Affrèrement / Same-sex Households in Medieval France
Yesterday in the group watch we were talking about queer intimacy in Les Miserables and one thing that was brought up was Valjean and Fauchelevent’s relationship in which he takes Fauchelevent’s last name, becomes his “brother”, and they raise Cosette together.
And it occurred to me that maybe this is not something that is Widely Known– so, there actually is a historical context in France of men forming legal households together and raising children together through “affrèrement” (literally, embrotherment). What affrèrement was is essentially a contract in which two men would join their households together under “one bread, one wine, one purse” (un pain, un vin, une bourse, or in Latin, ad unum panem et vinum), much like a marriage contract, making each other their heirs, holding property in common and raising children together. In fact to be an affrère was to have a closer legal status than a brother, since to name someone as an affrère would essentially disinherit other family members like blood brothers.
Obviously this was not, like, designed as a “gay marriage” or anything, and was very commonly used among:
a) literal brothers, who wished to jointly administer property they would have come into through their father
b) unrelated men who were married to women, joining their households together and raising their families collectively
But it was also used, everywhere that affrèrement was practiced, by single unrelated men who came together for reasons such as “pure affection and sincere affinity”– because they loved each other, basically, without speculating as to what form that love may have taken. And to consider affrèrement as a sort of marriage is not at all a stretch; it was essentially the same thing legally speaking, to the point where, in places where affrèrement was most common, straight couples would sign contacts of “marriage and affrèrement”. The difference being that in an ordinary marriage, the woman’s family paid a dowry to the man that he only managed in trust, whereas in an affrèrement, “each and every one” of their goods were held in common.
So there is historical precedent for unrelated men forming households on essentially an equal basis with married couples under a sort of “brotherhood”, and this was quite widely accepted by the legal structure. Affrèrement pretty much died out after the late Medieval period, and obviously Valjean and Fauchelevent are making a much less legal/legitimate arrangement– but having this context does provide support for a queerer reading of their relationship than we might otherwise be inclined to consider when reading the term “brother”.
(Further reading: www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/517983)