
Andulka
tumblr dot com
YOU ARE THE REASON
art blog(derogatory)

祝日 / Permanent Vacation
cherry valley forever

JVL
dirt enthusiast
Aqua Utopia|海の底で記憶を紡ぐ

PR's Tumblrdome
Three Goblin Art
he wasn't even looking at me and he found me

blake kathryn
$LAYYYTER
todays bird
Alisa U Zemlji Chuda
Not today Justin
Mike Driver

Kaledo Art
ojovivo

seen from Mexico
seen from Italy
seen from United States

seen from Malaysia

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seen from Argentina

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@translatorslife
french christmas vocabulary 🎄
🎁 Christmas (Noël)
Christmas Day le jour de Noël Christmas Eve le Réveillon de Noël Christmas party la fête de Noël Christmas sales Noël malin December décembre Midnight Mass Messe de Minuit winter l’hiver 🎁 Decorations and Details (Décorations et détails)
angel un ange candle une bougie candy cane un sucre d’orge Christmas card une carte de Noël Christmas carol un noël, un chant de Noël Christmas present un petit Noël, un cadeau de Noël Christmas tree un sapin de Noël, un arbre de Noël game un jeu gingerbread man un bonhomme de pain d’épice manger une crèche miracle un miracle mistletoe le gui ornament un bibelot, une boule de Noël, un ornament reindeer un renne ribbon un ruban saint figurine un santon Santa Claus Père Noël, Papa Noël shepherd un berger sleigh un traîneau snow la neige snowball une boule de neige snowman un bonhomme de neige string of lights une guirlande lumineuse stuffed animal une peluche toy un jouet wrapping paper le papier cadeau wreath une couronne
🎁 Christmas Verbs (Verbs de Noël)
to open a present ouvrir un cadeau to receive recevoir to wrap a present emballer un cadeau
🎁 Christmas Foods (Aliments de Noël)
Christmas feast le Réveillon Christmas loaf le pain calendal chestnuts châtaignes, marrons (m) duck breast magret de canard lobster le homard oysters les huîtres (f) pheasant le faisan turkey la dinde white pudding le boudin blanc Yule log la bûche de Noël
🎁 Seasonal Expressions (Expressions de saison)
Christmas sales Noël malin Merry Christmas! Joyeux Noël ! Happy holidays! Joyeuses fêtes ! Season’s greetings! Meilleurs vœux ! white Christmas Noël sous la neige ‘Tis the Season C’est la saison Advent l’Avent Epiphany, Twelfth Night la Fête des Rois Hanukkah Hanoukka New Year’s Day le Jour de l’An New Year’s Eve la Saint-Sylvestre
Languages Vocab in Greek
η γλώσσα - language
η μητρική γλώσσα - native language
η ξένη γλώσσα - foreign language
η διάλεκτος - dialect
η νοηματική γλώσσα - sign language
η γλωσσολογία - linguistics
ο/η γλωσσολόγος - linguist
μαθαίνω - to learn
το γλωσσομαθής - language learner
το επίθετο - adjective
το επίρρημα - adverb
το ουσιαστικό - noun
το ρήμα - verb
το αξάν - accent
το αλφάβητο - alphabet
το άρθρο - article
η έκφραση - expression
ο ορισμός - definition
το γράμμα - letter
το φωνήεν - vowel
το σύμφωνο - consonant
δίγλωσσος - bilingual
η διγλωσσία - bilingualism
πολύγλωσσος - polyglot / multilingual
η πολυγλωσσία - multilingualism
μιλάω - to speak
προφέρω - to pronounce
η προφορά - pronunciation
επικοινωνώ - to communicate
ακούγομαι - to sound
τα ελληνικά - (modern) greek
τα αρχαία ελληνικά - ancient greek
τα αγγλικά - english
τα γαλλικά - french
τα γερμανικά - german
τα ισπανικά - spanish
τα πορτογαλικά - portuguese
τα ολλανδικά - dutch
τα ιταλικά - italian
τα τουρκικά - turkish
τα αραβικά - arabic
τα νορβηγικά - norwegian
τα σουηδικά - swedish
τα φινλανδικά - finnish
τα δανικά - danish
τα κινεζικά - chinese
τα κορεατικά - korean
τα ιαπωνικά - japanese
τα ρωσικά - russian
τα εβραϊκά - hebrew
τα λατινικά - latin
Livres (masculine word) • Books • /livʁ/
Drawing: @beaubonjoli.
This started out as a Google Doc for personal use, but I might as well share it with you since the internet is awesome and chances are there are other lit freaks like me out there! + Masterposts are the best
Beginners (old but gold tbh)
Sparknotes
Cliffnotes
ThugNotes
CrashCourse
Novel Guide
Shmoop
Grade Saver (I’ve found some rare XVIII century plays explained here!)
English 101 (English lit)
English 102 (American lit)
Tips to Analyze, Write, Interpret literature (College level):
English 103: Analyzing and Interpreting Lit.
Literary Analysis Guide - Goshen College
Literary Analysis: Using Elements of Literature
HOW TO WRITE A LITERARY ANALYSIS ESSAY
How to Write an Analysis of Theme — Teaching College English
Analyzing and Interpreting Literature | CLEP
How I Plan and Write Literature Papers by notaperfectstudent
Very Useful (misc.)
CRITICAL THEORY: Introduction to Literature
Literary Theory Links
Voice of the Shuttle (great humanities research page)
Warwick English Page (bunch of links, exams, essays, etc…)
Consciousness, Literature and the Arts Archive: Articles and Essays
Online Lectures
Terry Eagleton: “The Death of Criticism?” - UC Berkeley Events
Modernism Undone: T.S. Eliot’s Literary Revolution
A Reader’s Guide to T.S. Eliot’s “Four Quartets” (Lecture by Thomas Howard, Professor Emeritus, Gordon College)
Arts One Open: on The Wasteland by T.S. Eliot (Lecture by Kevin McNeilly for the “Monster in the Mirror” theme)
Introduction to Literary Theory - Yale
Harold Bloom on Shakespeare - Yale
Harold Bloom on Walt Whitman
Noam Chomsky on Linguistics
Keio Linguistic Colloquium SYNTAX SESSION Professor Noam Chomsky (MIT)
Open Courses
ENGL 291: THE AMERICAN NOVEL SINCE 1945 - Yale
ENGL 220: MILTON - Yale
AMST 246: HEMINGWAY, FITZGERALD, FAULKNER - Yale
Fantasy and Science Fiction: The Human Mind, Our Modern World - U- of Michigan (took this, it’s great! Course starts October 2015)
MODERN POETRY - Yale
The Fiction of Relationship - Brown (no open sessions rn but I took this and it is also great, so stay tune for when the course re-opens)
Victorian Era
Literary Genre, Mode, and Style during the Victorian Era (so many sources, essays and papers!! <3)
Nostalgia and the Victorian Novel
Getting On C.19th Lit
Landscape
Tess and Wuthering Heights
Female Relationships
Foreign Spaces
Romanticism
The Romanticism Blog (posts concerning scholars and students, here you will find great ideas for essays!)
The Romantics: Nature (bbc doc)
The Romantics: Eternity (bbc doc)
The Romantics: Liberty (bbc doc)
Lord Byron (bbc doc)
Romantic Circles
Romantic Chronology http://www.english.ucsb.edu:591/rchrono/ The Voice of the Shuttle, Romanticism pages http://vos.ucsb.edu/ –> literature (in English)–> Romantics–> a wealth of links to many resources
The XVIII Century
Skin as Surface in Swift and Pope
Public Opinion in Swift and Gay
The Female Body in Swift and Pope
Bawdiness in Cleland and Sterne
Voyeurism in Cleland
Narrative and Progress in Tristram Shandy
Shakespeare
Reading Shakespeare’s Play
Introduction to Shakespeare’s life and works
Featured Essays and Book Excerpts on Shakespeare’s Plays
Shakespeare Mag: Education and resources
Introduction to Shakespeare (so many links!):
Humanist Grammar School
Comedy
Problems with Shakespeare’s Texts
Shakespearean Verse and Prose
Dramatic Plot Structure
Figurative Language and Rhetorical Devices
The Histories
Tragedy
Revenge Tragedy
Establishing the Text of Hamlet
The Romances
Blackfriars Theater and Audience Expectations
Hamlet performed by BATHS (for me this is a great representation tbh!)
Synopses of Shakespeare’s Plays
Shakespeare Resource Center
The Shakespeare Authorship Page
Internet Shakespeare Editions
Robert Teeter’s Shakespeare Links
Shakespeare’s Globe Theatre Virtual Tour
Interactive Globe Theatre
Shakespeare Timeline
The Folger Shakespeare Library
Shakespeare Illustrated (Emory University)
Steven Marx’s “Triangulating Shakespeare”
“But I have that within that passes show”: Hamlet’s Soliloquies as an Expression of Shakespeare’s Loss and Transformation (essay)
Medieval
Medieval English Studies A GUIDE TO MIDDLE ENGLISH
Translatio studii et imperii
Medieval Attitudes toward Vernacular Literature
Courtly Love
Medieval Allegory
The Alliterative Revival
The Three Medieval Estates
Arthurian literature
Arthurian Studies Links & Essays
Arthurian Resources (Thomas Green)
Arthurian Links (Thomas Green)
Labyrinth Arthurian Links
The Camelot Project (Medieval to modern texts and images)
King Arthur links (Medieval History site)
Britannia Arthurian Links
Holy Grail links (Mary Weidenhaft)
Women of the Arthurian Legend (Camelot Project–modern)
Arthuriana (International Arthurian Society journal)
Arthurnet (Listserve)
A scholarly discussion list for King Arthur
Arthuriana/Camelot Project Bibliographies
Princeton Charrette Project (Manuscript images of Chrétien de Troyes’s Lancelot romance)
Yale MS 229, Prose Lancelot (Illuminated manuscript images)
The Camelot Project Artists Menu (modern)
Poetry
Essay writing tips for poetry
Poetry Foundation: Lectures
Essays on Poetic Theory
British Poetry 1780-1910: a Hypertext Archive of Scholarly Editions
The American Poetry Full-Text Database
English Verse Drama: the Full-Text Database
The English Poetry Full-Text Database
Online Exams
Romantics Exam
Eighteenth Century Literature Final here
Medieval to Renaissance English Literature Examen (Warwick)
SHAKESPEARE: END-OF-SEMESTER EXAM “A MOST LAMENTABLE COMEDY”
@englishlit-chic this is p h e n o m e n a l !!!!
french linking words 🌿
Ainsi – Thus, In This/That Manner
La fée transforma ses jambes en queue de poisson, et ainsi, la princesse devint une sirène. The fairy transformed her legs into a fish tale, and thus, the princess became a mermaid.
C’est Ainsi Que – It’s This Way
Elle a travaillé dur pendant dix ans. C’est ainsi qu’elle a gagné la compétition. She worked hard for 10 years. She won the competition that way.
Alors – Then, So, Hence
Jean Noël ne pouvait pas supporter le bruit dans le club, alors il est sorti. JN couldn’t bear the noise in the club, so he went out.
Alors Que – While, Whereas, When
Alors que Sophie aime le jazz, Marie déteste ça. Whereas Sophie loves jazz, Mary hates it.
Aussitôt Que –As Soon As
Aussitôt que la chatte s’est endormie, les souris se sont montrées.
As soon as the cat fell asleep, the mice showed themselves.
D’autant Plus – All The More
Il partageait sa passion de la danse. Elle l’aimait d’autant plus. He shared her passion for dance. She loved him all the more.
D’autant Plus Que – Even More So Since
Je suis vraiment déçue. D’autant plus que je lui avais dit de venir chez nous. I am really disappointed. Even more so since I told him to come to our house.
Bien Que – Even Though (*Followed By The Subjunctive)
Elle l’a fait, bien qu’elle n’en ait pas eu envie. she did it even though she didn’t feel like it.
Si Bien Que – Hence
Ils parlaient à demi-voix si bien qu’elle ne pouvait pas les entendre. They spoke softly, hence she couldn’t hear them.
Cependant – Nevertheless, Meanwhile, However
Je ne suis pas de son avis. Cependant je le suivrai. I don’t share his opinion. Nevertheless I will follow it.
Dès – Since, From
Dès ce moment, il a refusé de parler d’elle. From that moment, he refused to talk about her.
Dès Que – As Soon As
Je te téléphonerai dès qu’elle arrivera. I’ll call you as soon as she gets here.
En Tant Que – As (A)
En tant qu’ingénieur, elle est très précise. As an Engineer, she is very precise.
Lorsque – When
Ils ont cueilli les cerises lorsqu’elles étaient mûres. They picked the cherries when they were ripe.
Malgré – Despite
Malgré son effort, cela n’a pas suffi. Despite her efforts, it wasn’t enough.
Même Si – Even If
Il ira même si elle n’y va pas. He’ll go even if she doesn’t.
À Moins Que – Unless (*Followed By The Subjunctive)
Vous ne pourrez pas voir la directrice à moins que vous ayez un rendez-vous. You will not be able to see the director unless you have an appointment.
Néanmoins – However, Nevertheless, Nonetheless
Elle avait peu d’argent néanmoins elle lui a tout donné. She had little money, but she gave all to him nonetheless.
Pendant Que – While, As
Marc étudie la chimie pendant qu’il écoute la radio. Marc studies chemistry while he is listening to the radio.
Pour Que – So That (*Followed By The Subjunctive)
Il a couru pour qu’elle ne l’attende pas trop longtemps. He ran so that she wouldn’t wait for him too long.
Pourtant – Although, Still, Nevertheless
La femme a plus de quarante ans, mais c’est pourtant une beauté. The woman is over forty, but she is nevertheless a beauty.
Puisque – Since, Because, As, Seeing That, For That Reason
Puisque sa maman ne voulait pas jouer au Monopoly, le petit garçon est sorti jouer dehors. Since his mother didn’t want to play Monopoly, the boy went to play outside.
Quand Même – Even Though, All The Same, Nevertheless
Ce n’est pas lui qui chantait le mieux, mais il a gagné la compétition quand même. He wasn’t the best singer, but he won the contest all the same.
Quant À – As For
Quant à lui, il préfère ne pas discuter de ce sujet dangereux. As for him, he’d rather not talk about this dangerous topic.
Quoique – Though, Although (*Followed By The Subjunctive)
Quoiqu’elle ne sourie pas beaucoup, en réalité elle est très contente. Although she doesn’t smile much, in fact she is really happy.
Quoi Que – Whatever, No Matter What (*Followed By The Subjunctive)
Quoi qu’il dise, elle ne le croit pas. Whatever he might say, she won’t believe him.
Sinon – Except, If Not, Otherwise, Except That, Unless
Ne sors pas sans manteau, sinon tu vas attrapper froid. Don’t go out without a jacket, otherwise you’ll catch a cold.
Tandis Que – Whereas, While
Il préfère aller à la plage pour les vacances, tandis qu’elle préfère aller à la montagne. He likes to go to the beach for vacations, whereas she prefers the mountains.
Fun fact: If you want to piss a Danish person off, this is the quickest way to do it.
#StopmisusingØ2k16
quelques conjonctions de subordination
à moins que + [subj] - unless
pour peu que + [sub] - if that, if only
pourvu que + [subj] - as long as, so long as, providing
autant que - as much as, as many as
au cas où - in case of, in the event of
dans l’hypothèse où - assuming that, supposing that
selon que + [ind] - according to whether, depending on whether
dans la mesure où + [ind] - to the extent that, inasmuch as, insofar as
Spanish False Cognates
A false cognate or “false friend” is a word that looks like something in your language that you think is the same word, but it’s totally different. And a partial false cognate is one that could be the same word you think it is, but also might not be.
A common false cognate for Spanish is la ropa which is “clothes/clothing” and not “rope” (la soga); a common partial false cognate is el elevador which in Mexico could be “elevator” but most of the Spanish-speaking world uses el acensor… where el elevador tends to mean “hoist” or sometimes “dumbwaiter” or “electrical amp”
abandonar = doesn’t always mean “to abandon”, sometimes it means “to vacate” or “to leave (a room/area)”
el acta / las actas = does NOT mean “act”; el acta means “the minutes (of a meeting)”, “a certificate”, or in legal situations can mean “contract/accord”
actual = in Spanish actual means “current” or “happening now” or in art situations it’s “contemporary”, similarly actualmente means “recently” and actualizar means “to update”
adicto/a = in some situations adicto/a means “an addict”… in some contexts it means “fan” like a fan of a celebrity, really it’s used more along the lines of “fan” as in “fanatic”
la advertencia = la advertencia means “warning” or “advisory”, the verb advertir is usually “to warn”; an “advertisement” is el anuncio and “to advertise” is anunciar
americano/a = can be used for American (from the US) but it more literally means “from the Americas”… meaning North OR South America; technically Mexicans, Argentinians, Canadians, and people from the US are americanos… for “from the US” the more accurate word is estadounidense meaning from los Estados Unidos
aplicar = usually aplicar means “to apply” as in “to stick on”; it doesn’t mean “to apply for (a position)” which is solicitar and an “application” for jobs etc. is la solicitud
apreciar = doesn’t really mean “to appreciate” the way we mean it; apreciar is usually “to put a price on” or “to measure value”. You tend to say agradecer “to be grateful for” as in te lo agradezco “I appreciate that” more literally “I am grateful to you for it”
aprobar = can mean “to approve” or “to pass a test”
el argumento = el argumento is more usually “the plot (of a story)”, but it can be “argument” in the sense of “point of view” or “stance (on an issue)”… usually an actual fight/argument is la pelea or la disputa
el arsenal = in some cases it means “arsenal” for artillery; it sometimes means “navy yard” or “shipyard”
asistir = usually means “to attend”; occasionally means “to assist” but it’s better to use ayudar “to help”
la audiencia = in some cases it does mean “audience” but usually that’s in the sense of someone listening; la audiencia means “audience” more usually as “meeting” or a “hearing” with someone… while el público is what gets used for “crowd/audience” although some places use la audiencia more
la aventura = means both “adventure” and “(love) affair”
avisar = avisar is “to warn” and el aviso is “warning”; to “advise” is aconsejar “to counsel”
el binomio = in mathematics it’s “binomial”; in most everyday discussions el binomio is the term for a name with a hyphen in it like arte-poesía or something like that, it gets used for the “joining of two names”
bizarro/a = in some places it means “bizarre” or “odd”, but it usually is “gallant” or “courageous”; saying it’s “bizarre” is extraño/a or raro/a
bravo/a = doesn’t really mean “brave” it means “reckless” or “easily angered”, occasionally it means “soldier”… in Spanish “brave” is normally valiente and “bravery” is usually el valor
el campo = in Spanish el campo is “field” or “countryside”; a “camp” is el campamento
cancelar = sometimes means “to erase”, but it also means “to settle (a debt)” or “to pay (a bill)”
el/la canciller = sometimes it means “Chancellor”, but it tends to have a wide usage for any foreign minister or ambassador
capable = in Spanish “capable” is capaz… saying capable in Spanish means “able to be castrated”
la carpeta = in Spanish this means “folder” or “portfolio”… a “carpet” is la alfombra
la casualidad = in Spanish this means “luck” or “chance”; por casualidad is “by chance”
catedrático/a = this has nothing to do with cathedrals, in Spanish it means any professor at a university who has tenure. The connection is probably to the idea of la cátedra which is “podium”, but churches were very much centers of learning so maybe?
el charlatán / la charlatana = means both “charlatan” but it can also be “talkative” or “chatterbox” from charlar “to talk”
el colegio = most places use el colegio to mean “high school / secondary school” but it’s usually a private school; la secundaria tends to be public, and la universidad is “college / uni(versity)”… and el colegio is occasionally used to mean “group of intellectuals / group of theory”
colorado/a = does not mean “colored” which is usually tener color (or gente de color for “people of color” in antiquated settings)… the term colorado/a almost always means “red” as in the state Colorado or one of the expressions for “to blush” ponerse colorado/a …makeup “blush/rouge” is el colorete
el compromiso = sometimes means “agreement”, sometimes it means “dilemma”… and in some settings compromiso is “engagement” as comprometido/a can be “fiancee” (as can prometido/a without the com)
la concentración = means “mental concentration”, or “concentration (chemistry)” but it also means “gathering of people” and sometimes “protest” although you sometimes see manifestación for that
la conferencia = typically la conferencia means “lecture / presentation” or another word for “conversation”… it can be “a conference” but for “conventions” you usually say el congreso since la conferencia is very… person standing at the front of a lecture hall giving a seminar with powerpoint kind of vibe
constipado/a = means “to have a cold”… saying “constipated” is estreñido/a
conveniente = sometimes “convenient” but normally conveniente means “proper” or “practical” as in “something that is advisable, wise, or just”
la convicción = does mean “conviction” for beliefs; does not mean “conviction” in the legal sense, “to convict” is condenar “to condemn”
la copa = la copa exclusively refers to “wine glass / goblet” or “the cup (of a sports/prize cup)”… el vaso is used for “water glass”, and la taza “coffee cup / teacup”
la criatura = sometimes means “creature”, sometimes means “infant/baby” which can be a jarring partial cognate trust me
correspondiente = is used as an adjective meaning “matching” or “corresponding”… a journalist/reporter “correspondent” is el/la corresponsal
la cuestión = this means “the matter” as in “the question of (something)”… a “question” you ask is la pregunta
el curso = means “course of events” or something that follows/runs like the “course” of a river, but in school terms la materia is “course / subject” and sometimes la asignatura… but some places do use el curso to mean “course” for school, it’s just not always like that
cínico/a = means both “cynical” and “irresponsible” in Spanish, though you normally see it as “cynical”
la decepción = ALWAYS means “disappointment”; “deception” or “deceit” is la mentira “lie” or el engaño “deception”
demandar = usually doesn’t mean “to demand”; in legal cases demandar is “to sue”, while exigir is “to demand”… and la demanda is “a legal case / suit”
deshonesto/a = sometimes means “dishonest” but occasionally means “lewd”… sort of like how we say “honest work” which is a nice way of saying “not illegal or indecent”
discutir = usually means “to argue”… “to discuss” is usually just hablar because discutir can have a combative tone to it, you also see debatir “to debate” or parlar / charlar “to chat”… formally platicar “to discuss”… and “discussion” is often la conversación or el debate depending on context
el disgusto = means “displeasure” or “a tough situation”; in Spanish “disgust” is el asco as in asqueroso/a “disgusting” or dar asco “to disgust / to gross out”
el dormitorio = in some places it means “bedroom”, but it does always mean “dormitory” as in college/uni… literally it’s “sleeping room”
la droguería = in Spanish this is actually a lot of different things; “paint store”, “hardware store”, sometimes “pharmacy” or “convenience store”… most of the time if you’re at the drug store that’s all medicine you say la farmacia or la botica… or older things would be la botica / el boticario “apothecary”
educado/a = most often means “polite”, not “educated”… to say “educated” you tend to say tener buena formación or standard inteligente or listo/a … you do get a good pun out of la buena educación “good education / good manners” and la mala educación for “bad education / bad manners”
efectivo = in Spanish en efectivo normally means “in cash”; eficaz is “effective / efficient”
embarazada = means “pregnant” (embarazado is technically accurate but usually shows up when talking about seahorses); saying “embarrassed” is avergonzado/a, apenado/a, humillado/a… things like that. You can say embarazoso/a for “embarrassing / awkward”; and note el embarazo is “pregnancy”
escolar = means “related to school” or “scholarly”… “a scholar” is normally erudito/a or estudioso/a or occasionally licenciado/a meaning “graduate / has a degree / titled”
la estampa = is a religious icon and/or a card with a picture on it; normally use la estampilla for “stamp” or el sello “seal / stamp”
el éxito = means “success”; an “exit” is la salida or in theater terms “an exit” is el mutis
experimentar = means “to experiment” as in try out, but “to experience” is normally sentir “to feel”
la fábrica = means “factory”; la tela is “fabric/material”
la firma = means “signature” as firmar “to sign”; it does not mean “a firm” which is often la oficina or la empresa or la compañía
fiscal / el/la fiscal = means “fiscal” in the sense of money, but in law el/la fiscal means “prosecutor”
gentilmente = is archaic now but it means “with kindness” or “courteously”… it means “genteel” not “gentle” which is suave, so “gently” is suavemente
la gracia = means both “grace” and “funny/joke” as in tener gracia ‘to be funny”
la granada = is “pomegranate” and “grenade”
la grosería = means “rudeness” or “grossness”; a “grocery” is normally la tienda (de comestibles) or el mercado, and “groceries” is sometimes la comida / los comestibles or sometimes los abarrotes
humano/a = is both “human” and “humane”
ignorar = can be “to not be aware of” which is not as strong as “to ignore” in a way
ilustrado/a = means “illustrated” and “enlightened”
intervenir = means “to intervene”, “to obstruct”, “to operate on”, “to bug / to tap (phones/homes)”, or “to bail out”
intoxicado/a = has a bunch of meanings; it can mean “upset stomach” / “vomiting” / “food poisoning”… in addition to “poisoned” (envenenado/a) and good old “intoxicated”, although you can go into whether that’s borracho/a “drunk” or drogado/a “on drugs” if you want… intoxicado/a really means “some substance has a negative reaction with your body” whether it’s food or drugs or alcohol
invertir = means both “to invert” and “to invest”
la jornada = rarely means “journey”, la jornada means “work day” or “a day’s worth of (something)”… occasionally it’s “business trip”
introducir = means “to insert”; “to introduce (someone) to (someone)” is presentar
la lectura = means “reading” or “passage”; a “lecture” is normally la conferencia
la lujuria = means “lust” as in the sin; “luxury” is el lujo
el mandatario / la mandataria = means “executive” or “chief” or “person who calls the shots”, usually in a governing sense… occasionally “head of state” or “representative [someone who was sent somewhere]”; saying something is “mandatory” is obligatorio/a
el matrimonio = means both “matrimony/marriage” and “a couple / married couple”
molestar = means “to annoy”, it has no sexual connotation in Spanish; you would say acosar “to stalk” or abusar “to abuse”, or violar “to rape”
moroso/a = doesn’t mean “morose”, it means “someone who hasn’t paid” as in “defaulting”
la noticia = usually in plural, las noticias “news” and la noticia “a piece of news” or “new event” is different than “a notice” which is usually el aviso for a “warning”
la ocasión = means “occasion” or “event”… in some contexts it means a “big sale” or “bargain”
la ocurrencia = means “an idea” but more usually means “a snarky comment”; an “occurrence” is el suceso or el evento usually
el oficio = is not “office” as in a physical place (la oficina), but el oficio means “occupation” or “vocation”… usually it’s a skill you do by hand like physical labor so think plumbers, electricians, carpenters, masons…
oficioso/a = does not mean “officious” (entremetido/a), it means “blue collar” or “diligent”… in some cases oficioso/a means “unrecognized” but in a lot of older contexts it kind of means “working class” or “chipper/energetic”
paralizar = means both “to paralyze” and “to halt”; some places use it as “to freeze (assets)” though I see suspender or congelar more for that
el/la pariente = means “relative” and los parientes are “relatives”… the “parents” are los padres (or las madres where applicable)
particular = means “private”, “individual”, “limited access”… or it means “peculiar”; it isn’t said of people who are “finicky”, they use exigente “demanding” or something regional like tiquismiquis
perfeccionar = usually means “to perfect / to improve” not always “to make perfect”… you see it a lot with languages or acquired training/skills perfeccionar means mejorar “to get better” in a sense
plantear = means “to state an opinion”; “to plant” is plantar or sembrar
la populación = tends to mean “the act of populating/inhabiting”, while “population” is la población
el partido = means “political party” or “a match (in sports)”… while la fiesta is “party”
precioso/a = means both “precious” and “cute / good-looking” for people or things like es un vestido precioso “it’s a pretty dress” or ella es preciosa “she’s cute”… precioso/a for people tend to be younger people or kids, otherwise you tend towards guapo/a
preciso/a = means “precise” and “necessary”
pretender = doesn’t really mean “to pretend” which is fingir “to feign”, usually pretender means “to attempt” or “to reach for”, in more formal or older settings pretender means “to court / woo”, and los pretendientes are “suitors” in romance. You can use pretender as like “pretender to the throne”; this is because it’s someone “reaching” for something they haven’t earned, but you may see mentiroso/a “liar” or farsante “liar / imposter” for this too.
el preservativo = means “condom”; preservatives in food tend to be los conservantes
privado/a = doesn’t exactly mean “private” but more “personal”, so el correo privado means “personal mail” not specifically private or hidden; think “private property”
la promoción = used to refer exclusively to “store promotion” or “news / something published”… today it can mean el ascenso “job promotion” too but some places prefer el ascenso
realizar = means “to finalize” or “to make a reality”; “to realize” as in “to have a realization/sudden thought” is darse cuenta
recordar = means “to recall” or “to remind”; but grabar is “to record” and registrar is “to record / to make a record of”
el refrigerio = means “a snack”, it’s kind of like “a nibble” or a small midmorning/midday snack; there are lots of regionalisms for “refrigerator” like el refrigerador or la nevera (which is literally related to nieve “snow”)
regalar = means “to give a gift” (el regalo), people use agasajar for “to regale” though it’s a showy word by itself
regular = means “regular / ordinary” but can be used as estar regular “to be fine” or “to be so-so”
relevante = means “relevant” but also means “important” or “noteworthy”
el resorte = in Spanish el resorte is “a metal spring”
la reunión = very often means “a meeting/gathering”, not a “reunion”
salvaje = means “savage”; but “salvage” is usually salvar or salvaguardar or as a noun el salvamento
sano/a = means “healthy”; cuerdo/a means “sane”… la sanidad means “sanitation”, while la cordura is “sanity”
sensible = in Spanish sensible means “sensitive”; sensato/a means “sensible”
la sentencia = means “sentence” as in “jail sentence”
la sopa = means “soup”; el jabón is “soap”
el suburbio = can mean “suburb” but in many Latin American countries it means “slums/shanty towns” not the US idea of “suburb”
el tipo = means both “a type” but is slang for “a guy/dude”
vago/a = means both “vague” and “lazy”
el voto = means “a vote” but also means “a vow”
Luxembourgish - Basics #2
Greetings:
Bonjour - hello Moien - hello (used until early evening) Gudde Moien - good morning Gudde Metteg - good afternoon Gudden Owend - good evening Wëllkomm - welcome
Farewells:
Awar - goodbye Äddi - goodbye Gutt Nuecht - good night Bis geschwënn - see you soon Bis gläich - see you later
Simple information:
Schwätzt Dir Lëtzebuergesch? - Do you speak Luxembourgish?
Bonjour Madame/Här, ech sinn de John Smith/d'Susan Smith. - Hello ma'am/sir, I am John Smith/Susan Smith.
Wéi heeschs Dir? - What’s your name?
Ech heeschen… - My name is…
A wie sidd Dir? - And who are you?
Wien ass dat? - Who is that?
Wou wunnt Dir? - Where do you live?
Ech wunnen an der Stad. - I live in the town.
Ech wunnen zu Esch. - I live in Esch.
Ech wunnen an England zu London. - I live in England in London.
Oh, dat ass de Bus/Zuch/Taxi! - Oh, that is the bus/train/taxi!
Wann ech glift - Please
Merci - Thank you
Jo/Neen - Yes/No
Wéi geet et? - How are you?
Ech maachen - I am fine
Et deet mir Leed - I am sorry
Entschëllegt mech - Excuse me
Intro to Italian Verbs + Regular Present Tense
In Italian there are three main types of verbs, categorised according to the tail of the infinitive form. These are known as the first, second, and third conjugation, or as –are, -ere, and –ire verbs respectively. Each verb group has slightly different conjugations in each tense and mood. Further reading about verb tenses and moods in Italian can be found here.
Before we can conjugate verbs, it’s important to first know personal pronouns in Italian. Grammar tables across languages follow a standard order for pronoun lists: first person, second person and third person in the singular, followed by first person, second person and third person in the plural.
Personal Pronouns
As you can see in the chart, while English has neuter forms of the singular third person pronoun, Italian does not. This is because Italian has two grammatical genders, and inanimate objects are either masculine or feminine.
In general, there are two formats that verb tenses and moods take: simple tenses where the main verb is conjugated on its own, and compound tenses which require an auxiliary verb. In this post I will be focusing on a simple tense and the most common mood- the present tense in the indicative.
Simple tenses in Italian are conjugated by taking the stem (the infinitive form with the –are, -ere, or –ire removed), and adding the correct conjugated ending. All regular verbs in the present tense follow this rule, but of course there are plenty of irregulars, which simply need to be memorised.
Regular Present Indicative Conjugations:
Here are some examples of present tense verbs putting this chart into practice using parlare- to speak, vivere- to live, and aprire- to open.
Example Conjugations
So from the example we can see the process. If I want to say “I speak” in Italian, I take the verb parlare, remove the tail to form the stem: parlare→parl, and then I add the ending for “io” to form parlo.
Some third conjugation (-ire) verbs are given an extra suffix added to the stem before conjugation. I know them as “isc” verbs and they conjugate as follows:
Example “isc” Conjugation
As you can see, the noi and voi forms of the verb do not require –isc- to be added. The majority of third conjugation verbs conjugate normally, but you can find a short list of “isc” verbs along with some more information here.
So there you have it. A basic introduction to verbs in Italian, and how to conjugate regular present tense verbs. I recommend memorising the personal pronouns in the listed order, as well as memorising the regular present tense verb ending table. Next time I’ll do a post with some irregular verbs in the present tense.
To learn some more verbs, I like this memrise course with the 500 most common Italian verbs.
To test what you’ve learned now, here’s a small exercise. I’ll post answers under the cut.
1. Conjugate parlare- to speak into the lui/lei form
2. How would you express the third person plural loro in English?
3. Conjugate perdere- to lose into the tu form
4. Conjugate dormire- to sleep into the voi form
5. How would you write the infinitive form of abitano- they live?
Weiterlesen
fun way to practice your target language and memorize new words: when I learn a new word, I like to go to Google News - I type the word and it shows me articles, where the word was used. I choose one or two articles and read them - it makes memorizing the word easier, because I see how it is used in context. It also makes me practice reading in my target language!
You can be smart in other languages. You can be smart in Arabic. You can be smart in Chinese. You can be smart in Hindi. You can be smart in Spanish. You don’t have to speak English in order to be seen as a smart/intelligent human being. And even if you aren’t “smart” or educated you’re still a human being worthy of respect and rights. Knowing English should not be the marker for seeing someone as a human being or not.
This is so damn important, I wish more people knew it!!
Language is often used as a tool of exclusion and social oppression. As social beings who are linguists, we have a responsibility to address language-related inequalities – and our professional knowledge helps us.
Walt Wolfram, repetitively. (via allthingslinguistic)