I know I’m not the only person who’s recently become interested in early American history, so I thought I’d share a little guide to my new favourite resource: Founders Online!
This amazing resource is a database of all the writings to or from the big six Founders: Washington, Jefferson, Madison, Hamilton, Franklin and Adams (and family). More material is being added regularly - although probably not for Hamilton.
So, how do you use this fabulous research tool? First, obviously, go to the website:
On the home page, you’ll see this:
These are your quick access links. You can choose from three different starting points:
AUTHOR: See all writings authored by the listed person
RECIPIENT: See all letters & documents written to the listed person
PERIOD: See all documents written in the given time period
Let’s say you want to see everything written by Alexander Hamilton. Click on Hamilton, Alexander under “Author” and that’ll take you to the 7,623 documents written by him, arranged from earliest to latest date:
Obviously, 7500+ documents is a lot. We probably want to narrow it down some more. There are a couple of ways to do this!
You can click on the period, if you want to see everything Hamilton ever wrote during the Revolutionary War (that…would be a lot). But that’s not really that helpful for narrowing things down so let’s get to specifics.
(Notice the two letters from the Madison Presidency, which took place after Hamilton died. Those letters were authored by his son, also named Alexander Hamilton, and got accidentally lumped in with him. Oops!)
The website provides this nifty tool on the side of the search menu for narrowing down your dates. Please note that you have to pick an actual date! You can’t just choose a month. If you want to start from April, for example, pick April 1st.
Now, how about narrowing down the recipients of those documents?
Under recipient, you can search for people if they aren’t one of the big names listed automatically. Here, I’ve searched for Morris. We can see that Hamilton wrote to five different people with the last name Morris. You can click on the one you want, or you can just view all letters to anyone with that name.
What if you want to read everything between two people? There’s two ways to do this.
1) Instead of searching by author or recipient, you can just write Correspondent: “Last name, First name” in the search engine. That will bring up everything written to or by the listed person. Here, I’ve searched for everything Hamilton and Gouverneur Morris ever wrote to each other.
2) Once you click on one of the letters, you can also find this sidebar. Click on All correspondence between Morris and Hamilton to see a list of everything they wrote to each other.
Apply ALL the search filters!
You can, of course, do all of these search strategies at once. Here, I’ve searched for letters written by John Adams, to Abigail Adams, between the dates July 18 1776 and August 31 1776. And just for the heck of it, I threw in the search term “war” because I wanted to know what John Adams was thinking about war back then.
So you’ve searched like a pro and you finally found the letter you wanted. Hurrah! Click on it, and you’ll see it laid out like this. Here is a letter from Hamilton to his two young sons. Aw.
It’s a very intuitive format, so I’ll just point out a couple of things.
Helpful citation for students & academics on the side
The writing is transcribed, but capitalization and formatting is preserved
If there are dashes, that usually means the word was illegible or crossed out at some point
The footnotes at the bottom are super helpful, and will clarify context, explain who the writer may be talking about, and link to other letters that will help provide context
But! Be prepared for ghost letters:
Sometimes these lists of letters can be a little misleading. Here, I’ve searched for letters written by Eliza Hamilton to Alexander Hamilton. The search lists eight letters! But wait - I thought all of her letters to her husband were lost?
Click on one of the letters, and you see what’s happening:
Letter not found! So why is it even listed? Because Hamilton refers to her letter in one of his own letters (Founders Online provides the link to his letter). That means we know she wrote a letter on this date, but unfortunately we don’t have the letter itself.
Founders Online provides several resources beyond the primary documents. They have links to and information about each individual collection, tips for more advanced searching, and lesson plans covering topics such as the Bill of Rights debates, the status of women, and the impact of the Revolution on Native American tribes. They even have a whole page dedicated to explaining the art on the website (that floral border is James Madison’s wallpaper).
Hope people find this helpful! Happy researching!