(p.s. one of my biggest fears is writing the wrong thing or spelling something incorrectly in my notes because i’ll have no clue whether or not something is wrong)
Shoutout to all my fellow shy studyblrs who are too shy and awkward to make comments on posts or get involved in discussions. I see you liking and reblogging stuff, you’re doing great. You are still part of the community. I am proud of you and I hope you achieve what you want to. Remember to believe in yourself 💜
Explain the difference between weather and climate: Weather are atmospheric events that happen in a location in the short term, while climate is all weather in a place for long period of time. Climate includes long-term trends and means.
Why was the Age of Discovery important for Climatology?: The Age of Discovery provided reports of climate outside of Europe, and instruments such as barometers and thermometers were developed to measure climate. Some records have been kept for over 300 years, which allows us to compare our current records.
What variables are measured in atmospheric studies?: Air temperature, barometric pressure, cloud type, height, and amount, current or prevailing weather, dew point temperature, precipitation, sunshine, wind velocity and direction. (I also think solar radiation, and variables associated with the ocean like salinity are measured as part of atmospheric studies.)
What types of data are available today?: Scientists today are able to access satellite data, and deep-ocean data that wasn’t accessible before. We’re also able to detect elements in the atmosphere, such as argon and helium. In general, the types of data we have today are sets of “big data” that come from a lot of different instruments. For ocean floats, there’s over 3000 of them collecting data all the time!
What types of international cooperation are found in the atmospheric sciences?: There’s the WMO, or World Meteorological Organization, which is responsible for worldwide climactic data. The IPCC is the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, and their data distribution center helps archive and distribute data. The World Climatic Data Centers handles international data sets for climatology, astronomy, oceanography, etc.
What are the main areas of study of climatology?: There’s aerology, which is the study of free atmosphere, and the chemical and physical reactions within the atmosphere layers. Meteorology is the study of motion and phenomena in the atmosphere, and focuses on weather + the processes involved with weather. Climatology itself is the study of all the weather at a given place, over a given period. The conditions are measured in units of years or longer.
What is the standard atmosphere? Why is it of value?: The standard atmosphere is a model where all the atmospheric forces are in balance. It has a defined amount of solar radiation, chemistry, wind conditions, etc, that let us figure out atmospheric problems. It’s capacity as a tool to help solve these problems is what gives it value.
Differentiate between constant and variable atmospheric gases: Constant gases are in the same proportion in the atmosphere up until the mesopause, and throughout all of the homosphere. The ratio is about 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, and and 0.93% argon.
Variable gases vary in proportion through time and space. The most important ones are carbon dioxide, water vapor, and ozone. Aerosol also acts like a variable gas. Higher in the atmosphere, the gases start stratifying by their molecular weight.
What are the major characteristics of the troposphere? The homosphere? The ionosphere? The troposphere’s major characteristics are that it’s made up of two big sections. The first is the lower troposphere, which is most affected by daily surface changes. The upper troposphere is affected by seasonal changes and atmospheric storms. At the top of it is where moisture becomes decreasingly common. The homosphere is the section where gases are uniformly mixed. Made up of the mesosphere and below. The ionosphere coincides with the mesosphere. It absorbs a lot of solar radiation, which makes electrons split from the nitrogen and oxygen. There’s so few particles up here that the ratio of ions is high.
Aerology: The study of free atmosphere through its vertical extent. Deals with the chemistry and physical reactions that occur within the various atmospheric layers.Tends to be coupled with meteorology.
Aerosol: Particulate matter suspended in the air. Includes soil particles, smoke residue, ocean salt, bacteria, seeds, spores, volcanic ash, and meteoric particles. Amount decreases with altitude. Solid particles serve as nuclei for condensation of water vapor and are necessary for precipitation.
Climatology: Study of atmospheric conditions over periods of time measured in years or longer. Includes study of the kinds of weather that occur in a place. (Both frequent types of weather, and anomalous weather)
Heterosphere: The upper-part of the atmosphere where the gases are no longer uniformly mixed. The gases stratify according to molecular weight. (Hydrogen layer, helium layer, oxygen layer, nitrogen layer)
Homosphere: The lower-part of the atmosphere where the gases are uniformly mixed.
Mesopause: The upper-limit of the of mesosphere. Up to here, the gases are uniformly mixed and are part of the homosphere.
Mesosphere: From about 48 km up to 80 km. Temperature declines with altitude. Above the stratosphere, and below the layer of nitrogen.
Meteorology: Deals with motion and phenomena of the atmosphere. Used to forecast weather and explain the processes involved. Tends to be more focused on the short term.
Radiosondes: Balloon-carrying instruments released into the atmosphere at the same time to simultaneously gather atmospheric conditions.
Standard Atmosphere: Model that represents the atmosphere with all the forces governing it in balance. Has a period of moderate solar activity, and a defined amount of chemistry, temperature, pressure, density, etc.
Stratopause: Upper boundary of the stratosphere.
Stratosphere: Above the tropopause. Relatively stable and dry, little vertical motion. Temperature at the top of the stratosphere is about the same as towards the bottom of it.
Tropopause: Marks upper reaches of troposphere, and the upper limit for most turbulent mixing from the surface. Also the upper limit for most moisture in the atmosphere & becomes significantly colder. (Warm air “holds” more moisture)
Troposphere: Lowest layer. Made up of the upper and lower troposphere.
Lower troposphere goes up to 3 km above the surface. It is the layer most affected by daily surface changes, since it has the most friction between the Earth and the atmosphere. It can have temperature inversions, where temperature increases with heat instead.
Upper troposphere goes up to 11 km. Primary changes here are from seasonal changes in energy, and secondary circulation (atmospheric storms). Air pressure decreases with height (which is the trend for the atmosphere in general).
World Meteorological Organization (WMO): Located in Geneva, Switzerland. International agency responsible for worldwide climactic data.
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC): The international body for assessing the science related to climate change. The IPCC was set up in 1988 by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO). IPCC assessments provide a scientific basis for governments at all levels to develop climate related
policies.
hello beautiful people! this is my first big studyblr post, and i’m glad i can share it with you. for those who don’t know, my name is sarah and i’m a 25-year old master of public health student at the university of sydney in australia. i also - as you may have guessed from this post - have depression, which likes to mess up my life. however, i’ve learned to work around it, and have been maintaining a distinction-average GPA (higher sometimes!) for my whole time at uni.
these are a few tips i’ve picked up to reduce the effects of my depression on studying, plus a couple of general-depression tips that may help you feel better. and feel free to use the tips if you don’t have depression!
go to class more often than not. personally, i love going to class. it helps me feel less isolated, it gets me outside, and i pay much better attention when i’m there than if i’m listening to the lecture at home later on.
get out of your house to study. by packing a bag to go to campus, travelling, arriving and setting my things up in my favourite spot in the library, i’m taking purposeful action towards a productive day of study. it’s very easy when i’m at home to just say “i’m done, i don’t want to do any more”. generally speaking, going from home to uni will also get you some fresh air, which i know makes me feel good.
break your to-do list into into manageable chunks - as tiny as you need. i find that when i write “do 3000 word project plan” it’s not the most motivating idea. if i break it down into “research section 1, write research notes up for section 1, do a rough draft of section 1″ and so on for all the sections, it’s very easy to see exactly what needs to be done and is much less overwhelming. in addition to this, every time i tick something off i feel proud for having accomplished it. and lots of items ticked off = lots of accomplishment!
talk to your classmates. if i’m feeling overwhelmed with study, talking to someone who’s in the same boat as me helps to reassure me that i’m not alone. plus, you never know what little handy hints and tips you might pick up from chatting to someone who’s studying the same thing as you.
find a method that works for you. if you spend all your time trying to emulate a method you saw on someone’s studyblr that looks pretty but doesn’t work for you, you’re going to have a bad time. you may find that you’re not retaining the information, you may get caught up in the aesthetics, and chances are, you’ll end up feeling inadequate. your self esteem does not need a beating. find a method that works and use it - consistency is the key to success. full discretion here: i can’t stand mindmaps or flashcards. they look so nice but they just don’t work for me, so i don’t do them, and i use my time for methods i know will personally get me good grades.
prep your meals. this one goes for everyone! i’m the first to admit that i absolutely love junk food, but it’s important to eat well to power your brain. deciding on, finding ingredients for and preparing three meals a day every day takes time. once a week, i go shopping and buy a week’s worth of lunch ingredients, make meals i know i like, and put them in the freezer. then i have seven lunches ready to reheat and eat, and i don’t have to think about it at all. pick a time when you’re feeling energised (or at least less bad than usual) to do it, and in harder times during the week you’ll thank yourself. you can prep just one meal, or all of them!
exercise. i know, it’s hard. but it helps. it really does. i work out in the morning, and i guarantee you that i’m never excited to go - i have to push myself so hard to get out of bed, get ready, get to the gym, and do my workout. but i always, always feel better after i’ve done it. you don’t have to run a marathon or cycle across australia or bench-press a car. do something YOU enjoy. i do zumba once a week and it’s so fun. there are lots of youtube workout videos if you can’t afford a gym membership. community centres often run cheap or free group fitness classes as well, if you’re after some social times.
i sincerely hope this has been helpful for some of you! if you’re struggling and feel overwhelmed, please talk to someone - don’t bottle it up, there are so many people who want to help you. please don’t give up.
Lucius Sepunius, son of Lucius, and Marcus Herrenius Epidanus, son of Aulus, magistrates with judicial powers, saw to this being made at their expense
Numerius Popidius Celsinus, son of Numerius, rebuilt at his own expense from its foundation the Temple of Isis, which had collapsed in an earthquake; because of his generosity, although he was only 6 years old, the town councilors nominated him into their number free of charge.
With these carved inscriptions in mind, discuss politics, religion, and material culture at Pompeii. Focus your discussion on TWO of the following structures in Pompeii: the Temple of Apollo, the Temple of Isis, the Temple of Jupiter (Capitolium), the Temple of Fortuna Augusta,
How did religion and ritual activities relate to politics and patronage at Pompeii? Be sure to include details of design, location, and dates of construction.
Temple of Apollo:
Apollo had the same name in both Greek and Roman religions
He was Augustus’s favorite deity
Temple had three phases of construction
6th century BC
2nd century BC
Samnite Phase
AD 62-79 (post-earthquake)
Temple of Isis
69 CE
Egyptian deities might have been more favored by slaves and women
Slaves were actively discouraged from building temples to Jupiter
Example: Ampliatus in Robert Harris’s Pompeii built a temple for Isis to show off his status, since he couldn’t build one for Jupiter
Isis followers provided a lot of imports for Pompeii
Temple of Jupiter (Capitolium)
80 BCE
Built in a way that no matter how you enter the area, you are forced to walk by it
Has Vesuvius directly in view to add a sense of ~power~
Sends the message of Roman dominance and self-Romanization
Pompeii Capitolium was like a replica of the large temple to Jupiter in Rome
Temple of Augustan Fortune
3 or 4 CE
Both Caesar and Augustus were deified
Augustus was ‘humble’ and didn’t want to emphasize his own godliness
Had his favorite symbols, like a cornucopia and oars
Defaced female statue; might have been his exiled daughter
She gets kicked out for being “sexually devious” :(
Timeline (eruptions)
25000 BP - Codola Plinian eruption
22500 BP - Sarno Plnian eruption
17000 BP - Basal Plinian eruption
1780 BCE - Avellino eruption
Wind blew the damage in a specific path to the North, so it didn’t affect Pompeii
San Paolo Bel Sito
62 AD - Earthquake in Pompeii that devastated a lot of buildings
Can see a lot of reconstruction in the city dated to 62 AD
79 AD
Vesuvius buries Pompeii and Herculaneum
1944
WW2 eruption
Timeline (city timeline)
6th century BCE - Pompeii founded
400 - 80 BCE - Samnite phase
290 BCE - Rome Defeats Samnites
264 BCE - Punic Wars
216 BCE - Niceria destroyed
91 NCE - Social Wars
89 BCE - Sulla takes Pompeii
44 BCE - Caesar killed
80-27 BCE - Colonial Phase
31 BCE - Battle of Actium
27 BCE - Augustus
68 CE - End of Julio-Claudian Era
68-69 CE - Roman generals rule
78 CE - Titus
Timeline (excavation)
1689 - Sinking of the well
1693 - Exploratory excavations
1699 - Publishing of “De Vesuvio”
1790 - Digging expanded (L’Elbeuf)
1734 - Bourbon Dynasty
1738 - Inscription found confirming town as Herculaneum
1739 - Europe finds out about discoveries
1745 - Digging stops at Herculaneum
1750 - Pompeii becomes better documented b/c of Weber
1764 - Temple of Isis discovered
1771 - La Vega heads excavations - First skeleton found
1780 - Alcubierre dies
1789 - Exile of the Bourbons
1808 - Caroline Bonaparte becomes Queen of N aples
1809 - 11 - Mazois draws Pompeian ruins
1813 - Excavations of Arditi
1814 - Napoleonic forces leave Naples, Ferdinand IV takes throne
1830 - House of Faun & Alexander mosaic discovered
1860 - Girabaldi captures Naples, appoints Dumas and Fiorelli
Based on the archaeological and written evidence, discuss entertainment and the architectural buildings that housed dramatic performances and spectacles at Pompeii. Focus your essay on two of the following buildings:
Be sure to include the details of design, location, and dates of construction. How did performances and spectacles related to politics and patronage at Pompeii?
Theatrum Maius:
Had slanted seated that was segregated by social class
Seating arrangement reinforced social structures
Aristocratic men got best seats
Women and slaves had to sit further away
Actors who entertained these people were considered the lowest part of society, despite everyone paying money to see them
Quadriporticus
Got converted into a ludus gladiatorius (gladiator school)
Found skeletons, armor, parts of weaponry
Graffiti found that shows how gladiators were sort of sex symbols
Girls heart-throb, Thracian gladiator Celadus, belonging to Octavus, fought 3, won 3.
Amphitheater
Quinctius Valgus and Marcus Porcius have their names on it, and other structures
They must have had a lot of money to propel their name like that
People came from other cities to support their favorite gladiators
Riot of 59
Gladiators visited from out of town and fought Pompeian gladiators
Pompeii had its own referee and were possibly cheating, so the visiting team got upset
Riot was so bad that Nero banned the games there for like 13 years lmao
Rome tried not to have permanent sports structures in any one town because it gave the local populace too much power
“Marcus Holconius Rufus and Marcus Holconius Celer built at their own expense the passageway, boxes, and theater setting.”
Theatrum Tectum
Quinctius and Marcus built this theater too
So again, they’re paying a ton of money to fund construction in their name
People will think highly of them for paying to make entertainment for people
Roofed theater mostly meant to hold political assemblages
lately my dash has been lacking in studyblr posts, so i need some more blogs to follow. reblog this and also maybe follow me, and I’ll definitely check out your blog and probs follow :)
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