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GSM Full Form:GSM stands for Global System for Mobile Communications is a mobile phone standard developed by European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI). It was introduced in 1992 and has become the de facto global standard for wireless voice communications.GSM has evolved over time to support various services such as SMS messaging, MMS messaging, data communication, Internet access, and so on. The latest version of GSM known as GSM Evolution (or simply GSM EVO) was launched in 2011.GSM EVO supports enhanced data rates, which means that users can enjoy faster downloads and upload speeds. This is achieved through higher bandwidth usage and improved radio frequency spectrum efficiency.View QuizComplete LessonNext LessonReset LessonGSM stands for Global System for Mobile communication, which is a mobile phone network standard developed by European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) and later adopted by many other countries around the world. The first commercial GSM network was introduced in Finland in 1992. In 1993, the United States switched over to GSM technology. GSM networks use radio waves to transfer data between phones and base stations.Also Read,- Full Form of Computer

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IC Full Form:The integrated circuit (IC) is a semiconductor device that integrates several electronic functions on a single chip. Its name comes from its ability to perform multiple tasks at once.An IC is composed of transistors, resistors, diodes, capacitors, inductors, and other components. These components are connected together using wires or traces. An IC can contain millions of these components.Key Terms:Integrated circuit (IC)An integrated circuit is a semiconductor device that integrates many electronic circuits on a single piece of silicon. An IC chip contains thousands of transistors and resistors, as well as various connections, which are known as “wires”. These wires are used to connect individual components together inside the chip. In addition, each wire carries electrical signals that control different parts of the chip. A typical modern microchip may have millions of these tiny transistors and resistors built onto a small square of silicon less than 1/10th of an inch on each side.Micro-ControllersMicrocontrollers (MCUs) are small computers that control everything from lights to motors, pumps, fans, valves, relays, and sensors. Microcontrollers are embedded into devices that have no input/output capabilities without them. MCUs are tiny processors that communicate with each other via serial ports and I/O pins. There are many different types of microcontrollers including PICs, AVRs, ARM, and others. These MCUs are programmed using the C language.TransistorThe transistor is a basic building block of electronics. It is a three-terminal device consisting of a collector, base, and emitter. When current flows from the collector to the emitter, the transistor turns on and provides a conductive path. Current flowing from the emitter to the base creates a voltage difference between the base and the emitter, thus turning off the transistor.ResistorA resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that limits the flow of electric current. Its purpose is to limit current where necessary and to provide a constant voltage at its terminals, regardless of how much current passes through it. Resistors are often used to set specific voltages, temperatures, or currents.CapacitorCapacitors store electricity temporarily. Unlike batteries, capacitors do not require recharging. Capacitors are commonly used as filters, decoupling elements, timing elements, and energy storage devices.DiodeA diode is a two-terminal electrical junction that permits direct current to pass in only one direction. Like a resistor, a diode consists of two metal contacts separated by a nonconducting layer called the dielectric. Diodes are widely used as switches, rectifiers, and protective elements.LEDLED stands for Light Emitting Diode, which is a type of solid-state lighting technology. LEDs use no warm filament material, so they emit little or no heat. They emit visible light across the entire spectrum of color, including red, blue, yellow, green, cyan, magenta, orange, and white.FETFET stands for Field Effect Transistor, which is a type of transistor. FETs are a major constituent of modern digital logic circuits. FETs are characterized by their wide input impedance and high input noise immunity.View QuizComplete LessonNext LessonReset Lesson

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WPS Full Form"WPS" stands for Wireless Protected Setup. The protocol allows APs to communicate securely with each other and with clients using the SSID and password that was previously shared between them.WPS is a standard protocol for configuring wireless access points (AP) that allows devices to connect to them automatically without requiring user intervention. The setup process is usually initiated via a web browser or mobile application.WPS is built into nearly every modern router sold today. It was originally developed by Cisco Systems and later adopted by other manufacturers such as D-Link and TP-Link. This protocol has become very popular because it makes setting up a new device much easier.What is WPS?WPS is a wireless technology that enables users to easily set up their home network without using any cables. WPS-enabled devices communicate wirelessly with each other automatically after they have been placed close together. If the WPS button on a router is pressed, it sends out a signal that triggers nearby compatible devices to connect.How does WPS work?When a user presses the WPS button on their router, the router broadcasts a signal that identifies its unique identifier (SSID). All compatible devices receive the broadcasted signal and attempt to connect to the router. When two or more devices successfully connect to the same SSID, they become members of the same local area network (LAN) group. Once connected, the devices in the LAN group share information and interact with each other.Why is WPS useful?WPS makes setting up a home network easier than ever before. Users no longer need to run wires between devices to create a secure connection. Instead, they simply place them near each other and press the WPS button on the router. Devices then automatically connect to each other and join the same LAN group.How do I use WPS?To set up WPS, follow these steps:Press the WPS button on your router.Your device should display the message “Press to enter setup mode.”Enter the password for your Wi-Fi network.Select the name of your Wi-Fi network from the list displayed.Click.Your device will now join the selected network. You may want to change your network name if you plan to use different devices at your home.You may like:- ISD Full FormView QuizComplete LessonNext LessonReset Lessonhttps://csvidyalay.in/learn/lesson/isd-full-form/

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DSLR Full Form:DSLR stands for Digital Single Lens Reflex camera. What does this mean?The DSLR was developed in Japan in 1989. This type of camera has a reflex mirror that allows light from the lens to pass through onto the sensor.This means that the image is reflected back into the viewfinder for precise composition. The advantage of using a DSLR over other types of cameras is its ability to take pictures without having to press buttons or look at the screen.Key Terminologies:DIGITAL SLR CAMERASA digital single-lens reflex camera (or DSLR) is a type of digital still photography camera featuring a single lens and mirror box design. A DSLR is characterized by its use of a relatively small image sensor, as compared to traditional 35mm film cameras. Most high-end professional DSLRs feature interchangeable lenses, while many consumer models have fixed lenses only.IMAGE SENSORThe image sensor is the device inside a digital camera that captures images. In general terms, an image sensor consists of millions of tiny photodiodes (light sensors), which convert photons into electrons. These electrons are then converted into electrical signals and stored in memory.FOCUSINGFocusing is the act of adjusting the distance between the subject being photographed and the camera's optical system (i.e., the lens). When using autofocus, the camera automatically focuses on the subject. However, manual focus requires the photographer to manually move the focusing elements (the lens' components) in order to achieve sharpness.LENSESLenses are the optical devices that allow incoming rays of light to converge at a point called the focal plane. There are various types of lenses including wide angle, normal, telephoto, macro, fisheye, and zoom.AUTOFOCUSAutofocus is a technology where the camera automatically adjusts the focus of the optics based on the distance between the object and the camera. This is done by measuring the time it takes light to travel to the sensor and back again.MANUAL FOCUSManual focus refers to the process of moving the lens yourself to get the right focus. You do this by turning knobs on the side of the lens, or by pushing buttons on top of the camera.SHUTTER SPEEDShutter speed is how long the shutter stays open to let light hit the sensor. Shutter speeds vary depending on whether you want a fast action shot, a slow motion shot, or something in between.You may like:https://csvidyalay.in/full-form-of-ctc/View QuizComplete LessonNext LessonReset Lesson

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WPS Full Form"WPS" stands for Wireless Protected Setup. The protocol allows APs to communicate securely with each other and with clients using the SSID and password that was previously shared between them.WPS is a standard protocol for configuring wireless access points (AP) that allows devices to connect to them automatically without requiring user intervention. The setup process is usually initiated via a web browser or mobile application.WPS is built into nearly every modern router sold today. It was originally developed by Cisco Systems and later adopted by other manufacturers such as D-Link and TP-Link. This protocol has become very popular because it makes setting up a new device much easier.What is WPS?WPS is a wireless technology that enables users to easily set up their home network without using any cables. WPS-enabled devices communicate wirelessly with each other automatically after they have been placed close together. If the WPS button on a router is pressed, it sends out a signal that triggers nearby compatible devices to connect.How does WPS work?When a user presses the WPS button on their router, the router broadcasts a signal that identifies its unique identifier (SSID). All compatible devices receive the broadcasted signal and attempt to connect to the router. When two or more devices successfully connect to the same SSID, they become members of the same local area network (LAN) group. Once connected, the devices in the LAN group share information and interact with each other.Why is WPS useful?WPS makes setting up a home network easier than ever before. Users no longer need to run wires between devices to create a secure connection. Instead, they simply place them near each other and press the WPS button on the router. Devices then automatically connect to each other and join the same LAN group.How do I use WPS?To set up WPS, follow these steps:Press the WPS button on your router.Your device should display the message “Press to enter setup mode.”Enter the password for your Wi-Fi network.Select the name of your Wi-Fi network from the list displayed.Click.Your device will now join the selected network. You may want to change your network name if you plan to use different devices at your home.You may like:- ISD Full FormView QuizComplete LessonNext LessonReset Lessonhttps://csvidyalay.in/learn/lesson/isd-full-form/

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IC Full Form:The integrated circuit (IC) is a semiconductor device that integrates several electronic functions on a single chip. Its name comes from its ability to perform multiple tasks at once.An IC is composed of transistors, resistors, diodes, capacitors, inductors, and other components. These components are connected together using wires or traces. An IC can contain millions of these components.Key Terms:Integrated circuit (IC)An integrated circuit is a semiconductor device that integrates many electronic circuits on a single piece of silicon. An IC chip contains thousands of transistors and resistors, as well as various connections, which are known as “wires”. These wires are used to connect individual components together inside the chip. In addition, each wire carries electrical signals that control different parts of the chip. A typical modern microchip may have millions of these tiny transistors and resistors built onto a small square of silicon less than 1/10th of an inch on each side.Micro-ControllersMicrocontrollers (MCUs) are small computers that control everything from lights to motors, pumps, fans, valves, relays, and sensors. Microcontrollers are embedded into devices that have no input/output capabilities without them. MCUs are tiny processors that communicate with each other via serial ports and I/O pins. There are many different types of microcontrollers including PICs, AVRs, ARM, and others. These MCUs are programmed using the C language.TransistorThe transistor is a basic building block of electronics. It is a three-terminal device consisting of a collector, base, and emitter. When current flows from the collector to the emitter, the transistor turns on and provides a conductive path. Current flowing from the emitter to the base creates a voltage difference between the base and the emitter, thus turning off the transistor.ResistorA resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that limits the flow of electric current. Its purpose is to limit current where necessary and to provide a constant voltage at its terminals, regardless of how much current passes through it. Resistors are often used to set specific voltages, temperatures, or currents.CapacitorCapacitors store electricity temporarily. Unlike batteries, capacitors do not require recharging. Capacitors are commonly used as filters, decoupling elements, timing elements, and energy storage devices.DiodeA diode is a two-terminal electrical junction that permits direct current to pass in only one direction. Like a resistor, a diode consists of two metal contacts separated by a nonconducting layer called the dielectric. Diodes are widely used as switches, rectifiers, and protective elements.LEDLED stands for Light Emitting Diode, which is a type of solid-state lighting technology. LEDs use no warm filament material, so they emit little or no heat. They emit visible light across the entire spectrum of color, including red, blue, yellow, green, cyan, magenta, orange, and white.FETFET stands for Field Effect Transistor, which is a type of transistor. FETs are a major constituent of modern digital logic circuits. FETs are characterized by their wide input impedance and high input noise immunity.View QuizComplete LessonNext LessonReset Lesson

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GSM Full Form:GSM stands for Global System for Mobile Communications is a mobile phone standard developed by European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI). It was introduced in 1992 and has become the de facto global standard for wireless voice communications.GSM has evolved over time to support various services such as SMS messaging, MMS messaging, data communication, Internet access, and so on. The latest version of GSM known as GSM Evolution (or simply GSM EVO) was launched in 2011.GSM EVO supports enhanced data rates, which means that users can enjoy faster downloads and upload speeds. This is achieved through higher bandwidth usage and improved radio frequency spectrum efficiency.View QuizComplete LessonNext LessonReset LessonGSM stands for Global System for Mobile communication, which is a mobile phone network standard developed by European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) and later adopted by many other countries around the world. The first commercial GSM network was introduced in Finland in 1992. In 1993, the United States switched over to GSM technology. GSM networks use radio waves to transfer data between phones and base stations.Also Read,- Full Form of Computer

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EDGE Full Form:EDGE stands for Enhanced Data Rates for Global Evolution and is the latest upgrade to the original GSM technology. It allows customers to enjoy faster data speeds when they are connected to their mobile networks. In addition, it also supports voice calls at high quality.GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications) is a wireless mobile network standard that was developed by European telecommunications companies in order to create a global system of radio communications. This technology has become very popular over the years, especially in developing countries. The latest version of GSM is known as Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution or EDGE.This new technology increases the speed of data transfer from 2.4 kilobits per second (kbps) to 14.4 kbps. This means that you will get better coverage areas and fewer dropped connections. If you want to stay updated with the latest developments in GSM technology, check out our article on the top 3 things you should know about GSM.View QuizComplete LessonNext LessonReset LessonThe EDGE technology was introduced to provide mobile phone users with enhanced voice quality and increased network capacity. In addition to providing higher-quality service, the EDGE standard provides improved battery life and reduced cost per bit by using fewer radio channels. As a result, the EDGE standard helps operators to reduce their costs while maintaining high voice quality.Also Read,- ASR Full Form

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GPRS Full Form:GPRS stands for General Packet Radio Service. What does it mean? How is it useful? Let us explain.Mobile phones are becoming ubiquitous. They are now the primary device for communication, social networking, entertainment, shopping, banking, etc. The number of mobile phone subscribers has increased from 200 million in 2000 to over 2.5 billion in 2018. This growth in mobile usage is expected to continue to increase.Mobile data plans are expensive. If you want to stay connected, you need to get the best deal possible. That means searching for a new plan that suits your budget and lifestyle. And because you don't always have access to Wi-Fi, you'll need to look into using 3G or 4G networks.View QuizComplete LessonNext LessonReset LessonThe General Packet Radio Service is a standard defined by the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI). GPRS is designed to provide packet-switched data services over circuit-switched networks, such as GSM. In order to use GPRS, a device must first have a SIM card installed. A SIM card is a small chip containing subscriber information. When a SIM card is inserted into a phone, it connects to the network and registers the user's account. Once registered, the user can access the Internet via their mobile phone. Data transfer rates using GPRS vary depending on the type of service being used. There are three different types of GPRS: Class 10, Class 12, and Class 18. Each class has its own set speed limit. Class 10 allows for the fastest download speeds at 56 kbps, while Class 18 allows for slower speeds at 2 Mbps. Class 12 offers intermediate speeds between the two, and allows for downloads at either 8 Kbps or 14 Kbps.

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WPA Full Form:WPA stands for Wireless Protected Access is a security protocol developed by the Wi-Fi Alliance. This standard has been widely adopted by wireless network providers who offer their customers the ability to connect to public hotspots without sharing personal information or having to enter a password.With WPA2, you can securely access free Wi-Fi networks at coffee shops, hotels, airports, and other locations.View QuizComplete LessonNext LessonReset LessonKey Terms:WPA2WPA2 (Wi-Fi Protected Access 2) is a wireless security standard developed by Wi-Fi Alliance. It was first introduced in 2003 and replaced WPA (Wi-Fi Protection Association). The goal of WPA2 is to provide stronger encryption than WPA while maintaining backward compatibility. WPA2 uses AES-CCMP (AES Counter Mode with CBC-MAC Protocol), a stream cipher, as its underlying cryptographic primitive.EAPOL-Key Handshake Authentication ProtocolEAPOL-Key Handshaking Authentication Protocol (EAPOL-Key/HAP) is a method of authentication between two devices using IEEE 802.1X/IEEE 802.11i. In addition to providing authentication, EAPOL-Key/HAp provides confidentiality protection by encrypting traffic at Layer 2.IEEE 802.1xIEEE 802.1x is a set of standards for port-based network access control. IEEE 802.1X works with the existing IEEE 802 LAN/MAN interfaces, including Ethernet, Token Ring, FDDI, Fiber Distributed Data Interface, and ATM. IEEE 802.1w specifies how IEEE 802.1X is used to authenticate users to access wired networks.IEEE 802.11iIEEE 802.11n is a revision of the IEEE 802.11 standard for wireless networking. It adds physical layer features such as MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output) technologies, OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access), and SC-FDMA (Single Carrier FDMA). IEEE 802.11i defines mechanisms for secure management frames, data frames, and probe requests.PSKThe Point Sequence Key (PSK) is a simple symmetric key exchange protocol. It is commonly used in wireless local area networks (WLANs) where the transmitter and receiver share a single secret key. The PSK protocol requires no prearrangement of keys and does not require any special hardware. It is widely supported by many modern operating systems.

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BLOB Full Form:BLOB stands for Binary Large Object, and it refers to data stored in binary format. This means that each bit of information is represented by either 0 or 1. This can also mean that a BLOB is very large compared to other types of files.BLOBs can be found everywhere. They are used in databases, spreadsheets, e-mail attachments, and even on websites such as Facebook. If you don’t want your data to get lost, you should back it up regularly.View QuizComplete LessonNext LessonReset LessonBinary Large Object (BLOB) is a term used to describe a collection of data that is larger than 4 gigabytes. BLOBs are often stored on disk drives, tape backup devices, etc., and are commonly used to store images, video, audio, and other digital files.Binary Large Object (BLOB) is a term coined by IBM in 1982 to describe data objects larger than 4K bytes. A BLOB is a set of related data items stored together in a single database record. The term was later popularized by Microsoft's SQL Server product line.In the context of databases, a BLOB is any type of binary data that exceeds the size limitations of a standard row in a relational table.The main advantage of using BLOBs is that they allow for storing large amounts of data without requiring a separate file system. However, their main disadvantage is that they cannot be easily queried using traditional SQL statements.A typical use case where BLOBs are useful is when storing images, audio files, or video clips. Another example would be if you want to store the text contents of a document.To create a BLOB, use the following syntax: CREATE TABLE my_table( my_column VARCHAR(255) NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY);If you need to insert a BLOB value inside a column, use the LOAD DATA LOCAL INFILE statement. You can specify the name of the BLOB as a parameter. LOAD DATA LOCAL IN FILE 'filename' INTO TABLE my_table;You can also use the COPY command to copy a BLOB value from one table to another.

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WPA Full Form:WPA stands for Wireless Protected Access is a security protocol developed by the Wi-Fi Alliance. This standard has been widely adopted by wireless network providers who offer their customers the ability to connect to public hotspots without sharing personal information or having to enter a password.With WPA2, you can securely access free Wi-Fi networks at coffee shops, hotels, airports, and other locations.View QuizComplete LessonNext LessonReset LessonKey Terms:WPA2WPA2 (Wi-Fi Protected Access 2) is a wireless security standard developed by Wi-Fi Alliance. It was first introduced in 2003 and replaced WPA (Wi-Fi Protection Association). The goal of WPA2 is to provide stronger encryption than WPA while maintaining backward compatibility. WPA2 uses AES-CCMP (AES Counter Mode with CBC-MAC Protocol), a stream cipher, as its underlying cryptographic primitive.EAPOL-Key Handshake Authentication ProtocolEAPOL-Key Handshaking Authentication Protocol (EAPOL-Key/HAP) is a method of authentication between two devices using IEEE 802.1X/IEEE 802.11i. In addition to providing authentication, EAPOL-Key/HAp provides confidentiality protection by encrypting traffic at Layer 2.IEEE 802.1xIEEE 802.1x is a set of standards for port-based network access control. IEEE 802.1X works with the existing IEEE 802 LAN/MAN interfaces, including Ethernet, Token Ring, FDDI, Fiber Distributed Data Interface, and ATM. IEEE 802.1w specifies how IEEE 802.1X is used to authenticate users to access wired networks.IEEE 802.11iIEEE 802.11n is a revision of the IEEE 802.11 standard for wireless networking. It adds physical layer features such as MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output) technologies, OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access), and SC-FDMA (Single Carrier FDMA). IEEE 802.11i defines mechanisms for secure management frames, data frames, and probe requests.PSKThe Point Sequence Key (PSK) is a simple symmetric key exchange protocol. It is commonly used in wireless local area networks (WLANs) where the transmitter and receiver share a single secret key. The PSK protocol requires no prearrangement of keys and does not require any special hardware. It is widely supported by many modern operating systems.

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CCTV Full Form:CCTV stands for closed circuit television is a video surveillance system that records events within a certain area. It consists of cameras connected to monitors and recording devices. The footage recorded from these devices can then be viewed later in real time or stored on a storage device such as a DVD or Blu-ray disc.View QuizComplete LessonNext LessonReset LessonCCTV CamerasCameras are used for many different reasons; they are mainly used for security purposes. Security systems are becoming more popular because people want to make sure that their property is safe. Cameras can help out in many ways including keeping track of children, pets, and even wildlife. There are many types of cameras depending on what you need them for. You may have a home camera system installed to keep an eye on things while you’re away on vacation. Or maybe you just want to monitor your kids without being physically present. Whatever the case, cameras can do a lot of great things and help us stay safer in our homes.CCTV softwareThe best way to use a camera is to install some sort of surveillance system. Most people prefer cctv software because it makes everything much easier. Software is basically like having a personal assistant who helps you watch over your place of business. You can easily view live feeds, check footage, and download files right from your computer. If you’re looking for the best cctv software, then you should definitely try out IP Surveillance Software.CCTV AccessoriesThere are many different accessories that go along with cctv systems. One of the biggest advantages about using these accessories is that they allow you to expand the capabilities of your camera system. A good example of this would be night vision goggles. These goggles work with any type of camera and give you the chance to see at night. Another accessory that is commonly associated with cctv systems is a hard drive. Hard drives are necessary because they store the data that you collect from the cameras. Without a hard drive, you wouldn’t be able to save anything.CCTV InstallationIf you are interested in installing a cctv system in your home, then you should know how to properly set it up. There are many different steps involved with setting up a cctv system. First thing first, you will need to buy the parts that you need. Then you will have to mount the equipment onto the wall. After this step, you will need to connect each piece of equipment together. Once everything is connected, then you can start programming the system. Programming involves connecting the video cables to the correct devices and making sure that everything works correctly.CCTV MaintenanceMaintenance is something that you should always look after. When you don’t take care of your cctv system, then it could break down. If you notice any issues with your cctv system then you should contact a professional immediately. Even if you think that nothing is wrong, it’s still recommended to get it checked out. Make sure that you schedule regular visits with a professional to ensure that everything is working properly.CCTV Applications- CCTV ApplicationsCCTV is commonly known as Closed Circuit Television. CCTV cameras have been around since the early 1900's. Early CCTV systems were bulky and expensive. Nowadays, modern day CCTV systems are small, inexpensive and highly versatile. There are many different types of CCTV camera applications. These applications range from simple security monitoring to complex surveillance. In this video we explore the various applications of CCTV including home usage, business usage, and public safety.- Home UsageHome usage includes monitoring of entrances/exits, perimeter protection, and interior security. Typical uses for home usage would be at a child's nursery school, office building, apartment buildings, and homes.- Business UsageBusiness usage includes monitoring of entrances, exits, and perimeter protection. Typical uses for business usage would be at hotels, restaurants, hospitals, retail stores, warehouses, factories, banks, casinos, and airports.- Public SafetyPublic safety includes monitoring of crowds, traffic, and events. Typical uses for public safety would be at stadiums, concerts, parades, festivals, protests, and sporting events.

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What does a computer full form?The word 'computer' comes from the Greek word Komputer meaning 'to count'. In order to count something, you need a counting device. Computers are electronic devices that allow us to count or calculate numbers. They are also called information processing machines.A computer is a machine that performs calculations using a series of instructions stored in memory. This means computers are capable of performing complex tasks such as writing letters, playing games, creating art, and even flying planes.COMPUTER stands for Common Operating Machine Purposely Used for Technological and Educational Research. It is only a myth because, first, this definition is absurd, and second, the original computers were merely calculating devices that required a lot of space to set up.COMPUTER = Arithmetical Logical Unit (ALU) + Control Unit (CU) Arithmetical Logical UnitThe component of a central processing unit known as an arithmetic-logic unit performs arithmetic and logic operations on the operands in computer instruction words.The ALU in certain processors is split into an arithmetic unit (AU) and a logic unit (LU). One AU may be for fixed-point operations while another may be for floating-point operations in some CPUs.Control UnitThe central processing unit includes the control unit (CPU). The control unit and arithmetic logic unit make up the central processing unit (CPU). The control unit creates the timing and control signals necessary for all computer activities. Utilizing the control unit's timing signals, data flow between the CPU, memory, and other peripherals is managed.Categorization of Computer- Analog Computer- Digital Computer- Hybrid ComputerCommon Types of Computer- Desktop ComputerA desktop computer is a type of personal computer (PC) designed to be placed on a desk or countertop. A desktop PC is characterized by having a display monitor as its primary user interface, along with a keyboard and mouse. In contrast to a laptop computer, a desktop computer does not have a built-in battery; instead, it connects to AC power using an external power supply unit.- Laptop ComputerThe term 'laptop' was originally coined by Apple Inc. in 1984 when they introduced their first portable Macintosh computer called the Macintosh Portable. Since then, laptops have become increasingly popular due to their portability and ease of use. Today's laptops are much smaller than early models, often measuring just over 11 inches tall by 6.5 inches wide. Popular laptop brands include Dell, HP, Lenovo, Acer, Asus, Toshiba, Samsung, and many others.- TabletsTablet computers are small, lightweight devices that run on batteries rather than mains electricity. Unlike smartphones, tablets do not need to connect to a network to access the internet. Instead, the tablet runs software that provides users with access to apps that perform specific tasks. Tablets are commonly used for reading books, playing games, watching videos, listening to music, taking notes, browsing the web, and performing basic word processing. Most tablets have touchscreens, although some lack them.- SmartphoneThe smartphone is a mobile phone with advanced features including Internet connectivity, voice recognition, text messaging, camera, GPS navigation system, digital compass, accelerometer, proximity sensors, and Bluetooth technology. The iPhone is the best-known brand of a smartphone today, followed by Android phones, Blackberry, Nokia, Windows Phone, and Symbian OS.- Mobile PhoneMobile phones are cellular telephones that can make and receive calls across a wireless communication network. Cellular networks were initially constructed and owned by telephone companies. As of 2017, there are around 2.8 billion active global subscribers, making it the world's largest telecommunications industry. Mobile phones have evolved significantly since their inception, becoming lighter, thinner, and more durable while providing enhanced functionality and supporting various technologies.- SmartwatchSmartwatches combine a wrist watch face with a functional PDA. Smartwatches are wearable computing devices that integrate mobile device features such as a touchscreen, speakers, cameras, location services, and fitness tracking capabilities into a single integrated product. Modern smartwatches provide notifications of incoming calls and messages, allow users to respond via short replies, and may provide navigational directions. Users can download third party applications to extend functionality.- Wearable DeviceWearable devices are electronic devices worn on the body, such as a headband or glasses. They are similar to smartphones in that they offer many of the same features, but are intended to be worn on the body. Wearable devices are gaining popularity among consumers and businesses alike. Many wearables are being used for medical purposes.

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What exactly is superconductivity and why should engineers care?Superconductors are materials that conduct electricity without resistance. They're commonly used in electrical components such as power transmission lines, transformers, magnets, and generators.Engineers often face challenges when designing or building new products, especially those involving superconductive materials. Knowing the basics of superconductor science can significantly improve their efficiency.What is Superconductivity?Superconductivity is a phenomenon where electrons flow without any electrical resistance at certain temperatures. When they do, they become completely still and have no electrical charge. Superconductors are materials that exhibit this behavior. In fact, scientists use them to make magnets, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) machines, and particle accelerators.Why does this matter?Engineers need superconducting materials to build high-speed trains, MRI machines, and particle accelerator magnets. These devices require extreme amounts of electricity, and the current flowing through these parts cannot be interrupted. If the material doesn't work as expected, then the device won't function properly.What makes superconductors special?There are several types of superconductors, including ceramic metals and ceramics, metal oxides, and hydrogenated amorphous silicon. Each type of material offers its own advantages and disadvantages. Ceramic metals and ceramics are some of the best options for engineers because they offer good mechanical stability and chemical stability. Their downside is their low conductivity. Metal oxides are versatile materials, but they're not stable enough to withstand the high temperature environments needed for engineering applications. Hydrogenated amorphous silicon is the only semiconductor material that exhibits superconductivity. However, it's expensive and difficult to produce.

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HTML stands for Hypertext Markup Language, and it’s the underlying language of the web. HTML has become an essential part of every web page. If you want to create a website or blog, you’re going to need to master HTML.HTML was originally developed by Tim Berners-Lee at CERN (the European Organization for Nuclear Research) in 1989. The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) adopted HTML as its official markup language in 1990. Since then, HTML has gone through several major revisions, and today it’s widely regarded as the standard markup language for websites.You might already know that HTML is the basic building block of a website. In fact, it’s the only way to structure text, images, links, tables, forms, and other elements into a document. But did you know that HTML also plays a key role in connecting computers together over networks?Basic Structure of a HTML Code:Page TitleThis is a HeadingThis is a paragraph.

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What is Cost to Company? How much does it cost a company to run?This question has been asked for decades and the answer is always the same – “it depends”.The cost to a company to run can vary depending on several factors such as the size of the company, the location where it operates, etc. There are two ways to calculate the cost to the company. One way is to look at the direct costs such as salaries, rent, utilities, etc. The other way is to look at indirect costs such as marketing, advertising, IT services, etc.A company’s cost to operate is determined by looking at both direct and indirect costs.Cost to company refers to the total amount of money that a customer pays to a company for a particular service or product. The price tag varies depending on the type of service provided and the number of units purchased. For example, the price of a car might depend on its model year, color and features.A good rule of thumb is to divide your hourly rate by the number of hours spent working on a project to determine the costs associated with a specific task. If you spend eight hours per week on client projects, then you should charge $20 per hour.