Mike Clark and I were chatting on Twitter about noise and sensor resolution and I made the quip that “More pixels are almost always better”, at least when you’re north of 20 megapixels. Now, Twitter is a horrible place to say something like that—especially for someone like me who has long been in the bigger pixels are always better camp—so I quickly restated it as:
Or maybe a better way to think of it is that bigger pixels are better than smaller until you have ~1.5-2x the smaller ones.
Again, a quip forced into Twitter length and not really accurate, so let me unpack it a bit more here.
The truism that, all things being equal, bigger pixels in a camera sensor are less noisy than smaller pixels on a pixel-by-pixel basis is still absolutely in effect. But now that we’re moving into the realm of 24 and 36 megapixel sensors, there are other factors at play that are changing the game and reducing the effectiveness of that rule-of-thumb.
One of these factors is oversampling. When you take 24 megapixels and process them down to a finished image—whether that’s sized for your HDTV or a large print, the little bits of noise variation between pixels gets smoothed down more than when you start out with half the data—much in the same way that oversampling audio makes for better recordings. To be sure, there’s got to be an upper limit to where this benefit is, but evidently we’re not there yet.
Another factor is that the noise that is there is of a better subjective quality than ever before. Each generation of sensors seems produce noise that’s more and more like grain. This kind of noise is visually more appealing is the sort that helps acuity. It also seems to respond better to downsampling than the older, blocky noise of past sensors.
And finally, there are all the other factors that go into making a modern sensor that are continually improving all the time. Firmware, back-illumination, and a thousand other details that are part of the secret sauce of making amazing sensors. These are all exerting themselves in interesting ways that make relying on a single axis of judging a sensor—such as pixel size—problematic. And, they are most obvious on cameras that are twice the resolution as the ones that were state of the art not long ago.
So yes, big pixels are great. They always have been and always will be. But you know what’s better? Big sensors stuffed with pixels that are big enough to constrain noise, but are small enough and packed in tightly enough to bring the advantages of higher resolution, oversampling, and probably a few other factors that don’t reduce themselves down to a simple comparison statement to bear. Oh, and make ’em state of the art pixels.Â
Also, you know what’s amazing? Simply being able to pick between so many great cameras and go out and make better photographs than ever. All that’s required is a good eye and some practice. From the the APS-C size Fuji X100s to the full-frame Sony A7 or Canon 5Dmk3 or Nikon D800, there’s never been a better crop of sensors.