efforts undertaken by state. In the context of state, conceptually, Indonesia could actually be used as guidelines for a harmonious life. The philosophy of Pancasila, the 1945 Constitution, or Bhineka Tunggal Ika are the foundations of a harmonious life. Pancasila interpret wisely the development of civilization, in Pancasila five granules, it can be seen efforts: respect for religious freedom, human rights, until justice. In the 1945 Constitution preamble, explain the perpetual peace, anti-colonialism, until the intellectual life of the nation. In Bhineka Tunggal Ika, which means unity in diversity also reflects the acceptance of existing differences in terms of culture, language or ethnicity. These ideas need to be reminded at the domestic level and distributed on a global level to help a harmonious life.

At the society level, in order to achieve a harmonious life, the role of education and open-minded way of thinking would be very helpful. Education will prevent the foolishness that results in unemployment and crime, while open-minded way of thinking promises to address conflict resolution (if any) in a reasonable and constructive. After these principles have been done and embedded well, efforts that lead to the intense communication and joint activities between such communities to preserve their origin culture or cross-cultural should be a shared agenda for the creation of harmony. With the help of today’s technology, people all over the world have the ability to change and manage life in harmony.

The harmony of society and global peace will be the things that have always been aspired. But for the author, the effectiveness of these ideals, will depend on many complex factors, especially how to creating a common interest can be accepted by the whole, cause if it referred to above from one level to another level correlated with each other and it is difficult to explain who will be the most determinant to promote peace, but it is not so important than our own personal commitment to promote peace. As pieces of Michael Jackson lyrics in the song Man in the Mirror:

I’m starting with the man in the mirror

I’m asking him to change his ways

And no message could have been any clearer

If you want to the make the world better place

Take a look at yourself and then make a change

Introduction to Defense Diplomacy

The concept of defense diplomacy has popularly blossomed to respond the global politics at which become more complex in the Post-Cold War era though the activities were not particularly new. This concept is defined by Matsuda Yasuhiro on his essay titled An Essay on China’s Military Diplomatic: Examination of Intentions in Foreign Strategy as “all diplomatic activities relating to national security and military diplomatic activities”. Meanwhile, Jim Rolfe interpreted Defense Diplomacy as “a range of non-warlike activities undertaken by the armed force of any country, intended to develop in the international community a positive attitude toward and trust in the country undertaking the activities”. It means, Defense Diplomacy is like understanding the concept of diplomacy in common which is to defend national interests and national security in peace ways, yet further focusing it on defense matters, such as joint training with the militaries of foreign countries, the appointments of defense attaché, cooperative arrangement (both bilaterally and multilaterally), ship visits, and provision of material equipment or other material aid. Those are commonly held in order to dispel hostility, build and maintain trust and assist in the development of the democratically accountable armed forces (thereby making a significant contribution to conflict prevention and resolution).

In its blossom, the concept of defense diplomacy varied from three characteristics as follow: (1) defense diplomacy as the state instrument for national interest both bilaterally and multilaterally; (2) traditional defense diplomacy; (3) post traditional defense diplomacy, correlated with the changing of landscape in international politics order.

In traditional defense diplomacy, a concept which is popular before the end of the cold war, the activities of states are tend to seek friends or ally to get balance of power. The great power used defense diplomacy to balance or deter its opponent influence toward lesser state by providing weapon aids, infrastructures, and various policies related to defense aimed to manage the wide-spread of influence and assisting the friendly regime to press its opponent.

While traditional defense diplomacy is mostly ranging from rigid relationship between NATO and WARSAW blocs as of the Cold War era, post defense diplomacy is more dynamic by coming efforts from states to unlock cooperation even with their ex-opponent varied from defense matters only to wider security discourse –since security is conceptually securitized–. Andi Widjajanto, Defense expert, said that this concept aims at achieving and seeking the counter balance amidst the need for stability, defense build up, and more autonomous defense industry. The activities of such this diplomacy hence include developing CBM (Confidence Building Measures), defense diplomacy for good governance and defense reforms, and defense diplomacy for international peace development (such as peacekeeping operations, disarmament and arms control). Thus, he said a successful achievement of these tasks will depend on the capacity of state in posing diplomacy toward others whether bilaterally, regionally, or globally.

At bilateral level, many countries have cooperative activities at varying level ranging from the exchange attaché, through the high level dialogues to capacity building, combine exercising and arms transfers. At regional level, defense and security cooperation manifested in wide variety of forums such as ASEAN Defense Ministers Meeting (ADMM) or ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF). And at global level, it varied from state contribution in peacekeeping operation to various security and defense dialogue within UN. Another kind of defense diplomacy also includes non-official dialogue –security and defense dialogue that was held with academics, think tank or civil society– such as Shangri La and Asia Pacific Roundtable.

Since diplomacy is not a single actor game and defense diplomacy means the positive interaction for each States to get more essential and beneficial than military force; hard power; or another practice of realpolitik, the States must meet certain understanding or trust –amidst differ of interests– if not the effort will be less successful and security dilemma remain exist.

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#defensediplomacy

The Languid Regional Budget Acceleration: Bureaucrat Fear and Indonesia Economy.

How it could be good at the moment Indonesia’s economy growth is running languid, the regional budgets are precipitated instead. Until the semester I 2015, reported that only 25 % from the total APBD (Regional Budget) has just allocated. Meanwhile there remain 255 trillion IDR as national program to regional development hasn’t allocated yet. Most of it stored in clearing and fixed deposit at the Regional Development Bank or commercial bank. Here some conditions which contributed for the problem:

1) Fiscal Decentralization, after fiscal decentralization policy run in 2001, the effectivity of national budget policy to encourage economy growth would depend on region capacity. More than one third public budget volume is authorized in region. That means when we discuss how to encourage Indonesia welfare faster, it will also need to see region and its bureaucrat performance. Thus, when the regional is unable to utilize all its power and resources for their people prosperity it could have jeopardize effect in macro economy. This fiscal decentralization in that shape would make more difficult for the national government to embed economy stability policy, if there’s no clever sacrifice with region there might be worse condition.

2) Legal fear: administrastief rechtelijk and straft rechtelijk, it needs some confirmation or clear distinction to differ a case whether classified as administrative law or criminal law. Hundreds of region functionary (governor, mayor, regent and even head of division) have arrested because of corruption case. All of this made regional budget authority fear and conducted as could as possible the less risk strategy: budget precipitation, cause once they are smelled doing something wrong, they will possibly be arrested for corruption allegation in spite of they didn’t do that or just there’s a miss procedure. Yet, there are lots assumption there reporting that this fear become the source of the matter. To address this, the national government has been planning to make a new order for government administrative fulfilling UU no. 30/2014 before.

3) Bureaucracy reform, bureaucrat have special place to address this matter. Hence, if bureaucracy (national and regional) performance is very low, the need of national government to encourage its national economic growth will also be shacked. The way that national government choose through a plan for new rules in administrative government seems need to be done faster besides subsequent coordination with the regional functionary to hasten and accelerate development. The most fundamental crisis in bureaucracy is still the old fashioned: paradigm, transparency, accountability, digitalization and complicated mechanism. Special designation for accountability and trasparency, lots of explaination out there reporting that two are always getting challange from some political elites, whether it’s correct or false. That two are fundamental and need to be opened as clear as possible in order to control mechanism run well besides as the afford to strenghten democracy quality.

It needs to be mentioned as well that the precipitation of budget at the bank will affect the high inflation cause the turnaround fund is just happen in the financial sector, not in the rill sector which actually be more required for people prosperity. For a nation, development always need prerequisite and commitment to build together. Political road might be different, but never rude development with our bad dicipline (behaviour) moreover for shorterm political interest which is actually not a good example.

Lesson Learned From Greece Debt Crisis

Greece first joint membership in European Community started in 1981 although its original effort to apply membership began in 1975. The concern of European Community to consider Greece membership as told by Verney (2009) said that European Community viewed less developed countries with weak state structures could be a potential threat for the pace of cohesion of the economic integration progress. However, thing was changed while international politics trend at that time shifting that consideration above must be understood by the bigger possibility threat might face the European Community from Soviet influence. Based on that logic, European Community paved the way Greece as its member. Beside it could expand the western European borders become another benefit. Thus, from the start European Community appeared to take advantage in political accession rather than economic benefit. It also explained the transformation of Europe from economic integration to be a politico-economic union. This is ruled and enshrined by The Maastricht Treaty with most mention on inflation rate, deficit, or long term interest rate as the convergence criteria before adopt a single currency. The Greece’s case was known had not met the criteria before adoption of the euro. Rather than raise taxes or reduce spending, these governments artificially reduced their deficits with derivatives.

Although its economy boomed as a result of the flood foreign capital and low interest rates after joining the euro, Greece still continued to spend heavily on the public sector specifically on jobs and pension plans. Moreover, lies conducted with large amount of borrowing necessary to account for overspending. It’s assisted by Goldman Sachs through misrepresenting the economic statistics. These dealings investigated by the U.S. Federal Reserve and finally resulting global economic crisis in 2008. This crisis erodes economic growth and produced more unemployment.

On May 10, 2010, after eleven hours of debate, the European Union announced the European Stabilization Mechanism worth 750 billion euros. The 80 billion euros were provided to Greece with 30 billion in additional aid from the IMF. After bailouts, Greece controls spending but lags on structural reforms. Sotiropoulo wrote that the result of the austerity measures was deep depression. Ten of thousands of small enterprises went out of business, while at the same time Greece lost 20 percent of its GDP.

In the meantime, serious challenge from Greek protesters to the government caused the great shifting of Greece political domestic situation and the chapter to address the financial crisis seemed to face more complexity. On January 25, 2015, Syriza, the coalition of the left wing and the radical left parties won the snap election and subsequently congratulated by all leftist leaders all over the Europe. It made Eurozone supporters worried though. However, Syriza was not alone to rule the Greece, the combination with ANEL (conservative) defined the government formation.

The agenda to address debt would definitely become the prior. Many quested the way would Syriza choose for this crisis, whether remain in part of Eurozone or leave it. Some talks regarding the debt were initiated. The IMF constrained Greece and Syriza to accept hard concession concerning further reforms and budgetary cuts. Until June 30, the negotiation did not find any deal. In spite of Troika offered the new loan up to 7.2 billion euros which could settle 1.8 billion euros debt from the IMF, Greece objected that offer and tend to choose the referendum on July 5 resulting Greek support for government.

The globalization of economy brought the world order into a situation in which the international organizations have roles to define and interference the states in this case that are conducted through investment and foreign aid from IMF which hooked up in the fertility of capitalism. IMF will have the power to hand on its interest to be conducted by the Greece and behave neoliberal policy while need loan. The implications are reducing the important meaning of territory, eroding the state autonomy and muggy payment solution. To the weak state like Greece, it could be very challenging to have business with the IMF. Moreover, Greece has not unraveled its domestic problem yet such as corruption which is a part of Greece bankruptcy sources. Hence, if the referendum has been done, the decision has been finalized, it could be better to start the full commitment in building good governance without any derivatives more.

#greece IMF europeanunion IGO internatonalrelations

REALPOLITIK

Based on practical and material factors rather than on theoretical or ethical objectives, foreign policy maintains the advancement of the national interest as its sole principle. Realpolitik, an extreme variation of realism makes no excuses for its disallowance of morality as a factor in determining foreign policy. Such foreign policy is based solely on calculations of power and the national interest foremost, avoiding armament races and war if only the major players of an international system are free to adjust their relations in accordance to changing circumstances or are restrained by a system of shared values or both. Hegemony accords the international community with stability, thus avoiding anarchy through its willingness to supersede its interests for those of a hegemonic power. Thus, it remains a given that a Hegemon’s foreign policy be conditioned in a high level of foresight, restraint and maturity to quell any likelihood of international instability by maintaining its power hold.

REALISM – BALANCE OF POWER

Realists affirm that power can serve to deter threats, but too much power can force other actors to respond harshly, sparking a ‘security dilemma’, which is a situation when actors begin pursuing more power, resulting in an environment that is less safe. Realists, especially classical realists are assumed to be warmongering theorists that are only concerned with acquiring more power. This is not the case at all as most of the school are actually cautious, humble, favoring alliances and multilateralism. Hans Morgenthau states that, “Political realism refuses to identify the moral aspirations of a particular nation with the moral laws that govern the universe.” This assumes that realists do not think in terms of righting wrongs, but only in terms of power in all its forms including is acquisition, preservation and maintaining the balance of power. Realism promotes the balancing of state power.

REALIST OFFENSE / DEFENSE THEORY

Offense-defense theory was laid out by Robert Jervis, George Quester and Stephen Van Ever. The theory stresses that wars come about more frequently when states see others as being too weak to defend against attack. Better defenses served to preserve the peace as it became more costly to attack another state for the benefits that would be derived would not outpace the costs associated with an offensive strike. These defensive realists saw states as merely wanting to survive in an anarchic world where if need be great states could be depended upon to guarantee the security of weaker states through the construction of security guarantees. Defensive military postures were further strengthened with the acclimation of nuclear forces that were utilized to deter offensive attacks for the cost of doing so would be cataclysmic.

Kenneth Waltz’s assertion that the United States benefited from possessing a robust nuclear deterrent fits into the offense defense theory assertion that a super strong defense protects a nation from offensive threats. This has led realism to strive forward optimistically away from Morgenthau’s seemingly dark assertions of human nature. If it were truly human nature to engage in conflict solely for the purpose of acquiring power then nuclear weapons would not serve as such a strong deterrent as the Cold War has demonstrated. Defensive realists like Van Evera claim that war is today seen by the great powers as rarely profitable. Evera further states that war is brought forth from militarism, hypernationalism, or other domestic factors that over exaggerate potential threats or exaggerate their military capacity. Offensive realists like John J. Mearsheimer believe that great powers are forced into competitive actions for anarchy is reality.

REALIST CONCEPTION OF FORCE

E. H. Carr argues that there exist two opposite poles of utopian feelings of right and realist conceptions of force. There is a need for a combination of both utopia and reality so that society can come to a favorable compromise between power and morality. Politics and law is viewed as a ‘meeting place’ for ethics and power where both can come together in order to facilitate continued progress towards a utopian society. Classical realists like Thomas Hobbes, Reinhold Niebuhr and Hans Morgenthau argued that egoism and power politics stemmed from human nature. Structural realists or neo-realists stressed anarchy instead of human nature. Kenneth Walt stated that anarchy allows conflict to brew as “wars occur because there is nothing to prevent them”. He goes on to infer that it is the actions of predator states whose behavior is fostered from human nature or its domestic politics that forces other states to respond in kind if they are to survive.

Realism

There is no legitimate authority above the state. This results in the world being anarchical rather than hierarchical as what is commonly observed within individual states. Hedley Bull describes the interstate system as an anarchical society, which is another way of describing the chaotic system of interstate relations that currently exists. Realism was the dominant theory during the Cold War that saw international relations as states constantly vying for power among other self-interested states. It is generally pessimistic about the international system leaving this state of anarchy for in their view conflict and war will always remain a factor in world affairs. Realism explained alliances, imperialism and the resistance to cooperation through the lens of power theory. A fundamental example that realists cite is the constant competitive struggle of the American-Soviet rivalry during the Cold War.

Redefinisi Sistem Politik Mahasiswa Fisip Unpas di tengah Gelombang Kritikan

Beberapa waktu terakhir partai politik mahasiswa mendapatkan berbagai kritikan atas aktivitas-aktivitas politisnya, partai politik mahasiswa dituduh sebagai biang dari blok-blokan mahasiswa hingga lembaga kemahasiswaan yang dianggap berstandar rendah adalah buah dari partai politik mahasiswa. Benarkah demikian? Bagaimana seharusnya partai politik mahasiswa menyikapi ini?

1. Memperbaiki Sistem Kepartaian

Sejauh ini praktik-praktik menuju kekuasaan didominasi oleh cara-cara yang lebih konstitusionil melalui corong partai politik dan mengesampingkan cara-cara subversif yang main tabrak tanpa aturan. Dalam skala yang lebih luas partai politik dijadikan solusi yang paling rasional diantara opsi-opsi buruk (dalam mencapai kekuasaan) yang ada, menariknya partai politik pun digunakan di banyak negara sekalipun secara ideologi bertentangan. Tengok semisal di Jepang terdapat Jiyuminshuto (Demokrat Liberal), Nihon Sakaito (Sosialis), Nihon Minshu Shakaito (Sosialis Demokrat) Komeito (kejujuran) atau Nihon Kyosanto (Komunis). Di Tiongkok yang otokratis, komunis dan sosialis terdapat Partai Komunis Tiongkok dan partai-partai kecil lain yang berkoordinasi melalui Dewan Perhubungan Cadangan Rakyat Tiongkok. Di Kuba yang terkenal dengan perjuangan Castro-nya terdapat Partai Komunis Kuba. Di Amerika Serikat terdapat Partai Demokrat dan Republik disamping partai-partai kecil semacam Partai Nazi Amerika ataupun Partai Keluarga Pekerja. Di Arab Saudi didengungkan pula seruan-seruan yang mengatasnamakan Partai Umat Islam, ataupun di Indonesia dengan partai-partai yang sudah umum diketahui.

Hal di atas menjelaskan bahwa keberadaan partai politik menjadi keniscayaan yang tak bisa terbantahkan di tengah ragamnya kepentingan karena untuk meng-agregasi kepentingan, hal itu disematkan kembali kepada peran partai politik meskipun selama ini tidak sedikit perilaku kader partai politik melakukan perbuatan-perbuatan disintegratif atau menyimpang jika kita merujuk partai politik skala nasional. Maka solusi sederhananya ada dua, yakni (1) mendorong transparansi dan (2) kontrol ketat dari semua elemen terhadap aktivitas politik partai. Begitu juga dalam konteks sistem kepartaian FISIP Unpas.

Menyikapi pandangan mengenai sistem kepartaian ini, mahasiswa FISIP ter-dikotomi-kan: (1) ada yang menganggap partai politik itu parasit namun stagnan pada solusi-solusi yang holistik, (2) banyak pula yang berpandangan anti partai politik sama dengan semakin me-rimba-kan aktivitas-aktivitas politik dan ide gerakan anti partai politik tersebut dianggap utopis dalam konteks politik yang worst case scenario.

Berbagai anggapan miring tentang partai politik mahasiswa bisa jadi benar ataupun juga hanya dibenar-benarkan. Akan tetapi, cerminan demokrasi yang lebih mantap biasanya juga didukung oleh civil society (dalam hal ini mahasiswa dengan kepekaan dan partisipasi politik yang tinggi) yang aktif mengawal demokrasi agar perilaku-perilaku kader partai politik tidak berubah menjadi predator demokrasi, paling tidak koreksi yang diberikan civil society membuka ruang untuk memperbaiki sistem kepartaian mahasiswa. Setidaknya, persoalan mendasar mengenai sistem kepartaian ini antara lain:

a) Bagaimana menjabarkan pendaftaran partai politik kampus yang dilimpahkan pada domain KPUM saja serta kaitannya dengan bagaimana BEM selaku pelaksana tertinggi (apakah itu ditingkat Depdagri, Setneg, ataupun departemen yang relevan lainnya) tidak memposisikan diri dalam pemeriksaan, pengujian dan pembuktian kelengkapan dan kebenaran persyaratan hingga keabsahan suatu partai. Padahal model yang umum digunakan adalah pendaftaran partai politik merupakan domain dari pelaksana tertinggi dalam hal ini BEM yang membuka kemungkinan menjembatani partai politik mahasiswa dengan pihak dari kampus, sementara KPUM hanya fokus pada verifikasi lanjutan dan pelaksanaan pemilihan dalam konteks ini PEMIRA.

b) Kekacauan pengadministrasian ini membuat partai politik meskipun diakui legalitasnya, menemui seribu alasan ketidakjelasan tentang eksistensinya, hingga dimunculkan opini jika partai politik kampus harus tertutup pergerakannya, aktivitas kepartaian dianggap tabu dilahap dalam-dalam. Pijakan kultural ini terus menerus diamini dan berkembang subur setiap tahunnya.

c) Pemahaman dan kemampuan ruling clique (pengendali partai) yang berbeda-beda ditambah dengan ke-absen-an pihak kampus untuk menjaga koordinasi dan mengevaluasi partai politik tidak memiliki suatu standar yang jelas berakibat pada saluran-saluran seperti rekrutmen dan sosialisasi yang baik dan transparan selalu tersendat. Di titik ini partai politik menghadapi seribu alasan untuk dikritik.

d) Tantangan bagi ruling clique adalah mau tidak mau memperbaiki mekanisme yang masih samar-samar, paling tidak fase pertama adalah menghapuskan dengan tegas mengenai ketabuan aktivitas partai politik mahasiswa di FISIP dengan penambahan aturan partai politik mahasiswa dalam bab Lembaga Kemahasiswaan, selanjutnya mengenai teknis, fungsi dan hak partai politik mahasiswa di ranah kampus hingga jalur koordinasinya bisa dibahas lebih lanjut dengan BEM melalui departemen terkait. Disamping itu, keterlibatan pihak kampus juga sangat penting. Kampus bisa menyediakan program-program semacam (1) training & directing: berupa pelatihan keorganisasian, kepemimpinan dan kepartaian hingga pengarahan visi-misi yang sesuai dengan kampus (2) developing: implementasi dan eksplorasi (3) researching: mengkaji dan mengevaluasi sistem kepartaian terutama dalam misi untuk mengembangkan kemampuan mahasiswa serta penigkatan budaya partisipannya.

e) Suara-suara miring mengenai blok-blokan, imanjinasi politik yang miskin, dan belum sempurnanya tata kelola partai politik dalam membangun kesadaran berpolitik mahasiswa, bisa partai politik tanggapi dengan mengkonsolidasikan dan mengintensifkan komunikasi tiap-tiap partai. Artinya dalam beberapa waktu kedepan konsolidasi antar ketua umum bisa menjadi jalan yang tepat terutama untuk menjawab kritikan-kritikan, menunjukan kedewasaan berpolitik dan merumuskan hal-hal yang perlu diperbaiki bersama dan transparan.

2. Rekomendasi

Ada tiga langkah yang perlu diperhatikan, diantaranya: (1) political reforms: melakukan pergerakan yang menepis ketabuan partai politik mahasisiwa di kampus atau resosialisasi nilai-nilai kepartaian dan mengesahkan seperangkat aturan yang menjadi landasan partai politik. (2) administrative reforms: mengkaji substansi teknis untuk partai politik mahasiswa dan standar hasil kerja. (3) management information system: laporan-laporan mengenai hasil kebijakan DPM, aktivitas partai politik yang bisa diakses secara mudah dan jelas, hingga memastikan informasi-informasi yang merupakan hak mahasiswa diterima secara efektif dan menyeluruh semisal mempublikasikan konstitusi yang berlaku dengan semangat dan komitmen meningkatkan kepedulian mahasiswa terhadap tata kelola kelembagaan dan aktivitas politiknya.

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Mengapa Hubungan Internasional harus egoistik dan agresif?

Einstein dan Freud hendak menjawab pertanyaan mengapa hubungan internasional harus egoistik dan agresif? Mengamati pertumbuhan fasisme di tahun 1930, Einstein menulis surat pada Freud bahwa “pasti ada nafsu manusia untuk membenci dan menghancurkan” (Einstein 1951:802-4) Freud menegaskan dorongan agresif seperti itu sudah pasti ada, dan dia tetap sangat skeptis tentang kemungkinan untuk menjinakkannya.

resume: A Wolf By the Ears: U.S. Policy Failures, Reform, and the Necessity of Private Military Security Contractors, 2003–2013 By Dr. Michael D. Gambone and John J. McGarry

PMC remain critical to U.S. foreign policy -----> U.S has been too dependence on PMC

PMC= Unsovory – human rights abuses, war crimes,--

1991’s after cold war, policy makers accepted the logic of using PMC to national deffence

Scholars view:

Failure of PMC

Regulation to legalize

A dillema: whether operation effectiveness has increased or whether company merely comply the law (?)

Current U.S. policy appears intent on military retrenchment overseas and shifting security responsibilities from the Pentagon to the State Department.

Economy is flourished then PMC goes to Crumbling zone or challenged by endemic instability

PMC comes to solve the rising crime rates and terrorist attacks = new age of capitalism?

PMC is useful to multiply gaps between the need and capability.

PMC for logistic tasks and US armies to combat operations

KBR, 1992= Logistic Civil Augmentation

MPRI, 1996= Contracted by Croat Govt to: long range management; reconstruct military doctrine from old Warsawa Fact to in line with NATO

US regulatory standard failed to keep pace with PMC:

the Military Extraterritorial Jurisdiction Act (2000) and the Special Maritime and Territorial Jurisdiction provisions contained in the U.S. code of federal regulations

the Anti-Torture Statute (18 U.S. Code, Section 2340A),

the Genocide Statute (18 USC, Section 1091),

the Walker Act (18 USC, Section 960),

the War Crimes Act (18 USC, Section 2441).

Why failed? Cannot address the fundamental standard such as recruiting, training, discipline, equipment and US “global war on terror” offered little guidance

SBY speech: Promoting Tolerance, Harmony and Peace through Inter-faith Dialogue

Excellencies,

Distinguished Participants,

Ladies and Gentlemen,

It is an honor and privilege for me to address this unique and special forum.

It is a forum which serves as a communion of people of faith, who are engaged in an important process of dialogue and sharing to chart the wat forwartd to community building and harmony.

Let me commend both the government of Australia and the Muhammadiyah for working closely with the Government of Indonesia through our Department of Foreign Affairs in bringin to reality this this dialogue.

I am particularly delighted that Australia and Indonesia are, one more, working intensively to promote the security and stability of our region.

The muhammadiyah has for many years now served as forceful voice of mainstream and moderate, intellectual Islam. As such it is very credible advocate of islam as “rahmatan al Alamin,” or God ‘s mercy upon a troubled world. The muhammadiyah is certainly a natural partner to ant endeavour at any dialogue between and among the religions of the world.

I am heatened to see so many faiths and religious traditions represented in this gathering. Though we hold various religious beliefs and live by different faith traditionals, we are all united here by a common faith in the power of dialogue and cooperation in an athmosphere of mutual trust and acceptance.

Our coming together here is an affirmation of our common humanity. In a dialogue like this there is no need for anyone to give up or defend his religious convictions. There is no need for anyone to surrender the uniqueness of his faith. Instead, this dialogue recognized and affirms the wisdom of casting aside prejudices and enmities.

This interfaith dialogue that you are embarking in is particularly significant against the backdrop of volatile world thar we live in. It is an unsettling world still punctured in some areas by ethic and religious tensions, by communal violence, by prejudice, by missunderstanding and miscommunication.

And when ethic and religious prejudice is compounded by economic and political rivalries as well as by mutual grievances deemed unforgivable, the resulting situation can be explosive.

The solution is not to deny that there are differences between people-nothing can be gained by such denial of reality. Pluralism is a fact of life not only between adherents of different religions, but often also between groups within the same religion.

Instead, the course that we should take is to affirm a deeper, greater and more important reality-and that is our commoon humanity. We are all children of the same providence on a journey to the same destiny.

Therefore, within the fold of humankind, there is a place for every one. The things that make us different from one another can be regarded as assets that can be pooled in order to achieve a common purpose.

This idea of variety within a unity is especially meaningful to us indonesians, who live by our national motto, “Bhinneka Tunggal Ika”—we are many but we are one.

We are all here today because we believe in tolerance as an imperative to human and social development.

We all know that tolerance does not easily and naturally happen. It has to be deliberately cultivated and nurtured so that it becomes an important part of the framework of society.

Tolerance cannot grow on the soil of ignorance. That makes education equally an imperative. In indonesia, therefore, students have to take course in religion from primary to universe level. They must have sufficient knowledge not only about their respective religions but also about other religions.

Moreover, our constitution provides that it is the obligation of the state to promote the religious life of the people. Hence, Indonesia is not a secular state in the Western tradition. For us, a harmonious relationship among religions must be nurtured, as it is one of the most important building blocks in the process of our national development.

Apart from the issues of prejudice and tolerance, a number of other intractable problems also demand to be addressed by a dialogue like this. These include the tensions, conflicts, and the acts of violence that all together deprive humankind the peace and security that it longs for.

And there is one exceedingly heinous form of violence that we must grapple with, and that is the scourge of terrorism.

To my mind, terrorism today must be regarded as the enemy of all religions.

Terrorist are well organized, well funded and are highly skilled in sowing mayhem and fear through the slaughter of innocents. They never operate in a social vacuum; they established save havens and bases of operations among the people. There, they fan the flames of real or imagined grievances and pass themselves off as champions of the downtrodden.

On the other hand, people of faith like you are committed to bring enlightment and the most positive human values like tolerance and compassion to wherever hatred and prjudice rear their ugly heads.

People of faith like you have the responsibility to bring your message of truth, unity and hope deep into the grassroots of society. And that message will resonate strongly among peace-loving people at all levels.

In the end, the foce of light, reason and hope must overpower the forces of darkness, despair and violence.

And, indeed, a commitment to and a preoccupation with community building can be one of the most effective antidotes to the culture of violence and destruction that terrorists promote and practice.

One of the great attractions of becoming a community is the feeling of security that it generates.

In a community, there are no masks: member communicate frankly and honestly with one another. More than just toleratinh one another, they rejoicce together and grieve together, according to their fortunes and misfortunes. Above all, they are responsible to and for one another. Thatis what makes the community so effective and progressive.

And the poeple most qualified to lead in hte building of community are the people of faith, such as yourselves, whose life’s calling is to spread and foster enlightment and humanitarian values.

You have a wide agenda in this dialogue, but it is my fervent hope that in the course of your discussions, the beginnings of some practical strategies for building true communities at the grassroots level will come to the surface.

It is also my hope tha you will be able to move toward the establisment of permanent forum for exchange of ideas and insights to help us understand and effectively deal with the fundamental problems of the hunan condition in our time. At any rate, i trust that ths dialogue will be the beginning of a truly meaningful engagement taht will include many more nations, apart from the 14 already represented here.

May your discussions be fruitful. I now declare this dialogue open.

Yogjakarta, December 6, 2004.

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