Equity & Exclusion, Pt. 3: A 1921 law meant to help mothers ended up displacing a generation of Black midwives and birth workers. The Sheppard-Towner Act was the first federally funded social-welfare program in U.S. history, but because participation was voluntary, Southern states used its new licensing rules to push out Black "granny midwives," who delivered up to 75 percent of Black babies in the rural South. By 1929, midwife-attended births had collapsed nationwide. This federal action is one of 80 sourced entries tracing 250 years of federal policy and its impact on Black Americans.














