Day-To-Day Media Consumption⚖️

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: ̗̀➛ introduction

This blog is created for the purposes of an undergraduate project for the subject GNL 6113 Media Law . The materials posted on this blog are for the purposes of the project as well as study and non-profit research. Appropriate acknowledgments to the materials that do not belong to the blog owners have been publicly made. If you are the author or a copyright owner of any of the articles posted in this blog and you object to such posting on any grounds, including copyright infringement, please contact us and we will take your material down. The doctrine of fair use applies to all work posted in this blog. Any views expressed herein are personal opinions only. This blog will be run by 10 admins. Thank you for supporting this blog.

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Contract | Copyright | Speech Law | Ethics & Netiquette

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How does verbal contracts work?

Contracts are something we all recognize, typically showing up as a document we read through, sign, and then forget all about it. But what happens when there’s no paper trail? What if it’s all just spoken? That’s where verbal contracts come into play. Are they trustworthy? Are they even valid? And how do they actually function? As a university student, I’ve witnessed some verbal contracts being used—especially when it comes to renting a house together with friends or classmates. Most of us skip the formalities and just agree verbally on who’s responsible for what, like chores, rent or utility bills. It might seem casual, but those spoken commitments still hold weight but everyone processes information a little differently. Take this incident as a case in point. My friend once told me about her roommate who had this annoying habit of leaving the air conditioning running all day long. When the electric bill arrived, they decided to stick to their original agreement: everyone would split the cost, but the roommate who used the most would pay a bit more. Seems fair, right? But then that roommate started arguing that my friend was charging her more than she should, even though it was pretty clear she was the main reason the bill was so high. Since there was no solid proof—like a separate meter for each room—it quickly turned into a classic he-said-she-said situation. From the roommate’s pov, my friend’s request probably felt more like an accusation. In the end, my friend didn’t want to escalate things, so she just let it slide. But honestly, it definitely made the atmosphere in the house a lot more uncomfortable. That’s the tricky thing about verbal agreements: when everything’s smooth sailing, they work just fine. But the moment there’s a disagreement, it becomes really tough to figure out who’s actually right.

Honestly, most of us have said things like, “I’ll pay you back later in a few days” or “You help me with this, I’ll belanja you to a nice lunch,” depends on the person saying these, some might just be an excuse to make you do his work or is just an excuse for the excuse but there is some who say these words out of genuinity . But under the Malaysian law, those kinds of promises can actually count as verbal contracts, as long as there’s a clear offer being made and the other accepts it. That’s where speech law plays a quiet but important role to both sides of the party. What you say out loud can have legal weight, even if there’s no written proof. In my friend’s case with the housemate and the electric bill, things got awkward simply because they never clearly agreed on how much “a little more” actually meant. No texts, no receipts—just assumptions. And once someone feels something’s unfair, it’s hard to go back and fix it. If the situation ever got serious, things like chat logs or witness statements could help, but it’s still messy. So while verbal agreements can work, they really depend on mutual trust—and even then, a quick message or written note can save everyone a lot of trouble later on. Written by Lim Guat Yun (1221302331)

[commonsense-101]

Social Media Ethics in Malaysia: Freedom of expression or Cyberbullying?

In Malaysia, the explosion of social media has transformed the way people express opinions, communicate and engage in activism. It aims to raise awareness and share information regarding current issues. Yet, this digital liberty treads a fine line between freedom of expression and cyberbullying on social media where it is a complex and evolving issue. It also has laws to address harmful online content and cyberbullying, including the Communications and Multimedia Act 1998 (CMA) and provisions in the Penal Code. The central ethical question remains: where does freedom of expression end and cyberbullying begin?

In today’s digital era, the internet is the perfect medium for them to freely express their thoughts and viewpoints. Nevertheless, when that speech causes harm and others to be hurt through acts like body shaming, online harassment or targeted attacks, it will be punishable under Section 504 of Penal Code where it is an offence to intentionally insult which shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 2 years or with fine or both. However, certain laws have been enacted to regulate expression and to safeguard social media users from being victims of hate speech. According to Section 233 of the Malaysian Communications and Multimedia Act 1998 (CMA), any communication that is deemed offensive or intended to harass or annoy is considered a punishable offence under Malaysian law.  

Nevertheless, the issue of cyberbullying is increasingly concerning as well as it violates ethical principles in digital communication as it involves intentionally harming others through actions or words on social media especially among youths. They used digital platforms intended to threaten, insult, harass or shame others. Due to this immoral act, the mental well-being of the victim can be affected but can also negatively impact the overall harmony of society. Accordingly, cyberbullying is not solely a legal issue instead of a moral one. Social media should be a space that connects, educates and inspires rather than one that isolates or harms. Thus, upholding ethical principles in digital communication is crucial to creating an online environment that is safe, respectful and inclusive for all Malaysians.

Reference: https://www.umconstiteam.com/post/episode-11-the-line-between-freedom-of-expression-and-cyberbullying

Written by: Ariana Syafiqa Binti Shahril (1221304954)

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Virtual Meeting Etiquette: How to Not Annoy Everyone on Zoom

In the age of hybrid work, online classes, and digital hangouts, virtual meetings are here to stay. Zoom, Google Meet, Microsoft Teams—whatever the platform, one thing’s for sure: good netiquette matters. But let’s be real: we’ve all been in a virtual meeting where someone was chewing loudly, typing furiously, or unknowingly walking around with their camera on. These moments might be funny at first… until you’re the one being “that person.”

So, if you want to avoid eye rolls (or being silently removed from the room), here’s a crash course in virtual meeting etiquette—aka, how to not annoy everyone on Zoom.

✅ 1. Be On Time—Just Like In Real Life

Logging in five minutes late may seem harmless, but it’s still disruptive—especially if you’re one of the main speakers. Tip: Log in a few minutes early to check your connection and audio. Tech issues always pick the worst moment to show up.

🎙️ 2. Mute Yourself When You're Not Speaking

This is the golden rule of all virtual meetings. No one wants to hear your barking dog, keyboard clicks, or Netflix in the background. Tip: Use the space bar as a push-to-talk shortcut (on Zoom) to make unmuting quicker.

📷 3. Turn On Your Camera—When Appropriate

If the meeting is interactive or face-to-face is expected (like class or team huddles), turning on your camera shows engagement. Tip: A messy background? Use a virtual background or blur it. Just avoid anything too weird or distracting.

🍜 4. No Eating Loudly (Or At All, If You Can Help It)

We get it—sometimes meetings fall during lunch. But slurping noodles while someone’s giving a presentation is a surefire way to get noticed (and not in a good way). Tip: Mute yourself, turn off your camera, and eat discreetly if absolutely necessary.

💬 5. Use the Chat Box Responsibly

The chat is great for sharing links or asking quick questions. But side conversations, spamming emojis, or trolling? Just no. Tip: If you’re replying privately or making jokes, double-check that you're not sending to “Everyone.”

👀 6. Be Mindful of Body Language and Facial Expressions

Just because you're at home doesn’t mean no one's watching. Eye rolls, yawns, or checking your phone constantly are still visible and still rude. Tip: Act like you’re at a real meeting—you wouldn’t scroll TikTok at the boardroom table, right?

🧑‍💻 7. Dress Like You’re Showing Up

You don’t need a full suit, but showing up in pajamas (or worse, shirtless) sends a message that you’re not taking it seriously. Tip: At least go “business on top.” No one needs to know what kind of shorts you’re wearing.

🌐 8. Test Your Tech (And Internet!)

Glitches happen, but repeated "Can you hear me?" moments can be avoided. Tip: Check your mic, camera, and Wi-Fi before the meeting. A quick restart can solve most issues.

🎯 9. Stay Present—Don’t Multitask (Too Much)

It’s tempting to check emails, scroll Instagram, or work on something else while someone is speaking—but people can tell. Tip: Give your full attention. Active participation builds better rapport and fewer “Wait, what did you say again?” moments.

🙌 10. Say Goodbye (Don’t Just Vanish)

When the meeting ends, don’t ghost the room. A simple “Thanks, everyone!” before logging off adds a human touch. Tip: If it’s a smaller group, stay a few extra seconds to acknowledge others before leaving.

💡 Final Thoughts: Be the Zoomer Everyone Likes

Virtual meetings may feel more casual than in-person ones—but professionalism and politeness still apply. A little awareness goes a long way in showing respect for people’s time and energy.

Remember: behind every screen is a human being.

Written by Wong Sing Huey (1211101952)

[commonsense-101]

Covid-19 Clauses in Malaysian Contracts

In the past years, the coronavirus disease has taken the world by storm when the outbreak was first discovered in December 2019 and it has spread all over the world. In Malaysia, the legal impact of Covid-19 on contractual obligations are generally assessed through three key legal approaches which is the application of the frustration doctrine under the Contracts Act 1950, the force majeure clause and temporarily through the now lapsed Covid-19 related legislation.

Hence, in the absence of a force majeure clause, the affected party may instead rely on the doctrine of frustration, which is codified in Section 57(2) of the Malaysian Contracts Act 1950. This section provides that a contract is deemed void if, after it is formed, becomes impossible, or by reason of some event which the promisor could not prevent or when a contract becomes unlawful after the contract is made. Frustration arises by operation of law and does not require the presence of a clause in the contract. 

In summary, COVID-19 clauses in Malaysian contracts largely depend on whether the agreement contains a well-drafted force majeure provision that clearly covers pandemic-related events. In the absence of such a clause, parties may attempt to rely on the doctrine of frustration under Section 57 of the Contracts Act 1950, though this option is more limited and fact-dependent. 

Written by: Ariana Syafiqa Binti Shahril (1221304954)

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Spider-Man’s Hollywood Tug-of-War: Marvel vs. Sony Explained

Most people assume that Marvel owns all its superheroes, but Spider-Man’s case is a little more complicated. Back in the 1990s, Marvel was struggling financially and began selling the film rights to some of its most popular characters to stay afloat.

In 1999, Sony Pictures bought the movie rights to Spider-Man for around $7 million. This is why Sony was the studio behind the early Spider-Man movies starring Tobey Maguire and later, Andrew Garfield. Fast forward to the 2010s, Marvel had become a powerhouse under Disney, creating the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) with characters like Iron Man, Thor, and Captain America. But fans wanted Spider-Man in the MCU, and Marvel didn’t have the legal rights to use him in movies.

So in 2015, Disney (which owns Marvel Studios) struck a rare deal with Sony. The agreement allowed Spider-Man, played by Tom Holland, to appear in MCU films like Captain America: Civil War and Avengers: Infinity War, while Sony continued to produce solo Spider-Man movies with help from Marvel’s creative team.

However, in 2019, the partnership nearly fell apart. Disney wanted a bigger share of the profits from future Spider-Man films, but Sony refused. For a short time, Spider-Man was effectively removed from the MCU, sparking massive backlash from fans online. Thankfully, both companies returned to the table and reached a new agreement.

Spider-Man would appear in one more solo MCU film (Spider-Man: No Way Home) and one additional Marvel crossover. While that deal satisfied fans for now, the future remains uncertain. Spider-Man still legally belongs to Sony when it comes to film rights, and Marvel has to negotiate each time they want to include him. It’s like shared custody of a superhero — and fans are just hoping the parents don’t fight again.

By Ahmad Mukhlis

Sources :

https://insidethemagic.net/2021/11/sony-spider-man-universe-mcu-th1mmb/

https://www.gq.com/story/sonys-weird-spider-man-extended-universe-explained-to-the-extent-that-its-explicable

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Why Ethics and Netiquette Matter in Gaming

In the digital world, especially gaming, ethics and netiquette are just as important as skill and creativity. After the Mobile Legends vs League of Legends copyright case, it's clear that how we behave—both as creators and players—really matters.

What is Ethics in Gaming? Ethics is about doing the right thing, not just following the law. For example, copying a game’s design or characters might not always be illegal, but it’s still considered unethical. It shows a lack of originality and respect for others’ work. Game developers and content creators need to think about the impact of their choices, whether it’s about using AI art, designing fair gameplay, or being transparent with players.

What is Netiquette? Netiquette is short for "internet etiquette"—basically, the rules of good behavior online. In gaming, this means:

No trash talk or harassment

Don’t AFK or rage quit

Respect your teammates and opponents

No cheating or exploiting bugs

Toxic behavior can ruin the experience for everyone. That’s why games have report systems, mutes, and bans. Even in Malaysia, the Communications and Multimedia Act 1998 makes it illegal to send offensive or threatening content online.

Why It Matters in Malaysia? Malaysia is growing fast in digital media and esports. Campaigns like #KlikDenganBijak remind us to think before we post, share, or say something online. Being ethical and respectful online helps build a better, more trusted digital community.

Final Thoughts Whether you're making a game or just playing one, ethics and netiquette are key. They help protect creativity, build trust, and create a safer space for everyone. So next time you log in, remember: it’s not just about winning—it’s about how you play.

By Zabdan

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Can We Sue AI

With AI tools like DALL·E, ChatGPT, and Midjourney becoming staples in our creative routines, a big question keeps surfacing: if something goes awry or someone’s work gets used without permission, who’s really to blame—the AI, the user, or the developer? Just think about it. If an AI accidentally generates an image that uses a real artist’s creation, for example the studio ghibli trend that has been viral, or spits out something that spreads false information, can we actually take legal action against the AI? The quick answer is no, for now. As AI isn’t recognized as a human being, and usually law is only applicable on humans as it does not have the will to do what and when it wants to and usually needs a human behind it to control or feed info. So when things go south, the responsibility typically lands on the human: the user or the company that has programmed it. It can feel a bit strange, especially when it seems like the AI is doing all the heavy lifting but just shifting your perspectives on things and you would agree why we still couldn't sue AI just yet. But legally speaking, AI is still just a tool, much like Photoshop or a camera—the accountability lies with the person operating it. There’s already been real-life drama around this. One big example is when The New York Times sued OpenAI and Microsoft in late 2023. Their argument? ChatGPT was generating answers using content from their articles—basically rewording or pulling facts from NYT’s paid content without permission. They weren’t just pointing fingers at the AI; they were going after the developers who trained it. That’s how the law works right now—you can’t sue the AI itself, but you can sue the people or companies that created or used it in a way that causes harm. This has started a lot of discussion or debate on the topic of how AI learns, what counts as fair or legal in some cases, and whether it’s even possible to trace back where AI's "knowledge" comes from. It’s still an ongoing progress, but it does show how complicated things can get when art, tech, and ownership collide. So in the end, when we ask, “Can we sue AI?” The answer is... not really if you look at it from a different perspective since, for now it doesn't really have its own thought just yet, who knows what might happen in the near future. Still yes, AI might feel super advanced—even human-like at times—but under the current law, it’s still just a tool. It can’t be sued, can’t defend itself, and definitely can’t be held responsible in court. That job still falls on us—the users, developers, and companies behind the scenes. As AI becomes more involved in creative and professional work, we’re going to see even more grey areas pop up. Who really deserves the credit when a beautiful piece of AI-generated art goes viral? And who takes the blame when things go wrong? These are questions we’re all still figuring out. But for now, if you're using AI to create something, it’s a good idea to remember: you might be the one legally on the hook—so use it wisely.

Written by Lim Guat Yun (1221302331)

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Things That Can Get You Sued That You Might Not Know!

Think you can say whatever you want online? Not exactly. Freedom of speech has limits—and crossing them can lead to a lawsuit. Here are a few ways your words might land you in legal trouble:

Defamation – Making false claims that damage someone’s reputation (even online) can get you sued.

Sharing Private Info – Posting personal details (like medical records or DMs) without consent? Risky.

False Light – Presenting someone in a misleading way, like using their photo next to a damaging headline.

Using Someone’s Image Without Permission – Especially for ads or promos. That’s called misappropriation.

Inciting Harm – Encouraging followers to attack or harass someone can have serious legal consequences.

Fake Reviews – Lying about a business or service, especially as a competitor, can lead to defamation or fraud claims.

Satire Gone Wrong – If your “joke” looks like a real accusation, it could still count as harmful falsehood.

🧠 Bottom line: Say what you want, but know the legal lines. Think before you post—it could save you from a lawsuit.

Written by Wong Sing Huey (1211101952)

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Making Sense of Music Copyright: Protecting Creativity in the Digital Era

Music is all around us these days—on playlists playing on our smartphones, as background music in movies, TV commercials, and social media footage. But behind each melody, beat, and lyric lies the intellectual effort of artists who need to be attributed and protected for their output. That is where music copyright comes into play—a simple concept with which every artist, producer, and content creator should be familiar.

What Is Copyright Music?

Copyright music is a legal protection of rights given to the creators of original music works. It grants the copyright owner exclusive right to reproduce, distribute, perform, and publicly display the work, or to prepare derivative works based upon the work.

Music typically consists of two major components, both of which are copyrightable:

The composition: This includes the melody, harmony, lyrics, and musical arrangement. It’s what you’d find written on sheet music.

The sound recording: This is the actual recorded performance of the composition, often produced in a studio.

These two elements can have different copyright owners. For example, a songwriter might own the composition copyright, while a record label owns the sound recording.

Why Is Music Copyright Important?

Music copyright ensures artists and creators are paid for their labor. Otherwise, anyone could use, reproduce, or gain profit from another individual's music without requesting or paying for permission.

It facilitates:

Royalties: Artists receive payment whenever their music is performed, purchased, heard on the radio, or employed on television and commercials.

Creative control: Copyright allows artists to decide how their music will be utilized and by whom it will be interpreted or remixed.

Legal protection: It gives creators the right to act against unauthorized use or infringement.

How Long Does Music Copyright Last?

Music copyright duration varies by country. In most states, including the U.S. and a majority of Europe, copyright generally lasts for:

The life of the author plus 70 years for compositions.

70 years from publication for phonograms (though this may vary depending on when and where the recording was published).

Once the time has elapsed, the work enters the public domain and can be accessed by anyone without authorization.

Typical Copyright Issues in Music

Given the popularity of online platforms and consumer-generated content, copyright issues have increased increasingly often. Some of the most prevalent issues include:

Sampling without clearance: Utilizing elements of another song without clearance.

Cover songs: Posting or performing cover songs without obtaining appropriate licenses.

Infringing background music: Inserting copyrighted music into YouTube videos, TikToks, or podcasts without rights will result in takedown or demonetization.

Unauthorized remixes: Remixing or reworking a track without the permission of the original creator.

How to Stay Safe as a Creator

Follow these tips to steer clear of copyright issues and be fair to other artists:

Get licenses: If you are using other artists' music, secure the necessary rights or licenses through companies like ASCAP, BMI, or licensing companies.

Use royalty-free music: There are libraries of music that you are licensed to use for nothing or for a small fee, typically with fewer copyright limitations.

Create original pieces: Composing and recording your own music gives you full control and ownership.

Grasp fair use: Some uses of copyrighted music (e.g., commentary or parody) may be fair use, but it is a technicality in law and not inherently protected.

Final Thoughts

Music copyright plays a vital role in ensuring the value and dignity of creative work. Whether you are an artist looking to protect your tunes or a content provider who wishes to use music legally, understanding copyright law is essential these days. Respecting music rights not only prevents you from landing yourself in trouble with the law—it keeps the artists who provide the music to our lives employed.

by beatrice

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Ways to protect your copyright

Protecting Your Copyright: A Quick Guide

Copyright is a legal right that gives creators control over their original works, whether it’s writing, music, art, or software. Safeguarding your copyright is crucial to prevent unauthorized use and to ensure you get the recognition and compensation you deserve for your creations. Here are some essential tips to help you protect your copyright:

Know Your Rights

The moment you create an original piece and put it into a tangible form, copyright protection kicks in. You automatically gain exclusive rights to reproduce, distribute, display, and perform your work.

Register Your Copyright

Although registration isn’t mandatory, officially registering your work with your country’s copyright office (like the U.S. Copyright Office) can offer significant legal benefits, including the ability to sue for damages if someone infringes on your rights.

Add Copyright Notices

Placing a copyright notice (for example, © [Year] [Your Name]) on your work lets others know that it’s protected and identifies you as the owner. This simple step can help deter potential infringement.

Keep Good Records

Make sure to save drafts, timestamps, emails, or any other evidence that shows how your work developed. This documentation can be crucial if you ever need to prove ownership.

Utilize Licensing Agreements

If you decide to let others use your work, always use written licensing agreements. These documents clarify how your work can be used and help you maintain control over it.

Keep an Eye on Your Work Online

Use tools like Google Alerts or reverse image searches to see if your work is being used without your permission. If you find any infringement, you can send a takedown notice or consider legal action.

By following these steps, you can better protect your creative efforts and ensure that your rights as a copyright holder are honored.

by beatrice

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Travelling with Respect: The Role of Ethics and Netiquette in Tourism

Many of us have seen this viral video of this woman being rude and inconsiderate in Thailand. That is why we are here to discuss how to behave when visiting another place. Tourism is like a gateway to a world filled with diverse cultures, languages, stunning landscapes, and fascinating people. It’s one of the most rewarding ways to broaden our understanding of the globe. However, amidst the thrill of discovering new destinations, it’s crucial to remember one key aspect our behaviour as tourists truly matters. Whether we’re exploring iconic landmarks, wandering through local markets, or enjoying serene towns, we should let ethics and netiquette guide our actions, both in person and online.

At its heart, ethical tourism is all about being aware of how our choices impact local communities, environments, and cultures. It goes beyond just “not littering” — it’s about showing genuine respect, steering clear of exploitation, and acknowledging that we are, in fact, guests in these places. For example, while haggling hard in economically disadvantaged areas or snapping photos of locals without their permission might not be illegal, they raise ethical questions. These seemingly small interactions can accumulate, influencing how locals perceive tourism in their everyday lives.

A significant issue today is the tight relationship between tourism and social media. Platforms like Instagram, TikTok, and YouTube have transformed travel into a form of content creation, with many travellers pursuing the “perfect shot” without considering the repercussions. In popular spots like Bali or Santorini, tourists have been known to trespass on private property or disturb locals just to capture a photo. There have even been instances where individuals have harmed nature or historical sites in their quest for viral fame. This is where netiquette or online netiquette comes into play. The content we choose to share can either showcase cultural appreciation or lead to negative consequences.

Being respectful online starts with asking ourselves a few important questions: Is this photo or caption appropriate? Am I making fun of something I don’t fully understand? Am I sharing something that might misrepresent or offend a culture? Even when we write harsh reviews or publicly complain about a place that didn’t meet our expectations, it can come off as entitled or disrespectful, especially if we do so without context or understanding.

Another key part of ethical tourism is cultural sensitivity. Every country has its own values and customs, and as visitors, it’s our responsibility to learn and adapt, not the other way around. Dressing modestly in conservative areas, following local rules, and being mindful of body language or gestures can really make a difference. Tourists who overlook these norms, whether out of ignorance or indifference, risk being disrespectful and perpetuating negative stereotypes.

Responsible tourism also means being aware of our environmental impact. Overtourism in popular destinations like Venice, Machu Picchu, or Mount Everest has led to pollution, overcrowding, and damage to cultural sites. Opting for eco-friendly tours, cutting down on plastic waste, and choosing to stay in locally owned accommodations are simple yet effective ways to travel more responsibly.

In conclusion, travelling isn’t just about visiting new places — it’s about how we engage with those places. Whether we’re exploring cities, lounging on beaches, or hiking in the mountains, tourists have an ethical duty to treat people, cultures, and the environment with respect. And in today’s digital world, our responsibility also includes how we share those experiences online. By practising good ethics and netiquette, we can become better travellers, not just in the eyes of others, but in how we learn and grow through our adventures. Written by Hayden Chan (1211101655)

References

Ethical Tourism: The Rise of Conscious Traveller Behaviour. (n.d.). Longdom Publishing. https://www.longdom.org/open‑access-pdfs/ethical-tourism-the-rise-of-conscious-traveler-behavior.pdf ispo.com+2longdom.org+2int-jecse.net+2

Schlauderaff, F., et al. (2022). Machu Picchu case study. International CHRIE. https://www.chrie.org/assets/docs/JHTC‑vol10‑issue1.pdf cntraveler.com+4chrie.org+4researchgate.net+4

Thraenhart, J. (2024, April 14). Fostering balanced tourism: The role of social influencers, content creators, and bloggers. Balanced Tourism. https://balancedtourism.com/2024/04/14/fostering-balanced-tourism… sciencedirect.com+2balancedtourism.com+2smartvel.com+2

Smartvel. (2023). The impact of influencers on tourism. Smartvel. https://www.smartvel.com/resources/blog/the-impact-of-influencers‑on‑tourism smartvel.com

Penn State School of Hospitality Management. (2025, February 20). Influencer marketing can help tourism industry mitigate waste, pollution. Penn State News. https://www.psu.edu/news/… bi.team+9psu.edu+9greenlodgingnews.com+9

Dolnicar, S., & Grün, B. (2023). A measure of tourist responsibility. MDPI Sustainability, 13(6), 3351. https://www.mdpi.com/2071‑1050/13/6/3351 mdpi.com+1en.wikipedia.org+1

National Geographic. (2023). Is overtourism a problem? National Geographic. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/article/what‑is‑overtourism nationalgeographic.com+1cntraveler.com+1

Greenlodging News. (2024, April). Harnessing the power of social media for sustainable tourism: The role of green influencers. Greenlodging News. https://www.greenlodgingnews.com/… greenlodgingnews.com

European Parliament. (2018). Overtourism: Impact and possible policy responses (PE 629.184). https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/STUD/2018/629184/… journals.sagepub.com+2europarl.europa.eu+2investigacionesregionales.org+2

Invest. (n.d.). Venice: The problem of overtourism and the impact of cruises. Investigaciones Regionales. https://investigacionesregionales.org/en/article/venice‑the‑problem‑of‑overtourism … investigacionesregionales.org+1redalyc.org+1

Guardian. (2024, April 28). The Observer view on overtourism: Sometimes, the planet’s hotspots are best left unvisited. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2024/apr/28/… theguardian.com

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Proper Behaviour Post-Cinema

In this day and age, where information is easier to access, so are the means to media that are sometimes not released to the public yet or are not permitted to be shared. With the newest uptick in the animation film ‘Ejen Ali: The Movie 2’, here are 2 most important ethics (and laws) in the cinema to be mindful of!

No Recording of The Film

This should be obvious but if you weren't aware before, here is the first ‘no' you have to abide by. Especially no recording of the whole duration of the film, and uploading it to social platforms. Not only would it ruin the public's interest after being spoiled, it is also recorded as an offence under the Copyright Act 1987.

Under 43A.(1), it is stated that ‘Any person who operates an audiovisual recording device in a screening room to record any film in whole or in part shall be guilty of an offence and shall on conviction be liable to a fine of not less than ten thousand ringgit and not more than one hundred thousand ringgit or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding five years or to both.’(1) So don't hit that record and post button, save yourself ten thousand ringgit and five years of jail, and let other fans experience the film naturally in the cinema, the way it's supposed and most fun to be-!

2. Hate Is Not Criticism

It is not wrong to share opinions in online spaces, especially after watching a cinema film. However, it is important to be very mindful of what you write. Simply diminishing the work people put into the film is not criticism: A few of the core rules of the netiquettes are remembering the other side producing are also humans, to respect people's time and bandwidth, and not flame wars even more.(2) 

A good rule of thumb is to describe how the film makes you feel rather than the technical parts of it, more so if you have no knowledge in any process of the film production. Another way to write a decent critique would be to focus your personal views on the story and plot; How does the starting scene flow until the ending scene?; Did the climax manage to capture your interest?; Did the way the characters handle conflict make sense?

In conclusion, appreciate and respect the hard work of the film staff— You would not be watching the film in the first place if not for them. If you happen to dislike a film, always remember that two things can be true: The film was made with effort, and it's not your cup of tea. There’s no need to waste your time and energy to disrespect other people on the internet. Just enjoy the cinema experience! (　・ω・)

sources: (1) Malaysia's Contracts Act 1950. (2) (2023) Navigating Ethical Waters in the Digital Age: New Media Ethics. Journalism University.

— Written by Zulfati

[commonsense-101]

⚖️ Courtroom 101: How to Behave Like a Pro in Court

Let’s be real: court isn’t like what you see on TV. You don’t want to roll up with sass, slang, or drama. Whether you’re attending as a witness, defendant, or just observing, how you present yourself matters. A LOT. Here's your no-nonsense guide to proper courtroom behaviour:

🧍‍♀️ 1. Professional Demeanour is Key

Stand when addressing the judge. It's not just about manners—it shows respect.

Speak up. Make sure the judge and everyone else can hear you clearly.

Stay chill. No interrupting, shouting, or rolling your eyes. Seriously.

Dress like you mean business. Think office wear, not beach day or club night.

Be on time. Courts run on tight schedules. Show up early, not fashionably late.

🗣️ 2. Use the Right Language

Say “Your Honour” when speaking to the judge. Always.

Ditch the slang. Save the casual talk for later.

Keep it respectful. Yes, even if the other side is being super annoying.

❓ 3. Answering Questions Like a Boss

Listen first, then speak. Don’t jump the gun.

Be honest and to the point. No rambling, no storytelling.

Don’t know the answer? Say so. It’s better than making something up.

Need clarification? Just ask. Better to understand than to assume.

👀 4. Extra Things to Keep in Mind

Wait your turn. Don’t cut off the judge, lawyers, or anyone else.

Don’t argue with the judge. Even if you think you’re right. Especially if you think you’re right.

Need a moment? Ask for it. Judges understand nerves.

Facts only, please. No exaggeration. Just the truth.

💡TL;DR:

The court is a place for calm, respectful, and clear communication. You’re not just judged on what you say, but how you behave. So keep it classy, keep it professional, and let your truth speak for itself.

Written by: Choo Huey San

[commonsense-101]

Rise in Malaysia's Anime Events; Precautions for Online Tickets

In recent years, there has been an increasing popularity in anime in Malaysia: The word ‘anime’ refers to hand-drawn and computer-generated animation, generally perceived to be originating from Japan but is not necessarily true all the time. (1) And such, anime fans are building into a recommendable target market, with a 73,000 attendance rate at one of the most popular annual cosplaying and everything-anime event, Comic Fiesta 2024. (2)

Therefore, slowly but steadily, other events like themed cafes are also entering the market, where the consumers are often able to enjoy themed food and beverage, display exhibition, photo session and exclusive merchandise. All these events require consumers to form an electronic contract or e-contract, under B2C transactions in which the exchange is done between business and customers without a pre-existing relationship, to purchase the event ticket.

Unfortunately, there are no specialized laws that refer to online contracts. Hence, these contracts must comply with the Contracts Act 1950. (3) With that mentioned, we as consumers are encouraged to properly read the proposal of contract, also known as the terms and condition, before giving acceptance to the contract as in buying the ticket. Another thing to be noted is buying the ticket from the original site where the offer is being made instead of a third-party to avoid being scammed as they aren't the ones offering the contract.

Nonetheless, after said precautions, enjoy your anime events!!  

sources: (1) Brian A. (2021) What "Anime" Means. Kotaku. (2) Comic Fiesta Sdn. Bhd. (2024) History of Comic Fiesta. Comic Fiesta. (3) Malaysia's Contracts Act 1950.

— Written by Zulfati

[commonsense-101]

When Legends Collide: The Copyright Battle Between League of Legends and Mobile Legends

If you’ve ever played Mobile Legends: Bang Bang or League of Legends, chances are you’ve noticed that the two games feel… oddly familiar. Same 5v5 MOBA setup, similar characters, map design that looks like it was copied and pasted—yeah, it’s not just your imagination. In fact, the similarities were so uncanny that Riot Games, the developer behind League of Legends, actually took legal action. Let's break down this legal drama in a way that doesn’t require a law degree to understand.

The Initial Lawsuit (2017)

Back in 2017, Riot Games (owned by Tencent) sued Moonton, the company behind Mobile Legends, in a U.S. court. Riot claimed that Mobile Legends copied major parts of League of Legends, especially its characters, lore, and overall game design (Chapple, 2017). This wasn’t just a “hey, that looks familiar” situation—it was a full-blown copyright infringement lawsuit. However, the U.S. District Court dismissed the case in 2022, stating that the dispute would be better resolved in a different jurisdiction—most likely China, where Moonton is based (Tassi, 2022). So Riot was basically told, “Wrong courtroom.”

The Comeback Lawsuit (May 2022)

Riot didn’t back down. In May 2022, they filed a new lawsuit, this time targeting Mobile Legends: Bang Bang. The updated complaint focused on the similarities between Mobile Legends and League of Legends: Wild Rift (Kim, 2022). Riot accused Moonton of continuing to copy key design elements despite previous legal warnings. This lawsuit wasn’t just about design aesthetics. It was about business competition, market influence, and protecting intellectual property in an increasingly mobile gaming world.

The $2 Million Question (and Settlement)

You might’ve heard that Riot won a lawsuit for around $2.9 million USD—and that’s partially true. In 2018, Tencent (Riot’s parent company) won a lawsuit in China against Moonton’s founder and was awarded approximately $2.9 million (Zhou, 2018). That case wasn’t directly tied to the U.S. one, but it shows Riot has been fighting this battle on multiple fronts. Then came April 2024: Riot and Moonton reached a global settlement, and Riot officially withdrew all related lawsuits (Yin-Poole, 2024). While the exact settlement terms weren’t disclosed, this marked the end of a long copyright war between two of the most influential mobile MOBA developers.

Final Thoughts

The Riot vs Moonton saga is more than just a developer beef—it’s a reminder that copyright law matters, even in mobile gaming. Whether it’s a character’s design, a game’s layout, or the music in the background, originality counts. So next time someone says all MOBAs look the same, just remember: legally, they’re not allowed to.

By Zabdan

[commonsense-101]

What to Look Out for in a Contract: A Malaysian College Student's Guide 📃📖📑

As a college student in Malaysia, stepping into the world of contracts can be both exciting and daunting. Whether you're signing a rental agreement for your first off-campus accommodation, entering into a part-time job contract, or collaborating on a group project with a learning contract, understanding the basics of contract law is essential.

1. Know the Basics: What Makes a Contract Valid?

Under the Contracts Act 1950, a valid contract in Malaysia requires:

Offer and Acceptance: One party makes an offer, and the other accepts it.

Intention to Create Legal Relations: Both parties intend for the agreement to be legally binding.

Consideration: Something of value is exchanged between the parties.

Capacity to Contract: Parties must be of legal age and of sound mind.

Free Consent: Agreement must be made without coercion, undue influence, fraud, misrepresentation, or mistake.

Understanding these elements helps ensure that any contract you enter into is legally enforceable.

2. Read Every Clause Carefully ⚠️

It's tempting to skim through lengthy documents, but every clause in a contract can have significant implications. Pay close attention to:

Payment Terms: Understand the amount, due dates, and penalties for late payments.

Duration and Termination: Know how long the contract lasts and the conditions under which it can be terminated.

Responsibilities and Obligations: Be clear on what is expected from both parties.

If any part of the contract is unclear, don't hesitate to seek clarification or legal advice.

3. Beware of Unfair Terms ⚠️

In Malaysia, the Consumer Protection Act 1999 addresses unfair contract terms, especially in standard form contracts. As a student, you might encounter such contracts when subscribing to services or purchasing products. Be cautious of terms that:

Allow one party to unilaterally change terms without notice.

Impose excessive penalties for breach of contract.

Limit or exclude liability unfairly.

If you feel a contract contains unfair terms, consult with a legal advisor or your university's student affairs office.

4. Keep Copies and Document Communications 📱📞

Always keep a signed copy of any contract you enter into. Additionally, document all communications related to the contract, such as emails or messages, as they can serve as evidence in case of disputes.

5. Seek Guidance When in Doubt 👋

If you're uncertain about any aspect of a contract, seek guidance. Many universities offer legal aid clinics or have student affairs departments equipped to assist students with such matters. It's better to ask questions beforehand than to face complications later.

Navigating contracts is an essential skill that will serve you well beyond your college years. By understanding the fundamentals and being vigilant, you can protect your rights and interests in various agreements.

If you have specific scenarios or types of contracts you'd like more information on, feel free to ask!

Written by Hayden Chan (1211101655)

References:

Contracts Act 1950 (Malaysia)

Consumer Protection Act 1999 (Malaysia)

Legal Issues Due to Unfair Contract Terms: The Malaysia Perspective

Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Learning Contract Course: Experience and Performance of the First Cohort