Gray wolf (Canis lupus) subspecies by Jose R. Castello, Princeton University Press, 2018.
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Gray wolf (Canis lupus) subspecies by Jose R. Castello, Princeton University Press, 2018.
Lab-created heart valves can grow with the recipient https://ift.tt/30WDYEl
Cretaceous Titanosaur Suffered from Blood Parasites and Severe Bone Inflammation
http://www.sci-news.com/paleontology/cretaceous-titanosaur-blood-parasites-osteomyelitis-09108.html
Another new series!
This one will discuss examples of Evolutionary Anachronism. The title of the series, “Ghosts of Evolution”, is based on the book “The Ghosts Of Evolution: Nonsensical Fruit, Missing Partners, and Other Ecological Anachronisms” by Connie C. Barlow, where the expression “evolutionary anachronism” was first used. But what does it mean?
Evolutionary anachronism describes traits, behaviors or structures that have evolved in some lifeforms in response to an environmental pressure that no longer exists. It not only allows us to judge the predictive power of the theory of evolution, but to also explain seemingly useless energy expenditures or traits that would otherwise appear to contradict the theory.
Before we leave you with our first example and episode, it is necessary to point out that evolutionary anachronism, while resembling vestigial traits, is not the same. While both are traits that evolved in the past in response to specific pressures that no longer exist, evolutionary anachronistic traits remain fully functional, while vestigial traits lose their function over time.
OFOTD #295
Although bigfin squid known only from larval, paralarval, and juvenile specimens, some authorities believe adult specimens have also been seen.
Understanding Why Some Children Enjoy TV More Than Others
Brain responses of ten-month-old babies could predict whether the child would enjoy watching fast-paced television shows six months later.
A really good article about how the excessive focus on cleaning/surface transmission of COVID-19 has been vastly overemphasized to the detriment of preventing transmission from respiratory droplets/aerosols. In a similar way that a lot of the post-9/11 airport safety measures are 'security theatre' (i.e. they make us feel safer but don't actually make us safer), the overemphasized focus on deep cleaning/sanitizing surfaces has likely taken away from more effective measures to prevent COVID-19 from spreading, giving us 'prevention fatigue' from measure that don't even help much.
People are power scrubbing their way to a false sense of security.
The researchers say the effects of the flawed 2019 study have had profound implications because the B.C. government relied on it to expand its wolf cull program, killing 463 wolves over the winter of 2019/20.
A study says a government-sponsored wolf kill in Western Canada has had “no detectable effect” on reversing the decline of endangered caribou populations.
The study by scientists from Raincoast Conservation Foundation and the universities of Alberta, British Columbia, and Victoria finds statistical flaws in an influential 2019 report supporting a wolf cull.
New research published in the international journal Biodiversity and Conservation found that addressing potential threats from wolves did not slow the loss of mountain caribou in British Columbia and Alberta.
Instead, it says factors affecting population decline include loss of habitat to logging, snowpack variation and snowmobiling.
Continue Reading.
Tagging: @politicsofcanada @abpoli @pnwpol
A beautiful red wolf. There are fewer than 25 red wolves left in the wild
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An epigenetic clock is a test that is utilized to measure age. Recently, scientists have given old rats young rat plasma, successfully turning back six different epigenetic clocks of aged rats, cleared senescent cells, and improved organ functions, effectively reverse-aging the rats by 54%. The team published their findings on…
oh my goodness, one of dian fossey’s first close up observations with gorillas happened when she was trying to climb a tree to see them better, but so badly that by the time she’d gotten up the entire group had come out of hiding to look at her: “Nearly all members of the group had totally exposed themselves, forgetting about hiding coyly behind foliage screens because it was obvious to them that the observer had been distracted by tree-climbing problems, an activity they could understand.”
hello, fellow apes
The lead up to that sentence is gold:
PSA!
I covered the guy’s face because I know a lot of people don’t know much about wildlife and don’t realize they’re causing harm. Please don’t interact with wildlife! For their safety and your own!
‘Rat Park’ -Stuart McMillen
You’ll never think about drug addiction the same way again after reading this comic.
What I found absolutely impressive and stunning about this comic is the way the artist explained the identification and elimination of the confounding factors in the Rat Park study. This is one of the hardest parts of experiments to explain to the public, and I think it was just brilliantly done.
This is one of the most important pieces of research done in the last 50 years.
Read this!
A beautiful experiment and so simply explained for even the most naive layman to understand. I love it.
New studies provide data on what types of mask materials protect best against the virus that causes COVID-19. They also point to the value of a really snug fit.
More and more people are wearing homemade masks at supermarkets, hardware stores, workplaces and more. The goal is to slow the spread of the virus that causes COVID-19. Now two new studies provide data on which fabrics to use. Also important, they show: a snug fit.
To see why, it helps to understand how the virus travels through air. People infected with COVID-19 breathe out some of the virus particles in very small droplets of spit, snot or water vapor. Without something to stop them, the larger droplets will fall within a few feet. That’s one reason why physical distancing between people matters. But the tiniest droplets, called aerosols, can remain aloft for a few hours before falling onto surfaces. That’s also a reason for frequent handwashing, cleaning of surfaces and other sanitizing steps.
Explainer: What is a coronavirus?
Masks can help to limit the spread of aerosols. But medical-grade masks are in short supply. Hospitals and health practices need them most. Among the public, therefore, many people have begun making masks at home. It’s been unclear, however, which materials might work best.
Aerosols can range from about 6 micrometers (or microns) down to 10 nanometers across, notes Supratik Guha. In comparison, the materials scientist explains, “a human hair is about 7,500 microns.” (A micron is one millionth of a meter; a nanometer is one billionth of a meter.) Guha works at Argonne National Laboratory in Lemont, Ill., and at the nearby University of Chicago.
To see which fabrics worked best in blocking out aerosols, Guha and his colleagues performed tests. They set up a chamber to create aerosols of salt in the size range of the droplets that can carry the COVID-19 virus. A fan blew these aerosols toward tubes. A piece of fabric — sometimes layers of one or more types of fabric — covered the near end of each tube. The team then measured what share of the aerosols made it through the fabrics.
See all our coverage of the new coronovirus outbreak
Overall, a combination of fabrics worked best. And not just any fabrics. The top performers paired 600-thread-count cotton (meaning 600 threads were woven to make up each square inch of fabric) with two layers of either silk or chiffon. On average, each type stopped at least 90 percent of the particles.
What does this mean if you make your own mask? “Use tighter fabrics with tighter weaves,” Guha says. A tighter weave has smaller holes for particles to sneak through. “Try to use combinations of materials,” he adds, “They filter the particles in different ways.”
For example, tightly woven cotton works as a mechanical filter. Like a sieve, it keeps airborne bits that are too big from going through the holes between its threads. Chiffon or silk can work a second way, too. The structure of the molecules that make up those fabrics lets them attract electrons or give them up, Guha explains. That lets them attract charged aerosols. This electrostatic property lets the threads and aerosols bind to each other.
But don’t stress out if you don’t have exactly the right type of high-count cotton, silk or chiffon. A sample from a cotton quilt with batting also worked very well in the tests as did four layers of silk. The important lesson, Guha found, is that “there are simple materials available that work very well.” (And as the author of this story shows, making a mask out of them isn’t too challenging.)
Cats can become infected with and may transmit COVID-19 to other cats Study confirms cats can become infected with SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes coronavirus and pass the infection along to other cats. Cats shed the virus up to six days following infection via their nasal passages. Researchers urge cat owners to keep their pets indoors during the pandemic.
Prairies are some of the most endangered ecosystems in the world, with the tallgrass prairie being the most endangered. Only 1-4% of tallgrass prairie still exists. Prairies are critically important, not only for the unique biodiversity they possess, but for their effect on climate. The ability to store carbon is a valuable ecological service in today’s changing climate. Carbon, which is emitted both naturally and by human activities such as burning coal to create electricity, is a greenhouse gas that is increasing in the Earth’s atmosphere. Reports from the International Panel on Climate Change, a group of more than 2,000 climate scientists from around the world, agree that increased greenhouse gases are causing climate change, which is leading to sea level rise, higher temperatures, and altered rain patterns. Most of the prairie’s carbon sequestration happens below ground, where prairie roots can dig into the soil to depths up to 15 feet and more. Prairies can store much more carbon below ground than a forest can store above ground. In fact, the prairie was once the largest carbon sink in the world-much bigger than the Amazon rainforest-and its destruction has had devastating effects.
[source]
I just have to add–that extensive root system? It’s not just how the plant eats, and how it keeps itself from getting pulled out of the ground during storms, or dying when its aboveground portion is eaten… it’s how it talks to its friends and family, how it shares food with its friends and family, and more than likely, how it thinks. That’s a whole plant brain we’ve domesticated away, leaving a helpless organism that has trouble figuring out when it’s under attack by pests, what to do about it, has very little in the way of chemical defense so it can do something about it, and can’t even warn its neighbors. Even apart from the ecological concerns, what we’ve done is honestly pretty cruel.
Here’s some more articles on this too! https://www.theguardian.com/science/2018/may/02/plants-talk-to-each-other-through-their-roots http://www.bbc.com/earth/story/20141111-plants-have-a-hidden-internet
https://www.the-scientist.com/features/plant-talk-38209
Whether or not you think this should qualify as a form of “intelligence” as we know it (which in itself as a pretty nebulous and poorly defined thing), plants exhibit complicated interactive behaviors that help them grow and thrive, and the way we harvest a lot of them for our produce just doesn’t even give them a chance to reach their maturity and begin trading nutrients the way they’re supposed to.
this is why I get so defensive about grass on Tumblr, and yes, I recognize how ridiculous that sentence is. The anti-lawn-culture movement - which is great in many ways! - is very anti-grass, because they think of grass as this plastic green stuff that American dads spray on everything, at the cost of Perfect Beautiful Nature. But grass is incredible. The reason that people commonly like to surround themselves with grass is because it is a fantastic plant. And yet it’s associated with the boring and mundane! People think of it as, like, background noise. They think of it as the floor. It’s like some kind of carpet to them, to be complained about occasionally because it isn’t a forest or vegetable garden. They don’t even care about it, and then they complain about it. But let me tell you: the Grass Fandom is extremely rewarding.
Obviously, it isn’t a good idea to terraform landscapes into lawns. Golf courses can fuck right off. Nobody needs to water lawns (if lawn grass turns yellow in the heat, it is almost always because it has simply gone dormant; it’ll turn green as soon as it gets some water. You don’t need to water it, it will resurrect itself.) But neither is it a universally good idea to rip up established lawns and yards and greens in order to replace them with vegetable gardens or whatever (unless you need to, or if the grass can only live there with extensive life support in place.) Grass is an excellent plant to have around the home or town; it allows pets, poultry and children to play and piss and shit and walk, and it kindly breaks all of it down; you can walk on it, and it forgives you; it prevents erosion, saving our vanishing topsoil with a ferocious stubbornness; it locks the moisture into the ground, produces a renewable harvest of grass clippings that can be composted for rich green manure, and respires nearly year-round in some areas.
I mean, grass resists being stomped on all day! It keeps high-traffic outdoor areas from becoming mudpits or dusty swathes! That’s seriously impressive in a plant. To replace that durability in public and private spaces, you’d often have to lay down gravel or chippings for people to walk on, which isn’t green and doesn’t grow and has to be acquired from somewhere. Isn’t grass impressive? Name another type of plant that will carry you like that.
Like, the OP mentions grasslands and climate change. You almost never hear about this, because the eco-public prefers the concept of trees as the Most Eco Plants Ever. Everyone loves trees sooooo much, that there is this constant background insistence that planting loads of trees will fix environmental damage forever, and that the world would be better if it all looked like some Eurocentric fantasy of a mossy fairy forest.
Now, trees are great! I am also in the tree fandom. But trees aren’t hugely efficient at fixing carbon - and across most geographical swathes of the planet, they only work part-time. They only grab carbon dioxide and produce oxygen during the stages of their life cycles when they are “awake” and actively growing - so not during winter, not in their old age, etc. And contrast with wild native grass, which apparently considers carbon capture and sequestration to be its favorite hobby. But you almost never hear people going on about “preserving grassland” or being “grass-huggers” - and that is incredibly important! Let’s talk more about grass!
And vast tracts of the world - magnificent biomes on every part of the planet - are not native forests, but native grassland. Steppes, tundras, prairies, savannahs and scrublands are places that trees don’t dominate, but they are bursting with important and diverse life - often centered around the rhythms of native grasses. Trees don’t live in Antarctica, but grasses do! Grasses are GREAT. They harbor life! They support life!
Grass forms the basis of the human food supply - we eat grains more than anything else. Grains are grasses, and we also use and eat the animals that eat grass. The great domesticated cereal grains of the world - maize, rice, millet, wheat - allowed for food storage, which allowed towns and civilizations to form. And the domesticated animals which have carried our societies on their backs for so long - cows, sheep, horses - all eat grass. Grass is so incredibly important to our daily lives. And it’s beautiful! And complicated! And clever! It’s so much more than a floor covering.
Resist the insistence that grass = lawn. (and in some climates and geographies, embrace that ‘lawns’ are a natural environment.) Encourage and celebrate the native grasses of your area! Whether they’re tallgrass or bamboo, they are very exciting and important. Perhaps you’d like to meet the nearest patch of grass - a lawn, a park, or a strip of green in a city. Is it delicate bentgrass? Tough and resilient ryegrass? Is it invasive? indigenous? Formerly invasive but now naturalized? What is it used for? Who loves it?
Just. Grass is so great! Join the Grass Fandom today!
It’s a grassroots movement
This is so beautifully written.
Changes to genes involved in behaviour, diet and mobility might have helped urban rats.
hell yes baybee!!!! finally, some good fucking population genetics
also i C A N N O T believe that this is real: