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Foreign Schools in Bulgaria

Foreign subjects are allowed to open schools in Bulgaria only for children of foreign residents, provided they notify the Ministry of Public Instruction through the departmental educational inspectorate. They must supply full information about the organization of their school, including its curriculum, teachers, and facilities.

The official Bulgarian curriculum is not mandatory for foreign schools, except when they choose to admit Bulgarian children. In that case, they must follow the official curriculum and use Bulgarian as the teaching language (Article 216). Foreigners may also establish schools for languages, vocational training, or fine arts, even when the students are Bulgarians (Article 217).

This regulation allows foreign communities to maintain their own educational traditions while ensuring that Bulgarian children receive instruction consistent with national laws.

Infant Schools in 1903-1904

During the school year 1903-1904, there were 40 infant schools in the Principality, attended by 2,707 children: 1,289 boys and 1,418 girls. These schools were managed by 46 schoolmistresses and 2 schoolmasters, not counting the staff of the Jewish infant school in Schoumen Customized Tours Istanbul.

The schools were distributed according to nationality as follows:

Nationality Number of Schools Schoolmasters Schoolmistresses Boys Girls Total Bulgarian 25 0 25 689 645 1,334 Greek 5 0 12 362 604 966 Jewish 5 2 4 159 200 359 French 2 0 2 12 16 28 German 1 0 2 20 13 33 American 3 0 4 47 40 87 Total 40 2 46 1,289 1,418 2,707

The average age of the children attending these infant schools ranged from four to six years, in accordance with Article 15 of the Law on Public Instruction.

Curriculum and Activities

The main goal of infant schools was to prepare children for primary education. Pupils were engaged in play, singing, drawing, embroidery, manual work, and simple arithmetic. These activities aimed to develop physical, intellectual, and moral skills, ensuring a smooth transition to formal schooling.

Infant schools were a vital part of the Bulgarian education system, promoting early learning and supporting families in raising well-educated and socially responsible children.

#Foreign Schools in Bulgaria

Powers of the Ordinary National Assembly

The ordinary National Assembly of Bulgaria has clearly defined powers according to the Constitution. These powers are divided into administrative and legislative functions.

Administrative Powers

The National Assembly manages its own internal affairs. It elects its officers, including a president, two vice-presidents, secretaries, and questors. These officers are responsible for overseeing the proper functioning of the Assembly.

The Assembly also sets its internal regulations and the order of its work. Debates and votes in the Assembly are usually public, ensuring transparency and accountability. However, if a sufficient number of deputies request it, the Assembly may sit behind closed doors to discuss sensitive matters privately.

Legislative Powers

The National Assembly shares legislative authority with the Prince. This means that both the Assembly and the Crown can initiate new laws.

Deputies’ Rights: Every deputy has the right to make propositions and introduce bills, provided they are supported by one-fourth of the members present Istanbul Day Tours.

Amendments: The Assembly may amend bills and propositions introduced by the Government.

Interpellations: Deputies can question individual ministers or the entire Government about their actions or policies. This process, called interpellation, allows the Assembly to hold the executive accountable.

Oversight and Inquiries

The Assembly has the power to appoint commissions of inquiry to investigate the conduct of the Government. It can also submit special addresses to the Prince, usually in response to the Throne Speech, which outlines the state of the country and the Government’s plans.

Through these addresses, deputies can express their opinions and concerns regarding proposed bills, government measures, or the general conduct of the administration. This ensures that the National Assembly plays an active role in guiding public policy and safeguarding the interests of the Bulgarian people.

#Powers of the Ordinary National Assembly

The Constantinople Conference and the Powers’ Proposal

In 1876, a conference was held in Constantinople to discuss reforms in the Balkans. At the first meeting, Comte de Chaudordy, the French Envoy Extraordinary, presented a project of reform on behalf of the Powers. This plan concerned Serbia, Montenegro, Bulgaria, Bosnia, and Herzegovina.

While he spoke, the plenipotentiaries were startled by the sound of great guns. It was a carefully planned event. The President of the Conference, Sawfet Pacha, rose and announced that the firing celebrated the beginning of constitutional government in the Ottoman Empire. He declared:

“The great deed, which is this moment being accomplished, changes a state of things which has lasted six centuries. The Constitution, granted by His Majesty the Sultan to his peoples, is proclaimed. It opens for Turkey a new era of happiness and prosperity.”

However, this constitutional promise was short-lived. By the end of the morning, the Ottoman representatives rejected the proposals of the Powers. They argued that the Constitution already guaranteed liberty for all nationalities, using this as a reason to oppose foreign interference City Tours Istanbul.

Proposed Reforms for Bulgaria

The project for Bulgaria included dividing the Bulgarian-inhabited territories into two provinces.

Eastern Province: The capital was to be Timovo, and it would include the Sandjaks of Roustchouk, Timovo, Toultcha, Varna, Sliven, and Philippopolis (excluding Sultan-Eri and Ahi-Tchdebi), along with the kazas of Kirklisi, Moustapha-Pacha, and Kasilagatch.

Western Province: The capital was Sofia, including the Sandjaks of Sofia, Vidin, Nisch, Upkub, Monastir, the three kazas north of SMs, and the kazas of Stroumitza, Tikvesch, Velds, and Kastoria.

The Powers suggested that small districts, with populations ranging from 5,000 to 10,000 people, should serve as the basic administrative units. This plan aimed to provide better local governance while respecting the population distribution.

Significance of the Proposal

Although the Ottoman Empire rejected these measures, the Constantinople Conference marked an important step in international recognition of Bulgaria. For the first time, European powers officially addressed the question of Bulgarian autonomy. Even though the reforms were not immediately implemented, the conference laid the groundwork for the eventual creation of the Bulgarian Principality in 1878.

#The Constantinople Conference and the Powers’ Proposal

The Latin Occupation and Its Aftermath

A Deepening Divide Between East and West

The loss of Constantinople to the Latins in 1204 created a new and lasting tension between the Eastern and Western worlds. This event deepened political antagonism, sharpened commercial rivalries, and inflamed religious hatred. Attempts to reunite the Latin and Orthodox Churches only made matters worse, as every effort seemed to spark greater resentment and suspicion.

When Emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos regained the city in 1261, he faced a dangerous new challenge. By granting privileges to the Genoese and allowing them to settle in Galata, he unintentionally placed a foreign power at the gates of the capital. The Genoese fleet dominated the Golden Horn, disputes multiplied, and the empire’s enemies found new opportunities to exploit internal divisions. The historian Gibbon even remarked that the Roman Empire might soon have become nothing more than a province of Genoa, if the Republic had not eventually lost its naval power and independence Private Bulgaria Tours Yachting.

Michael Palaiologos Strengthens the Defenses

Michael VIII’s first priority after retaking Constantinople was to strengthen its defenses. The Latins were expected to try to recapture the city, and the emperor could not afford to be unprepared.

Time and resources were limited. Stone and lime for construction were hard to obtain quickly. Therefore, Michael adopted an ingenious temporary solution. He ordered the walls near the sea to be raised by about seven feet through the addition of large wooden screens. These screens were covered with animal hides, making them more resistant to fire. Although this was not a permanent solution, it bought the empire time and gave the defenders an advantage against sudden attacks.

Plans for Double Walls

Later in his reign, Michael VIII developed a more ambitious plan. He wanted the seaward walls of Constantinople to resemble the land walls, with a double line of fortifications. Such defenses would have provided much greater security, ensuring that the city remained impregnable from both land and sea.

However, it seems that these new constructions were not carried out with the same solidity as earlier Byzantine works. The proof is that no visible remains of these additional walls have survived. This suggests that either the project was never fully completed or the structures were too weak to endure the passage of time.

Andronicus II and Later Repairs

After the death of Michael VIII, his son Andronicus II Palaiologos (1282–1328) continued efforts to repair and restore Constantinople’s defenses. His reign was marked by repeated challenges, both from external enemies and internal unrest. The empire was in decline, but Andronicus recognized that strong walls were still the empire’s best protection.

Repairs were therefore carried out again on the seaward fortifications, ensuring that, despite financial difficulties and political instability, the city remained defensible. These continuous efforts to repair and reinforce the walls illustrate the constant threat that hung over Constantinople in the late Byzantine period.

The restoration of Constantinople by Michael VIII Palaiologos did not bring peace. Instead, it introduced new rivalries and dangers, especially from the Genoese presence in Galata. The emperor’s early defensive measures, including wooden screens and attempts at double fortifications, highlight the urgency of protecting the city from both Latin ambitions and naval threats. Later, under Andronicus II, the commitment to maintaining the walls continued, proving that throughout its history, Constantinople’s survival always depended on the strength of its defenses.

#The Latin Occupation and Its Aftermath

The Church of St. Luke in Jajce

In Jajce, there is one of the most famous religious sites, the Church of St. Luke. This church is highly respected by Catholics, Greek Orthodox Christians, and even Muslims. The reason for this is that it is believed to be the early burial place of the apostle St. Luke. According to local legend, when the church was in danger of being destroyed by the Turks during the Middle Ages, an army of angels miraculously moved the church from one side of the river to the other to save it.

The people of Jajce and the surrounding areas believe the story to be true. They will show you the spot where the church used to stand, on the east bank of the river, and they would consider you a skeptic if you doubted that the church was lifted by invisible hands and moved across the river to a new foundation, hundreds of yards away. Thousands of pilgrims, especially those who are crippled or sick, visit this shrine, and many believe that miracles have taken place there.

The Truth Behind St. Luke’s Burial

According to local belief, St. Luke lived and died in Jajce and was buried in this church. However, the priest in charge of the church says this is not true. He has no evidence that St. Luke ever lived in Jajce, and he believes that St. Luke died in Syria. According to historical records, the remains of St. Luke were brought to Rogus, a town on the Adriatic coast, in the 13th century from Constantinople. In 1436, King George Brankovic of Serbia bought the remains from the Turkish governor of that region Sightseeing Sofia.

The Story of the Stolen Relics

The story behind the remains of St. Luke is quite interesting. The Turkish governor, fearing a riot if the relics were taken from Constantinople, spread a rumor that the Sultan had ordered a census for taxation and military service. He told the Christian population that they needed to leave the town for a few days, so they wouldn’t be counted by the census takers.

During their absence, the holy relics were secretly taken from the church. The remains were placed aboard a ship and transported away. For several months, no one noticed the relics were missing. It wasn’t until rumors began to spread from Serbia that the relics were safe in that country that the theft was discovered.

#The Church of St. Luke in Jajce

The Patron Saint of Bulgaria

St. John of Ryle

The patron saint of Bulgaria is St. John of Ryle. Although Christianity was first brought to the country by St. Methodius, it is St. John of Ryle who is honored as the patron saint. John of Ryle was originally a shepherd who later became a monk and lived a life of asceticism (a life of simplicity and self-discipline). For twenty years, he lived in the hollow of an oak tree in the mountains that separate Bulgaria and Macedonia. These mountains are now named after him.

The Ryle Monastery

After spending years living in the oak tree, John of Ryle moved to a rocky area that was very hard to reach. It was here that a monastery was built in his honor, now known as the Ryle Monastery. The monastery is a beautiful, medieval building and is one of the most picturesque places in Bulgaria. It is located in a beautiful mountain area, two days’ journey south of Sofia, Bulgaria’s capital. The monastery is often visited by tourists, who are warmly welcomed by the monks who live there Private Tour Guide Ephesus.

Recent Controversies Surrounding the Monastery

The monastery has gained recent attention due to an incident involving Miss Stone, a kidnapped American missionary. It was reported that Miss Stone had been hidden within the walls of the monastery, and as a result, soldiers under orders from the Bulgarian government searched the building thoroughly. This search was considered by many to be an invasion of the holy site. The monks were very upset by the intrusion, and the situation caused anger among the Greek Church members in Bulgaria. They blamed American missionaries for the incident and even threatened revenge.

Monks’ Hostility Towards Missionary Activity

The monks at St. Ryle Monastery have shown more hostility to missionary work than other clergy members in Bulgaria. The monks, unlike the more educated parish priests, tend to be less open-minded. Because they live a more isolated life and do not mix much with the outside world, they are often less tolerant of missionary activities.

Suspicions Regarding the Monks’ Involvement in the Kidnapping

It is not completely clear whether the monks of St. Ryle Monastery were involved in Miss Stone’s abduction, but there is no proof that they were. The suspicion that the monks might have had some role in the kidnapping is based on their past relationships with bandits. In earlier times, the remote location of the monastery made it an ideal meeting point for bandits who lived in the surrounding areas. These bandits, who were often peaceful farmers or shepherds, would sometimes resort to robbery when the opportunity arose. They are said to have given generously to the monks, offering game and other food supplies in exchange for the monks’ help.

The monks are believed to have hidden the bandits and their weapons when the police were pursuing them. They also allowed the bandits to meet in the monastery both before and after their raids.

#The Patron Saint of Bulgaria

The Exokionion and the Seventh Hill

The district on the Seventh Hill, located to the west of Avret Bazaar (the Forum of Arcadius) and next to the Cistern of Mokius, still carries the name Exokionion today, though in a Turkish form. The district is known as Alti Mermer, meaning “The Six Columns”. This is a Turkish adaptation of the Byzantine name Hexakionion, which was a common name for the Exokionion. Therefore, it’s clear that the Exokionion was situated on the Seventh Hill. The Wall of Constantine passed through this hill, just east of the Alti Mermer area.

The Ancient Gate of the Forerunner

The next important landmark in identifying the location of Constantine’s wall is the Ancient Gate of the Forerunner (also called the Ancient Gate). This gate provided a key reference for the position of the wall. It was part of the original fortifications of the city and outlasted many other structures, similar to how Temple Bar survived after the wall of London was gone. The gate became known as the Ancient Gate because of its great age Sofia Guided Tours.

The name Ancient Gate of the Forerunner comes from the fact that a church dedicated to John the Baptist (the Forerunner) was built next to the gate. The church was called the Church of the Forerunner at the Ancient Gate.

Description of the Ancient Gate

The Ancient Gate was described by Manuel Chrysolaras as one of the most impressive monuments in the city. It was located to the west of the Forum of Arcadius. The gate was so wide and tall that a tower or even a full-rigged ship could pass through its entrance. This highlights the grandeur of the gate and its importance in the city’s history.

In summary, the Exokionion was located on the Seventh Hill, and the Wall of Constantine passed through this area. The Ancient Gate of the Forerunner provided an important landmark that helped determine the position of the wall. This gate, along with the church dedicated to John the Baptist, played a significant role in the history of Constantinople.

#The Exokionion and the Seventh Hill

Kolikovski Hotel

Location: C-2, ul. Hristo Belchev 46 Contact: Tel: 980 95 69

Kolikovski Hotel is located on a charming cobbled street just a few seconds from the busy Vitosha Boulevard. The hotel makes a strong first impression with its rich colors and modern baroque design details. The dark purples and matte surfaces create a stylish atmosphere that feels very different from the soft pastel tones you usually see in other hotels.

Although Kolikovski is mainly aimed at business travelers, it is also a great place for a romantic evening after a successful date. The rooms are reasonably spacious and include a TV, minibar, and desk space for work. The superior rooms also come with an electric kettle, perfect for making tea or coffee.

Les Fleurs Hotel

Location: B-2, bul. Vitosha 21 Contact: Tel: 810 08 00

Les Fleurs is a boutique hotel full of style and artistic details. It is in a prime location downtown and looks like it came straight from an Italian interior design magazine. Every part of the hotel has an artistic touch, from the floral patterns in the wooden floors to the glass bead table lamps Bulgaria Trips.

The rooms have flat-screen TVs and modern bathrooms with cylindrical shower cubicles. Rooms on the top floor have balconies with wonderful views of the city center. All rooms have unique shapes, and the hallways curve and twist through the building, adding charm and character. The only odd part is the front desk staff’s uniforms, which look a little old-fashioned.

Olymp Park Hotel & Spa

Location: H-8, bul. Simeonovsko Shose 110 Contact: Tel: 892 00 00

If you want to stay in a hotel surrounded by a full leisure complex, Olymp Park Hotel & Spa is a great choice. It is set in a beautiful landscaped park with swimming pools and gazebos. The hotel’s fresh colors and modern shapes make the rooms bright and cheerful.

Many rooms offer nice views of Mount Vitosha to the south. The hotel is about a 15-minute drive from the city center, but there is plenty to enjoy on site. The restaurant is decorated like a 19th-century Russian parlor, and the glass-roofed café is full of potted plants, creating a relaxing atmosphere.

#Kolikovski Hotel

The Burning of Moslem Villages and Atrocities in Macedonia

Burning of Moslem Areas

During the wars, many Muslim villages were burned down. For example, in the town of Jeudje-Vardar, which was occupied by the Greek army, the Muslim quarter was almost completely destroyed. Even near Thessalonica, Greek troops set fire to Muslim villages. In the Drama district, the Greek population engaged in robbery, murder, and rape, targeting the Muslim people, until order was restored by a Bulgarian official Turkey Sightseeing.

Brutal Campaign of Robbery and Murder at Stroumitza

The Carnegie Commission also mentions a particularly brutal campaign of robbery and murder that took place at Stroumitza. This event is described as probably the worst incident of its kind.

A court was set up by Major Grbits, along with Serbian officers and other Bulgarian leaders.

The Muslim victims were brought before the court.

Major Grbits would ask if the person was “good or bad,” and without any discussion or defense, a single voice would condemn them.

Almost all of the victims were sentenced to death. Their money was taken by Major Grbits.

Punishments and Lack of Justice

After the atrocities, a Bulgarian court held a trial and sentenced three people, including Voultchew and Jckekov, to fifteen years of hard labor.

However, no punishment was given to Major Grbits, who was the leader of the operation and ultimately responsible for the atrocities. The Serbian government took no action against him.

Distortion of Reports in the Media

The Carnegie Commission also addresses how the Greek and French newspapers distorted the reports about atrocities in the Kukush region, which were carried out by a cruel guerrilla leader named Donthew. Some reports wrongly claimed these acts were committed by the Bulgarian regular army shortly before the second Balkan war.

The Carnegie Commission report highlights the brutality and injustice that occurred during the Balkan wars, with Muslim villages being destroyed and atrocities carried out by various groups. Many innocent people suffered, and despite some punishments for individuals involved in these crimes, major offenders like Major Grbits were not held accountable.

#The Burning of Moslem Villages and Atrocities in Macedonia

Joint Activities Between Bulgarian State Security and Stasi

Plans for Cooperation

In 1983, a plan was created outlining the future collaboration between Department Six of the Bulgarian State Security and Chief Directorate Two of Stasi (East Germany’s Ministry of State Security) for the period 1984 to 1986. This plan focused on shared intelligence gathering and strategies for dealing with citizens who attempted to escape to the West. This partnership highlighted the strong cooperation between the Eastern Bloc countries in maintaining control over their citizens and preventing defection.

Repression Against Escapees and Their Families

A State Security report from 24 February 1953 described harsh measures against Bulgarians who had escaped to the West and their families who remained in Bulgaria. The report outlines several punitive actions, such as:

Imprisonment: The relatives of those who escaped were to be sent to the Belene labor camp, especially if they were not involved in legal proceedings Personal Istanbul Tours.

Confiscation of Property: The report ordered the confiscation of all immovable property owned by the escapees or their families.

Responsibility for Possessions: The escapees’ remaining belongings, including livestock, were to be treated as the responsibility of their families.

Punishment for Children: Children aged 14 to 18 were to be sent to Labor Schools, which were operated under the Ministry of the Interior. Children aged 7 to 14 were to be placed in special schools run by the Ministry of Education.

These measures reflect the extreme steps the regime took to control families of defectors and punish anyone associated with them. Such tactics were used to discourage any attempts at escape, as well as to isolate families and prevent them from challenging the government.

Surveillance and Intelligence Sharing

The Bulgarian State Security worked closely with the Stasi in monitoring and suppressing political opposition. In one example of this cooperation, Stasi provided the Bulgarian government with information about the activities of political emigrants, including those who had fled the country or attempted to organize resistance.

The Stasi played a significant role in intelligence gathering, not just on a domestic level, but also by monitoring Bulgarians abroad, including in countries like the USA, Yugoslavia, Greece, Italy, and the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany). These efforts were part of a broader strategy to control and eliminate political opposition across the Eastern Bloc.

Collaboration Between the Bulgarian and East German Security Forces

A significant part of this cooperation included the exchange of information and strategies related to tracking down and stopping individuals involved in political emigration. Both the Bulgarian State Security and the Stasi sought to prevent citizens from escaping to the West and to monitor political activities that could threaten their regimes. This included spying on Bulgarian officials who traveled to the West and gathering information on their interactions with Western political groups.

The partnership between the Bulgarian and East German intelligence services was not only about tracking escapees but also about ensuring that the Eastern Bloc remained tightly controlled through surveillance and suppression of any dissent, whether within the borders or abroad.

The close collaboration between the Bulgarian State Security and the Stasi reflected the broader security practices within the Eastern Bloc, where nations worked together to control their citizens. The harsh measures against defectors, their families, and anyone attempting to escape were part of the repressive tactics used by these regimes. The intelligence-sharing agreements, like the ones described for the years 1984–1986, show the lengths to which these governments went to maintain control over their populations and prevent any signs of rebellion or escape.

#Joint Activities Between Bulgarian State Security and Stasi

The Story of the Blue Waters

Sibel Ersoy’s Underwater Photography Exhibit

Diving instructor Sibel Ersoy is showcasing her amazing underwater photos at the Marina Art Gallery. These photos were taken in various places around the world, including Kuşadası, Antalya, Kaş, Honduras, Miami, Belize, Mexico, and many more diving locations. The exhibition will be open until July 15th. Come and enjoy the beauty of the sea creatures and mysterious shipwrecks through Sibel Ersoy’s unique perspective.

Turkey A Journey Through History

EBRUALEM Workshop’s Art Exhibition

After completing the Ebru Art Course from the Ministry of Education, four women from the EBRUALEM Workshop held a karma exhibition (a group exhibition). The four artists—Ersin Aksu, Nazan Yuksel, Berrin Akdere, and Cemaliye Deveciler—showcased their beautiful art. Many art lovers and Ebru artists in Kuşadası attended the event. Visitors from abroad also showed great interest Coastal Bulgaria Holidays.

Upcoming Exhibitions in Kuşadası

The Calikuşu Culture Centre will feature Serpil Berk’s “Bazil Painting” exhibition from July 1st to 15th. The Söke Magnesia Culture-Art Association will display oil paintings from July 15th to 30th. Success at the Harpoon Fishing Championship

Turkey’s Harpoon Fishing Championship was held in Didim, organized by the Turkish Sub-Aqua/Underwater Federation. During the event, the winners of the first three places were awarded trophies at a ceremony in Setur Marina.

Kuşadası Sportsmen’s Achievements

Hasan Salbaș, Mustafa Saplı, and Sedat Yüce from the Kuşadası Sailing Club achieved second place as a team out of 43 teams and 130 participants. In the individual competition, Hasan Salbaș came first out of 130 contestants and was selected for the National Team after winning third place in the final race. The ceremony was held at Setur Marina, with many guests, including Kuşadası Mayor Esat Altingün, Coast Guard Boat Commander Munir Gümüşbaykal, Harbour Master Yaşar Karabacak, Marina Director Çağlar Altıntaş, Sailing Club President Behzat Kumbasar, and their families.

#The Story of the Blue Waters

Albanian Society and Unity

The Albanians can be compared to the Scots. In the northern highlands, they live in clans, while in the more fertile southern lowlands, the clan system is not present. Despite differences, like the Scots in the past, Albanians share one common bond—hatred of the Slavs.

Because of their fierce passion for fighting, other nations have feared them. This has left the Albanians mostly to themselves. The lack of roads, difficult mountain passes, and tribal rivalries have made each region isolated and self-sufficient.

A Fierce Sense of Honour

The Albanians have a strong sense of honour. A woman can travel safely in Albania because she is seen as weak, but an Albanian man would not hesitate to shoot someone for a small insult, just as he would shoot a dog that barked at him. There is a sense of deep independence Istanbul Day Tour.

Albanian Beliefs and Customs

The Albanian has no art, literature, or national politics. He doesn’t think of himself as an Albanian separate from other races, but his honour is the most important thing to him. His honour includes many things:

He is not a thief, though he is allowed to take the belongings of the man he kills.

He will never rob a man who is unarmed. To him, that would be dishonourable.

He will not harm a woman. By tradition, he is allowed to shoot any man who interferes with his women, so he keeps his hands and eyes off other men’s women.

It is not fear of punishment that keeps him moral. The Albanian is not afraid of bullets, but his honour makes him respect the vulnerability of women, as they cannot fight back.

#Albanian Society and Unity

Christianity and Corruption

One day, a Turkish official asked me, “Do you think Christianity is what makes other countries less corrupt?” I hesitated and said, “Well, maybe.” He then asked, “Have you lived in America?” I replied, “Yes, I have.” “Do you think Turkey is more corrupt than the local government in America?” he asked. Reluctantly, I had to admit that it wasn’t. He said quickly, “Ah! And America calls itself a Christian country. We admit we are corrupt, but you Western countries are more corrupt and don’t admit it. Muslims are more honest than Christians.”

Reform in Turkey

Turkey has a strong and growing group of reformers. However, all governments tend to be conservative. Anyone who wants change, even if they truly believe it will be beneficial, is in opposition to the existing government. This is a big obstacle to progress in European Turkey. Many educated Turks, even some from the government, realize that Turkey cannot continue as it is in the Balkans. They know that for Turkey to stay part of Europe, it must adapt to European ways. But each step toward that change is seen as a step toward revolution, and Europe supports it Central Synagogue.

The Turkish Sultan and government, whether short-sighted or not, are fighting for their survival by resisting the reforms that seem obvious to outsiders.

The Plight of Christians Under Ottoman Rule

We often feel sympathy for the Christians living under Ottoman rule. However, the oppression they face is not just because of religious hatred from Muslims; it also has political reasons. Mourad Bey, a thoughtful man who cared deeply about Turkey, said: “I believe that before the first foreign consul and missionaries arrived here, the Christians in the East were more peaceful, free, and happy than they are today.” The Sultan, who is often ignorant and superstitious, sees the movements to help the Christians as attempts to destroy his empire. And, to some extent, he is right.

#Christianity and Corruption

The Legacy of Rose Growing

The Turkish Influence

The practice of growing roses and making rose perfume was brought to the region by the Turks. They cultivated roses, made the perfume, and provided the scent to the harems of the pashas (high-ranking officials) in Constantinople.

Today, the old Turkish traditions are gone. Now, large companies control the rose business, much like how American companies trade in wheat. These companies outbid each other to buy entire villages’ rose crops before the roses even start to bloom. They are in fierce competition and have representatives in cities like Paris, London, and New York Coastal Bulgaria Tours.

The History of Distilling Rose Perfume

How Rose Perfume Came to Kasanlik

The process of making rose perfume began in Persia, where the word “attar” (meaning fragrance) comes from. For many centuries, only rose-water was made from the roses. Around the beginning of the 17th century, people discovered how to extract the real rose essence.

The technique then spread from Persia to Arabia, from Arabia to the Barbary States (North Africa), and from there, a Turkish traveler brought a rose tree to Kasanlik. The same variety of rose, **Rosa damascena**, is now grown in Kasanlik and in places like Tunis, although it is becoming rarer there. Another variety, **Rosa alba**, can be traced back to Persia through the Turkish Empire, where it was once common.

The Growth of the Rose Industry

Kasanlik’s Rise in the Rose Business

About 50 years ago, Kasanlik produced between 400 and 500 pounds of attar (rose perfume). By 1904, this had increased to 8,147 pounds. The development of such a large-scale rose industry in this small region is due to several factors. The area has a climate similar to France, the soil is sandy and well-drained, and the many small streams from the mountains provide plenty of water for irrigation.

#The Legacy of Rose Growing

The Fall of the Communist Regime in Bulgaria

A Turning Point in Eastern Europe

By the late 1980s, the communist regimes in Eastern Europe began to collapse one by one. This change was driven by the people’s demands for freedom and influenced by international agreements that promoted human rights and democracy.

Ousting Todor Zhivkov

On 10 November 1989, Todor Zhivkov was removed from his position as General Secretary of the Bulgarian Communist Party. This marked a significant turning point for Bulgaria. People were ready for change, and they were no longer willing to accept the oppressive regime that had controlled their lives for decades.

The First Free Rally

On 18 November 1989, the first free rally against the communist regime took place in Sofia. Protesters gathered to demand democracy, free elections, human rights, and accountability for those responsible for the atrocities committed by the regime. This rally signaled the beginning of a new era in Bulgaria, as citizens united to push for their rights Jeep Safari Bulgaria.

Changes to the Constitution

On 15 January 1990, under pressure from the protesters, Article 1 of the Constitution—which stated the leading role of the Communist Party—was abolished. This was a significant victory for the people and a clear sign that the old regime was losing its grip on power.

The First Free Elections

On 10 and 17 June 1990, Bulgaria held its first free elections in 45 years. This marked the end of a long period of communist dictatorship and the beginning of a new political landscape. However, the process of change in Bulgaria was slower compared to other Eastern European countries.

A Slow Transition

The transition in Bulgaria was complicated by the fact that many structures of the former communist regime remained in place for a long time. The destruction of a significant number of State Security records, along with delayed access to existing records, hindered the truth about the regime’s past from coming to light.

Additionally, the purging of archives that contained evidence of the regime’s political and economic crimes contributed to a prolonged and painful transition period. Many former party officials and members of repressive institutions were able to retain their power and influence, often without facing any consequences for their actions.

The changes in Bulgaria were a mix of hope and challenge. While the removal of Todor Zhivkov and the subsequent protests signaled a strong desire for democracy, the lingering structures of the old regime complicated the transition. As Bulgaria moved forward, it had to confront its past while building a new future. This struggle would shape the country’s path for many years to come.

#The Fall of the Communist Regime in Bulgaria

The Fall of the Communist Regime in Bulgaria

A Turning Point in Eastern Europe

Ousting Todor Zhivkov

The First Free Rally

Changes to the Constitution

The First Free Elections

A Slow Transition

#The Fall of the Communist Regime in Bulgaria

Deportation of Tavrian Bulgarians

In 1943 and 1944, a few thousand Bulgarians from the Tavria region, then part of the Soviet Union (now Ukraine), managed to return to Bulgaria. These people, known as Tavrian Bulgarians, had endured severe hardships and significant losses. They had been repressed and persecuted in Tavria due to Bulgaria’s alliance with Nazi Germany during World War II. However, their troubles did not end upon returning to their homeland.

Return and Repression

Immediately after the Soviet Army invaded Bulgaria in 1944, Stalin ordered the deportation of all Tavrian Bulgarians back to the Soviet Union. Despite being ethnic Bulgarians who sought refuge in their ancestral homeland, they were treated as enemies of the Soviet system. The deportation was part of a broader Soviet strategy to eliminate any perceived threats, including ethnic groups with connections to countries aligned with Germany during the war Istanbul Tour Guide.

Life in Bulgaria Before the Deportation

Before their forced return to the Soviet Union, the Tavrian Bulgarians tried to rebuild their lives in Bulgaria. They were a tight-knit community, holding on to their cultural heritage and traditions despite the challenges they faced. However, the post-war political climate in Bulgaria, dominated by Soviet influence, made their stay short-lived. The presence of the Soviet Army in Bulgaria meant that Stalin’s orders were swiftly executed, leaving the Tavrian Bulgarians with little time to adjust to their new surroundings before being uprooted once again.

The Forced Deportation

The deportation was carried out with military precision. Soviet authorities, with the cooperation of Bulgarian state security forces, rounded up the Tavrian Bulgarians and sent them back to the Soviet Union. These deportees faced a grim future, as they were often treated harshly upon their return. Branded as traitors and enemies of the state, many were sent to labor camps or subjected to other forms of repression. The irony of their situation was stark: having fled Soviet repression in Tavria, they found themselves back under the same oppressive regime that had driven them away in the first place.

The Dark Legacy

The story of the Tavrian Bulgarians is a tragic chapter in Bulgaria’s history. It reflects the broader pattern of Stalin’s brutal policies, which disregarded national sovereignty and individual rights in favor of maintaining tight control over the Soviet sphere of influence. For the Tavrian Bulgarians, their forced deportation was not just a physical removal but also a symbolic erasure of their identity and connection to their ancestral homeland. Their experience is a poignant reminder of the human cost of political repression and the long shadow cast by totalitarian regimes.

Testimonies from the Era

Accounts from the time, such as those found in the Democracy newspaper on September 5, 1994, reveal the extent of the brutality involved. Mircho Spasov, a former member of the Central Committee of the Bulgarian Communist Party, openly admitted that the party delayed the installation of the People’s Tribunal to eliminate more perceived enemies. He chillingly recounted how prisoners were taken from the militia department, loaded onto trucks late at night, and driven away, never to be seen again.

The forced deportation of the Tavrian Bulgarians is a somber reflection of the severe repression and human rights abuses during Stalin’s era. It serves as a crucial reminder of the harsh realities faced by many ethnic groups caught in the crossfire of geopolitical conflicts. The legacy of these events continues to resonate, highlighting the importance of remembering and learning from the past to prevent such tragedies from occurring again.

#Deportation of Tavrian Bulgarians

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