Sysadmin (managing, setting up, and keeping systems running)
Dev-ops (creating & using tools that devs use to manage systems)
Network Engineer (setting up, designing, and optimizing network infrastructures, TCP/IP, and other layers of the network stack)
Data Center Ops (they keep “the cloud” running)
Cable & Router Technicians (/r/cableporn)
Database Administrators (generally wizards)
Technical Support & Documentation (the incredibly tough bastards that actually deal with ghasp users)
Full stack engineers (a little bit of everything)
Backend Application Development (rails, django, node, etc.)
Project Management (not always a technical technical role)
Engineering Management (usually former developers get promoted to this job)
Software Architects (planning out features before they are coded)
API Design (designing the interfaces between systems)
Distributed System Architects (dealing with consistency, availability, partition tolerance, timing, of large, globally-separated systems)
Database Administrators (managing, maintaining, sharding, and migrating data stores, different from infrastructure-focused DBAs in that they are also writing backend code which interacts with the stores)
Full Stack (a little bit of everything, but focused primarily on the pieces that support a frontend)
UX/UI Front end designers (photoshop, indesign, sketch, html & css, etc. only)
General front end web development (html, css, and js)
Single-page app development (mostly with JS frameworks, e.g. angular or react)
Quality Assurance & Testing (writing tests, doing human tests, making sure things work)
iOS, Android, Windows Mobile, etc.
Consumer-facing Windows Desktop, OS X Desktop, Linux app development
Enterprise software development (large, made-to-order applications for businesses)
IT administration & admin software design (often very system-specific, hence the Native category)
Software Architecture (similar to backend architecture, designing features before they are coded)
Scientific Research (loads of Matlab, R, and ipython and more)
“Pure Compsci/Pure Math” Research (with haskell, lisp, lots more)
Scientific Software Development (e.g. protein folding software)
Data science (matlab, r, ipython, scikit-learn, etc.)
Machine Learning (e.g. for pagerank, reverse image search, beer recommendation, used all over the place now)
Compiler & Language Design (not many jobs but very useful to learn, maybe mozilla foundation & rust?, and Guido certainly gets paid by Dropbox :)
OS Design (not just microsoft, windows, & linux, also qualcomm and lots of other telecoms hire tens of thousands of engineers to write embedded and mobile OSs)
Compression (you can work for Hooli)
Marketing:
This field has lots of overlap with data science.
Growth hacking/web scraping (selenium, beatifulsoup, phantomjs, scikit-learn, pattern, etc.)
Analytics (GA, mixpanel, optimizely etc. closely tied with marketing and SEO)
SEO & SEM (techniques to fuck with/obey search engines and convert $$ to visitors)
General Marketing Development (salesforce, analytics, content-design, and SEO)
Embedded Software (code that runs very close to the metal, e.g. the assembly code running your elevator)
Chip Design & Architecture (wizards)
Game development (very, very different from other kinds of programmers, questionably human)
Graphics software development (similar to gaming dev, in my experience, graphics people don’t frequently switch to app dev or vice versa, I’d love to hear your comments)
3D printing and machining coding
CGI & Animation (e.g. disney. pixar devs gave a talk about the wonders of cgi development at Pycon2015)