Girlhood in dark manga/anime
So, I've recently read some amount of Witch Hat Atelier and, while I was thinking about the actual politics of the manga (the story is set in a fascist society) and reading a post about how it draws you in with a fantasy of hope, friendship, and magic and then throws you into the deep end, I was reminded of Madoka Magica and how it does a similar thing.
And it's interesting, because the genres of the respective series are on opposite sides of a spectrum. PMMM is a magical girl tragedy, which mixes a genre traditionally about girl power and women supporting women with the experience of catharsis and facing doom. Witch Hat Atelier is a shoujo high fantasy, which tend to lean into nostalgia, tradition, and feudalism in addition to the self-empowerment of women.
This is further complicated by their aesthetics. PMMM is very cutesy and pastel, merged with a grungy city look and a slight edge of eldritch horror. This is a very modern look; the story is about the desires and emotions of girls. Witch Hat Atelier, on the other hand, is very much a cottagecore fantasy, an aesthetic that is full of conservativism, though it also introduces an element of wildness to it all. The story is about growing up and learning how to fit into society, or at least how to deal with society, but also about freedom.
Both of these stories deal with the weaponization of girlhood and the objectification of women in the society that they portray. The genres and aesthetics of these manga do not make one better than the other, even if I seem to be hyping up one over the other (I do not mean to be, but I wanted to put this disclaimer) .
In Madoka Magica, girlhood is a thing to be exploited in that it can be shaped into something that destroys itself. The actual desires and emotions of magical girls do not matter in the society that they inhabit, rather, the fact that they exist at all means that they can be commodified. And, as girls move forward, pursuing their dreams, the dreams that are shaped by their society, their progress only harms them. Here, PMMM deals with the ramifications of girlhood in a capitalist society, in a society that is fully willing to objectify women.
In Witch Hat Atelier, girlhood fits into a role. Traditionally girly things (such as crafting and designing) are used to fuel society as whole, following strict rules. Moreover, girls are taught how to behave in general, and participating in their society sets them up to be suppressed in the future. In this, Witch Hat Atelier depicts the subjugation of women in conservative societies.
To finish this out, I want to talk about how these stories depict witches.
PMMM presents witches as monsters at first and then reveals that they are, in fact, the 'waste' created by the process of harvesting girlhood. They are the unproductive, destructive, and ruined members of the society that they inhabit and they are completely dehumanized. A witch is a girl who has followed her desire (always shaped by her society) to its end and come out broken for it. Kyubey even says something about magical girls specifically growing up into witches. A girl who follows her desires is useless in the end, and therefore not worth the label of human.
Witch Hat Atelier is fascinating in its distinction of 'good' and 'bad' witches through hats. It's even more interesting that the traditional witch, the Brimhat, is the 'bad one'. It points to this idea that the actual witch, the one who eats children, still exists in this world, and with it the idea of an individual who can damn an entire group of people with the use of their own dark arts. In a fascist society, true desire, true independence is demonized.
(I'm not saying Coco should become a Brimhat or that their side is completely right and just [they cursed a kid and set him up to be completely abandoned by his society, so i do know they suck], and I am not at all up-to-date on the manga, but the Brimhats are still at least somewhat right and I will say it. )
On a more lighthearted note, I do want to recommend some anime/manga that do also depict women well. Welcome to Demon School Iruma-kun, Ichi the Witch, and Fullmetal Alchemist: Brotherhood (the 2003 version is good, too, but I don't know if the anime-only take on certain female characters was that great) are all shounen written by women (Osamu Nishi writes the first two and Hiromu Arakawa did FMA) that engage with them as being fully formed individuals and their desires as being important and worth following. And Apothecary Diaries is a show for women and about women and Jinshi's there too.