Tiān Guān Cì Fú Hanakotoba Analysis Part 1
-> 1) Peach Blossom/Plum Blossom/Cherry Blossom
While the flowering trees featured in the donghua as well as in its opening credits, official artwork and ending credits could be plum blossoms (Prunus mume) or cherry blossoms (Prunus serrulata), they are most likely to be peach blossoms (Prunus persica). Despite the fact that they can be difficult to differentiate between at times, especially when referencing a drawing, these three blossoms do have a few distinguishing features, which are as follows. Peach blossoms have pointed petals, plum blossoms have rounded petals, and cherry blossoms have a notch at the tip of their petals. Peach blossoms produce two flowers from a single node, whilst plum blossoms produce one flower per node and cherry blossoms produce several flowers per node. Finally, while plum and cherry blossoms develop leaves after their blossoms fall, while peach blossoms seem to produce leaves concurrently with flowering. Despite these distinctions, these flowers are frequently confused with one another, resulting in a significant overlap in their symbolic meanings throughout different cultures; thus, my decision to feature them all here.
Peach blossoms are known as táohuā (桃花) in Chinese. They symbolise immortality, vitality, longevity, peace, good luck, success and prosperity in Chinese culture. Furthermore, peach tree wood was believed to protect humans from evil spirits, therefore branches were hung above doorways to drive demons away, and peach wood wands were used in exorcisms.
Furthermore, its Chinese name “táohuā” has the figurative meaning of “luck in love affairs; luck in love”. Peaches are also known as senki or senka in China (meaning tree or fruit that gives power to the gods), and it has been believed since ancient times that peaches have the divine power to grant people perpetual ageing and longevity.
Peach blossoms are known as momo (桃) in Japanese. Its meanings in hanakotoba are “I am your captivator”, “invincible under heaven” and good-natured. Its symbolic meaning of "invincible under heaven" stems from the fact that peach has traditionally been used to fend off evil spirits and as a spiritual medicine for immortality. In Western floriography, peach blossoms symbolize longevity, gentleness, honour, peace, happiness and generosity. The peach blossom also has the meanings "I am your captive" and "your charms are unrivalled qualities." The peach blossom has been used as a symbol of renewal and growth in Western literature.Xie Lian’s infamous quote “Body in the abyss, heart in paradise” (MXTX, p. 6) is translated from the original “Shēn zài wú jiàn, xīn zài táo yuan” (身在无间, 心在桃源)—which can be roughly translated as “Body in Wujian, heart in Taoyuan”. The word "paradise" in his quote actually corresponds with the Chinese phrase "táo yuan" (桃源)—which is short for táohuāyuán (桃花源)—which means "peach blossom valley," and is a saying for paradise/heaven. The phrase is taken from the title of Tao Yuanming's 421 CE fable, which details a chance discovery of an ethereal paradise where its inhabitants live an ideal existence in harmony with nature for centuries, remaining oblivious of the outside world. This phrase can also refer to an idealistic place of serenity and rest, but it is also used to refer to an unrealistic fantasy.
Additionally, the peach blossom’s symbolic meanings of immortality, longevity, good luck, generosity, honour, good-natured, prosperity and “invincibility under heaven” as well as its association with gods and divine power suit the attributes of the heavenly realm—which is where they are primarily seen in the series—as well as the values its officials are meant to aspire to. The tree’s symbolic meanings of “your charms are unrivalled qualities”, “luck in love”, renewal and growth greatly complement Xie Lian and Hua Cheng’s relationship. Despite having his luck sealed away and being catastrophically unlucky from then on, Xie Lian was extremely fortunate in discovering profound and enduring love. Furthermore, Xie Lian's immense generosity and compassion for people, albeit an unattainable ideal for many, was part of what drew Hua Cheng to him: "If your dream is to save the common people, then my dream, is only you" (MXTX, p. 1953). This corresponds to the peach blossom's association with dignity, serenity, charity, and "unrivalled charms".
The scene in the second season's ending theme visuals during which a peach tree branch is shown enduring weather conditions throughout all four seasons is a representation of Hua Cheng's patience and dedication while searching for Xie Lian during the 800 years between the latter's second banishment and third ascension. It also parallels Xie Lian's patience and fidelity while waiting for Hua Cheng's return after the final battle.
Plum blossoms are known as méihuā (梅花) in Chinese. They hold the symbolic meanings of endurance, perseverance, vitality, inner strength, hope and thriving through adversity in Chinese culture because they are one of the hardiest flower species in the world and blossom during winter defying all the vagaries of winter weather. When their blossoms valiantly emerge during the latter weeks of winter, they are seen as a hopeful omen of spring and are treasured for their splendour during the darkest time of year. Plum blossoms thus herald the arrival of spring and signal the end of winter. Plum blossoms are also China's national flower, serving as a national symbol. Plum blossoms are associated with longevity because their blossoms remain in flower for a month. Plum blossoms can also represent those with a strong personality who are unafraid of difficulties.
In Japan, plum blossoms are known as ume (梅). Its meanings in hanakotoba include integrity, patience, elegance, loyalty and faithfulness. In Western floriography, plum blossoms symbolise keeping promises, fidelity, beauty and longevity. Plum blossoms are also associated with the end of winter and represent hope, tenacity, perseverance, courage, and beauty's capacity to overcome adversity. Furthermore, plum blossoms represent prosperity, fruitfulness, beauty, purity, and good fortune. Wild plum blossoms in particular represent independence.
The intricate dynamics of Hua Cheng and Xie Lian's relationship are complemented by the symbolic meanings of hope and the onset of spring evoked by plum blossoms. After 800 years of roaming alone, Xie Lian meets Hua Cheng. Bringing a sense of fulfilment, excitement, and happiness to his life that he hadn’t felt in a long time; as he told Hua Cheng, "Only after meeting you, did I rediscover that it's such a simple thing to be happy" (MXTX, p. 1060).
Plum blossoms can also represent individuals who possess strong personalities and are not intimidated by challenges, which complements Xie Lian's character well. Despite being subjected to tremendous adversity, he continues to be as unyielding and resilient as he was before his first banishment, remarking, "I might not be able to decide whether the road is easy or not, but whether I walk it is entirely up to me" (MXTX, p. 1125). The plum blossom’s symbolic meanings of integrity, patience, fidelity, perseverance, courage, beauty, independence and elegance also complement Xie Lian’s character.
The plum blossom’s symbolic meaning of keeping promises greatly aligns with Hua Cheng’s character, especially when referencing his declaration to Xie Lian near the end of the novel, "There is no banquet in this world that does not come to an end...but I will never leave you. I will come back...Your Highness, believe me" (MXTX, p. 1954). True to his promise, he defies death once more to return to Xie Lian after replenishing his spiritual power for an indeterminable amount of time.
Hua Cheng’s unwavering devotion to Xie Lian is a core part of his character which also ties into the plum blossom’s meanings of fidelity, loyalty and faithfulness. Hua Cheng’s favourite poem referenced in the novel—Ache of Separation by the Tang poet Yuan Zhen—is a reference to his immense devotion. The poem states “After seeing the vast sea, no water can compare; Scattered from the peak of Mount Wu, there are no other clouds… Many times I’ve passed through the flowers, yet I spare them no glance; For half my fate is in cultivation, and the other half, in you.” This poem, which is akin to Hua Cheng's feelings for Xie Lian, describes the poet's unwavering love and devotion for his late wife Wei Cong and how nothing and no one else can compare to her presence in his life. This once more relates to the plum blossom representing devotion, loyalty, and fidelity.
The cherry blossom (Prunus serrulata) is also known as the Japanese cherry and is the unofficial national flower of Japan. Its Japanese name Sakura (桜) has been derived from the word “saku” which means “to bloom”. Its meanings in hanakotoba are “beauty of spirit”, grace, chastity, excellent beauty, gentleness, good education and the “transience of life”. In Japan, cherry blossoms are also a symbol of the “beauty of impermanence”—a Shinto concept better known as “mono no aware” (物の哀れ) as their falling petals are a reminder that although life is short, it is beautiful and should be savoured. The Japanese concept of “natsukashii” (懐かしい) likewise emphasizes the fleeting nature of cherry blossoms. This concept refers to the happy-yet-wistful nostalgia for times and things that we will never be able to go back to. We will never get to experience those moments again, just like the ephemeral cherry blossoms, which makes them even more significant. Cherry blossoms bloom from March to April which is the start of the new fiscal year in Japan. As a result of this cherry blossoms have also come to symbolise new beginnings and springtime. Given that feudal Japanese soldiers associated cherry blossoms with honour, discipline, and dignity—falling flowers were thought to be symbolic of a Samurai's death. In Western floriography, cherry blossoms herald the changing of the seasons and symbolise renewal and rebirth. They also symbolise the fleeting nature of life, tenderness, forgiveness, strength, beauty, love, confidence, peace, friendship and gratitude.
In China, most of the Cherry blossom’s Japanese symbolic meanings are more strongly associated with plum blossoms. Cherry blossoms are known as yīnghuā (樱花) in Chinese and symbolise life, beauty, femininity, power and mysteriousness in Chinese culture. While still occasionally connected to the concepts of life and death, Cherry blossoms are more connected to the concepts of love and romance as well as beauty and femininity in Chinese culture.
Cherry blossoms are primarily associated with the transiency of life. In Xianxia novels like Tiān Guān Cì Fú, where characters can achieve immortality through cultivation, themes such as the transiency of life are not majorly relevant. However, in Tiān Guān Cì Fú, gods are powered by the faith and worship of their followers and without this faith they would fade into non-existence. These Heavenly Officials are not all-powerful but are beholden to fate like all other living things and are capable of death. It was also stated by MXTX, that Heavenly Officials banished or not, are not included in the wheel of reincarnation after death. This reaffirms that while long-lived, “when humans ascend, they are still human; when they fall, they are still human” (MXTX, p. 541). Xie Lian’s first 2 ascensions and subsequent banishments are also reminiscent of the fleeting nature of life—“He ascended to the heavens quickly, but his fall from grace was even faster” (MXTX, p. 10). At one moment he was “the crown prince who pleased the gods”, at the pinnacle of prominence and the next he was “the laughingstock of the three realms”. This ties in with the cherry blossom’s representation of the fleeting nature of life. Xie Lian’s words to Hua Cheng in chapter 31—“Those who have known each other for decades can become strangers in a day. We've met by chance, and we may part by chance. If we like each other then we shall continue to meet; if we don't, then we shall part. At the end of the day, there's no banquet in the world that doesn't come to an end, so let's go all more with the flow, and I'll say what I want to say” (MXTX, p. 267)—are also reminiscent of the fleeting nature of life.
The Cherry Blossom’s association with the “happy-yet-wistful nostalgia for times and things that we will never be able to go back to” is reminiscent of Xie Lian’s halcyon days before his first ascension as well as the friendship of the Xianle Trio before the fall of Xianle. Additionally, the cherry blossom also symbolizes strength, dignity, “beauty of spirit”, peace, forgiveness gratitude, friendship and tenderness which are all qualities that can be associated with Xie Lian.
“At the corner of the jade altar table sat a tiny, lonesome flower. A far-gone memory surfaced in Xie Lian’s mind, and he was momentarily stunned. It was like a dust-covered picture, but when he tried to wipe it clean, it remained blurry. Unspeaking, he frowned and loosened his grasp to pick up that flower. Hua Cheng put down his brush as well and slowly began to grind some ink. “What’s wrong?”
Xie Lian smiled. “Nothing. Just…this flower’s scent is refreshing. I’ve always liked this sort.” Offerings of flowers in temples and palaces were far from rare. However, most devotees offered large, fresh bouquets of bright red or purple blossoms, or handcrafted imitation flowers that never wilted. After a pause, Xie Lian said, “Could this be the flower which Crimson Rain sought?”
Hua Cheng smiled. “Gege has such godly premonitions.”
(MXTX, pp. 765-766)
Despite the flower Hua Cheng shielded from the blood rain after raiding Qi Rong's hideout—“…a shower of blood rain poured down from the skies. He saw a flower was getting battered by the bloody rain, so he tilted his umbrella and shielded it” (MXTX, p. 120)—earning him the alias "crimson rain sought flower”, it is never named in the novel. It is however confirmed to be the same kind of flower he always places as an offering on the altar of Xie Lian's temple. In the donghua however, it is portrayed as a white peony (Paeonia).
Peonies are known as mǔdān (牡丹) in China and were regarded as China’s national flower during the Tang Dynasty (618 to 907 A.D.). In accordance with this, they symbolise prosperity, honour, wealth and beauty, love and happiness. The Chinese term for peonies means "the most beautiful” while other Chinese names for peonies are "fùguìhuā" and "huawang," which translate to "king of the flowers" and "flower of riches and honour," respectively.
In Japan, peonies are called botan (牡丹) and symbolize shyness, wealth and regalness in hanakotoba. The flower's profound appearance, notably its multitudes of large petals that are thin and silk-like, is considered to be where the peony symbolising wealth and regalness originated. In Western floriography, peonies represent bashfulness and compassion.
It is speculated that the reason Hua Cheng shielded the white flower to prevent it from being stained by the blood rain is because he associated the flower with Xie Lian.
The flower featured in the above panel is likely a red rose. In China, roses are known as méigui (玫瑰), and in accordance with their universal symbolism, they are strongly associated with romance, passion and love. Thanks to the Chinese monthly rose (Rosa chinensis), which blooms in almost every month of the year, creating a "spring" that never ends, roses are also associated with longevity and the perpetual spring in China. Considering that the colour red is auspicious, red roses are also thought to bring good fortune in China.
In Japan, roses are called bara (薔薇) and its meaning in hanakotoba is love and beauty. Red roses in particular symbolize affection and passionate love; while rose thorns represent “happiness in misfortune”. In Western floriography, roses symbolize love, passion, beauty, romance and secrecy. Red roses symbolize enduring passion, desire, affection and romance. A single rose is said to symbolize love at first sight.
The rose flower’s symbolic meanings of enduring passion, romance, “love at first sight” and secrecy tie in well with Hua Cheng and his motivations—“My beloved is a brave, noble, and gracious special someone. He’s saved my life; I’ve looked up to him ever since I was young. But, I wanted to catch up to him more, and become an even stronger person for him. Although he might not remember me well. We never really talked. I want to protect him” (MXTX, p. 1953).
The wild rose flower depicted in the opening is seen wilting as Xie Lian walks by leaving only thorns. This could be a depiction of how Xie Lian’s naïve, fragile passion from his youth has long since wilted leaving behind someone wiser who is able to find happiness in misfortune and life’s simplicities. The scene could also possibly be an allusion to how in the novel’s original character concepts Xie Lian was supposed to become a flower god in charge of flowers blooming and wilting after being banished.
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[I had to split this post in half due to Tumblr's image/gif limit so please find part 2 on my blog. Also, I wanted to post this on the release date for S2 of the donghua but felt like the post wasn't ready yet so decided to postpone it till this week. If you liked this post, check out my other hanakotoba analysis posts... Also, if I've gotten any of the kanji, romaji, hanzi or pinyin incorrect, feel free to correct me]
