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speak polish + english learning greek + japanese revising french + german + spanish reblogging others for future use if you have any language or other questions don't hesitate to ask!

[wonderful-language-sounds]

This is a post about masterposts about resources and books for studying many languages. I made this since many people do not know about all the resources that have been posted.

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**Last Updated: January 14, 2018**

[salutcavaouiettoi]

Being in trouble in french ouh la la 🇫🇷

Oh non = Oh no

Meeeerde = Shitttt

Putain de sa mère (very rude lol) = Holy fuck

Oh putain = Oh fuck

C’est pas possible = It’s not possible

Je suis dans la merde =I’m in deep shit

Bordel de merde = sort of like “holy shit”

Zut = A cute way to say “darn”

Mince = Another way to say “darn”

Oh mon dieu = Oh my god

C’est pas vrai = I can’t believe it

Qu’est-ce que j’ai fait = What have I done

Tout est foutu = Everything’s over

J’ai tout gâché = I ruined everything

[awesomefrench]

EN vs DANS

[awesomefrench]

EN

About time : 

Il compte lire ce livre en deux jours. > He wants to read this book in two days. 

Il terminera ses études en avril prochain. > He’ll finish his studies at the end of April.

En hiver, il va à l’école; en été, il travaille. > By winter, he studies, by summer, he works.

Ils se sont mariés en 1990 : They married in 1990.  

About locations : 

Mes parents sont en Europe. > My parents are in Europe. 

J’irai en France bientôt. > I’ll go to France soon. 

About transports : 

Aimez-vous mieux voyager en autobus, en train, en auto ou en bateau ? > Would you rather travel by bus, train, car or boat ?

Il voyage toujours en avion. > He always travels by plane.

BUT : à vélo, à moto, à cheval

Before a “gérondif” :

C’est en travaillant qu’on réussit. > It’s by working that you succeed. 

Il est parti en souriant. > He left smiling. 

Before a noun (without defined article) :

Elle est en prison. > She’s in jail. 

BUT : Elle est dans la prison. > She’s in the jail. 

About the composition of a material :

Mon portefeuille est en cuir. > My wallet is made of leather. 

About locutions (Verbales or prépositives) : 

Nous sommes arrivés en même temps. > We arrived at the same time. 

J’étais assise en face de lui.> I was sitting in front of him. 

Il est en train de regarder la télé. > He’s watching TV. 

About describing :

Il semblait en colère. > He seemed angry. 

DANS  About time : When an action is about to happen : 

Le film va commencer dans cinq minutes. > The movie will start in 5 minutes.

About something being “inside” or “outside” :

Le crayon est dans le tiroir. > The pen is in the drawer.

Nous nous sommes perdus dans New York. > We got lost in New-York.

Dans la vie, il faut travailler si on veut réussir. > In life, we need to work if you want to succeed.

Nous n’étions pas encore dans l’avion. > We weren’t in the plane yet. 

J’ai mal dans le dos. > I have a pain in the back. 

About approximation : 

Elle a dans les 60 ans. > She’s about 60. 

Ça va coûter dans les 300 dollars. > It’ll cost about 300 dollars. 

About the way, the condition of something. 

Dans le doute, abstiens-toi ! > If you doubt, don’t do it! 

Ils vivent dans la pauvreté et la saleté. > They live in poverty and dirt. 

About “going through” something : 

Nous avancions dans la tempète. > We were walking through the storm. 

J’ai passé le doigt dans l’anneau. > I slid the finger in the ring. 

[ny0om-deactivated20200812]

What’s the grammatical difference between

雨そうです and 雨のようだ

Aren’t both saying “it seems like it will rain/looks like rain” ?

[ny0om-deactivated20200812]

Also 雨が降るらしいです？

[aidoku-deactivated20191023]

雨だそうです (gotta have the だ) you’ve heard that it will rain from an outside source and you believe that it’s probably true (weather forecast told you, etc.)

雨のようです you looked out the window and there are dark clouds so you think it will rain. (making a direct observation)

雨らしいです you’ve heard that it will rain, but you’re not particularly confident that it’s actually going to happen. (Weather forecast told you but they often get it wrong, etc.)

[transastronautistic]

i was trying to find the ancient greek work for pumpkin because Halloween and instead i found this gem

[francais-e]

here’s some more information about pronouns in french. i’ve been looking at several parisian lgbt groups and this is an image that helped me to visualize how gender neutral pronouns work in such a gendered language, even if they’re not widely recognized.

[langblrofsorts]

modern greek present tense of the group A verbs

Remeber about them  verbs patterns in modern greek? If not, check this out:  verb declension pattern groups in modern greek

The stem of the verb is the part before the -ω or -ομαι. In the active voice, the stem of the verb remains unchanged and you add the following endings:

verb “χάνω” (to lose, to misplace)

χάν-ω = Ι lose

χάν-εις = you lose

χάν-ει  = he / she / it loses

χάν-ουμε = we lose

χάν-ετε = you lose (pl. form or polite / informal form)

χάν-ουν(ε) = they lose

(the χάνουνε form is colloquial)

In the passive voice, the stem remains unchanged in all persons but the first plural and you add the following endings:

verb “χάνομαι” (to get lost, to lose myself)

χάν-ομαι = Ι get lost

χάν-εσαι = you get lost

χάν-εται = he / she / it gets lost

χαν-όμαστε = we get lost

χάν-εστε (or χαν-όσαστε) = you get lost

χάν-ονται = they get lost

Again, the form in parentheses in colloquial.

Here’s an example of another verb in this group, σβήνω (to erase, to wipe out)

active forms

σβήνω

σβήνεις

σβήνει

σβήνουμε

σβήνετε

σβήνουν(ε)

passive forms

σβήνομαι

σβήνεσαι

σβήνεται

σβηνόμαστε

σβήνεστε (σβηνόσαστε)

σβήνονται

Let’s point out that there’s no present continuous in modern greek, so σβήνω means both “I erase” and “I am erasing” and χάνω means both “I lose” and “I am losing”. You don’t have to make that distinction in modern greek, but if you need to, there are plenty of adverbs to use:

Κάθε μέρα πίνω γάλα. = I drink milk every day.

Αυτή τη στιγμή, πίνω γάλα. = I’m drinking milk right now.

Note that in both cases, the verb stays the same. The sense of frequency is conveyed through “κάθε μέρα” (=every day) and the sense of “right now” through “αυτή τη στιγμή” (= right now, literally: at this moment).

[whencyclopedia]

[langblrofsorts]

This comes from ancient greek ώρα, which meant “time” as in “night time” or “the time is now” and “season”.

In modern greek, it means “hour”. Let’s see some other words in this family:

ωριαίος = hourly, lasting one hour

πολύωρος = lasting many hours

πρόωρος = premature

ωράριο = working hours

μισάωρο = half an hour

δύωρο, τρίωρο, τετράωρο, πεντάωρο = two, three, four, five hours…

εικοσιτετράωρο or 24ωρο = 24 hours

ωρολογοποιός = watch / clock maker

ωροσκόπιο = horoscope

ωροσκόπος = ascendant (in astrology)

ωροδείκτης = the short hand of clocks (the one that shows the hours)

The following words also derive from ώρα. I could explain what their connection is to this word but it would exceed the purpose of this post. It would also make it rather cumbersome. So, here we go:

ρολόι = watch, clock

ωραίος = nice, good

εξωραΐζω = I embellish

οπώρα = fruit (mostly found on groceries signs, other than that, we use the word φρούτο in everyday life)

ώριμος = ripe

And now, for some expressions:

για την ώρα = for the time being

ώρες - ώρες = sometimes, there are times that…

Η ώρα η καλή! = (wedding wish)

πάνω στην ώρα = right on time

με τις ώρες = for hours on end

When something happens on time, we say it happens στην ώρα του (on its time). But ”η ώρα of something” can also mean the end of it, when it ends or (in case of a person) when one dies. So

Ήρθε η ώρα του = this can either mean “it’s time to throw it away” or ‘he’s about to die”.

[spanishskulduggery]

Today I learned that el benjamín or la benjamina can mean “youngest member/sibling”. Which would have been helpful because I spent like 20 minutes wondering who Benjamín was and had some Gran Hotel flashbacks

[langblrofsorts]

Benjamin is used in modern greek too in this way. The name in modern greek is Βενιαμίν.

Είναι ο Βενιαμίν μας! = He’s our youngest.

Only difference is that we don’t have a female form for Βενιαμίν so it’s only for males.

[aki-no-arashi]

Japanese Braille (and why it’s easier than written Japanese)

Okay, so I thought I’d write a post about a topic that’s really close to my heart, being a Legally Blind person: Japanese Braille. 

There are 1.64 million people in Japan with an Uncorrectable Vision Impairments, 187,000 of which are listed as Blind.

Japanese Braille sounds really difficult, but in reality it’s not actually that hard! Especially once you get a few hundred Kanji in, learning Japanese Braille is honestly super simple. 

First of all, a note: Japanese Braille (99% of the time, at least) is completely phonetic; there’s no differentiation between Hiragana, Katakana, and Kanji like there is in Written Japanese.

Additionally, it follows really basic patterns; with the exception of a few Punctuation-type characters, you basically only have to learn 21 basic pieces, as everything else follows basic patterns beyond that. 

First off, the vowels: 

All other Syllables use these same Vowels, in the same places

Following this, there comes all of the Consonants

Note that the vowels are in the exact same spot as in the AIUEO characters, just with an added mark for the Consonant.

Here is probably a good place to point out: Dakuten is marked by a single dot on the middle of the right side of the cell, placed BEFORE the character that gets changed by the Dakuten (Handakuten is the same, except the dot was lowered to the bottom right of the cell)

You’ll note that this brings us up to 14 characters…. where are all the rest?

If you’re observant, you’ll note that Ya, Yu, Yo, and Wa and (W)o are missing from the chart here. That’s because these 5 characters break the rules, just a little bit.

(Note that the Wi & We characters are only there for Ancient Japanese; don’t worry if you never learned them before, they’re gone from Japanese now)

Note that the -y- character there is placed BEFORE another consonant to make it a _y_ version of it (i.e. put it before Ka to make Kya), and that the -w- character is used to make all the irregular Little Characters (i.e. put it before Ha and you’ll get Fa).

There’s 2  more characters to learn, and they’re pretty easy. 

They’re made for doubling consonants, and doubling vowels respectively

For example, putting a Sokuon before Ka makes Kka, and a Chouon AFTER A makes Aa

Anyways, that covers all the fundamentals of Japanese Braille, hopefully enabling even more people to make Blind Literacy possible, in an entire other language!

[spanishskulduggery]

The ask about how the older generation is more likely to say me gusta and the younger generation tends to use likear reminds me of when in the US people started to put <3 on shirts

Like the famous one is “I <3 NY” t-shirts they sell

And my parents would say it was “I love New York”

But me and my friends would see it as “I heart New York”, and “heart” (which is not usually used as a verb) came to be accepted as “love” or an understandable stand-in? 

And I guess in symbology it works across most cultures where even now the <3 is used as a “like” or “love” button

Even now in spoken English, if I said “I heart you” it would be understood as a more informal/teenage and probably joking way of saying “I love you”

[langblrofsorts]

modern greek articles IV

1. The indefinite article is used in order to introduce something not mentioned before (in contrast to the definite article being used for something known or aforementioned), something vague or unknown:

Βρήκα μια βαλίτσα. Αυτή η βαλίτσα ήταν γεμάτη λεφτά. = I found a suitcase. That suitcase was full of money.

Μια φορά και έναν καιρό = Once upon a time

Σήμερα, μου χτύπησε την πόρτα ένας άγνωστος. = Today, a stranger knocked on my door.

2. Like the definite article, it can be used to turn the noun more… general, to represent a whole kind of things and not a certain one:

To άλογο έχει τέσσερα πόδια = Ένα άλογο έχει τέσσερα πόδια = A horse has four legs (meaning, horses in general).

Of course, you can pretty much say the same thing using the plural (with the definite article): Τα άλογα έχουν τέσσερα πόδια = Horses have four legs)

3. Btw, the indefinite article is also the word for “one”. Makes sense.

4. Usually, when the verb characterizes the subject of the sentence (verbs like είμαι, γίνομαι, κτλ), no article is needed. I think that, in such cases, if the indefinite article is used after all, it’s done for emphasis:

Είμαι μουσικός.. = I’m a musician.

Είσαι ένας ήρωας! = You are a hero.

That’s all.

See also:

modern greek articles I, modern greek articles II, modern greek articles III

[thelanguagecommunity]

this post is meant to be a directory of every resource I come across for modern Greek. It will be a continuous work in progress so thank you for your patience! if you have any issues or things to add, please reply to this post!

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introduction by @ayearinlanguage​

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wikipedia

Keep reading

[language-infierno]

Hello! I hope this isn’t too long for any of you to explain, but if anybody gets the chance would they be able to explain to me how to conjugate the greek subjunctive? I can do the irregular ones, like βρίσκω to βρω, but honestly the regular ones confuse me with how they form the subjunctive 😅 (also if you guys could direct me to someone that may know if you don’t that would be great, because I’m trying to impress a native speaker at my school but he’s only there for a little bit longer because he’s a senior!)

[nederys-deactivated20180831]

This is probably too late, but I saw another reply you got and it had some missing information so if you’re still interested:

There are no “regular” verbs in Greek in that sense. What you’re seeing in βρίσκω vs βρω is not a subjunctive (=mood) difference, but an aspect difference. A mood is the “modality” of an action (fact, wish, command…), while the aspect is a verb’s way to express the “shape” an action takes in time. 

In Greek there are two stems for each verb: imperfective (”open”) and perfective (”closed”). Try to think of it like this - “open” verb forms mean an action is on-going or repeated indefinitely. While “closed” verb forms mean it’s a single happening or at least a known number of times. To see it better, use a very ‘irregular’ verb which uses very different stems, say τρώω (to eat) vs φάω.

Let’s see a “subjunctive” or na-clause. Τρώω is our “open” form, while φάω is our “closed” form. If I say, “I want you to eat more”, should I say:

(1) Θέλω να τρως περισσότερο or (2) Θέλω να φας περισσότερο ?

It depends on what you mean. For instance, if I’m your relative and I think you’re too thin, and I mean “you should eat more (generally), you never eat enough!”, then I’ll use (1). If I’m your friend and I’ve just cooked for us, just asked you to try the dishes, I mean “you should eat more (in this occasion), don’t hold back!”, then I’ll use (2).

Another example: βλέπω vs δω (I see). How may you say “I can see the sky”?. Μπορώ να βλέπω τον ουρανό? Μπορώ να δω τον ουρανό? It depends. What do you mean? Are you saying, “I can see the sky (generally, from my room, because there’s a window)” or “I can see the sky (right now, we’ve just come out of the tunnel)”?

Keep this in mind and it won’t just help you understand “subjunctives” but many other things about Greek verbs. There are two subjunctive tenses - the continuous subjunctive (as in 1) and the momentary subjunctive (as in 2). But there’s also two futures, with the same distinction (continuous vs momentary). And two imperatives. It always works the same way. 

For the future, just replace να with θα and think the same:

(1) Θα διαβάζω (open) όλο το καλοκαίρι - I’ll be reading all summer (2) Θα διαβάσω (closed) το άρθρο αύριο - I’ll read the article tomorrow The imperative takes its own forms, I’m not going into detail but see:

(1) Τρώγε (open) πολλά φρούτα! - Eat more fruit! (2) Φάε (closed) το μήλο! - Eat the apple!

It’s tricky because the present (without a na/tha-clause) never makes this distinction. You’ll never see δω, φάω or διαβάσω without a να/θα (or some other words, but let’s forget about that) before it - hence its name, the “dependent” form or “tense”, though it’s just one of the two aspectual stems.

It’s also tricky because there is no general rule to get the “closed” stem from the “open”/present form, just patterns. A lot of άζω verbs get άσω for instance. Some very common verbs are very “irregular” like λέω/πω or βλέπω/δω or βρίσκω/βρω. A rule of thumb is that for verbs with stress on the last syllable you add ήσω. So for instance - κρατάω (I touch) vs να κρατήσω, or αγαπάω (I love) vs να αγαπήσω. Try to learn both with each verb and it’ll be easier.

[langblrofsorts]

how to kill in modern greek

σκοτώνω = I kill

δολοφονώ = I murder, I assassinate

εκτελώ = I execute

πνίγω = I drown (someone), I suffocate (someone)

πυροβολώ = I shoot

μαχαιρώνω = I stab

αποκεφαλίζω = I decapitate

ανασκολοπίζω, παλουκώνω = I impale

δηλητηριάζω = I poison

κόβω το λαιμό / το κεφάλι = I cut (one’s) throat / head off

ακρωτηριάζω = to amputate (well, that’s no killing but you could bleed to death)

στραγγαλίζω = I strangulate

απαγχονίζω, κρεμάω (κάποιον) = to hang (someone)

τσιμεντώνω = I wear cement shoes (to someone)

σταρώνω = I crucify

θάβω ζωντανό (κάποιον) = I bury (someone) alive

καίω ζωντανό (κάποιον) = I burn someone alive

σφάζω = I slaughter

σφαγιάζω = I slaughter (sounds much worse than σφάζω)

θανατώνω = I put to death

φονεύω = I kill (this one’s going obsolete, but it’s there)

αποτελειώνω (κάποιον) = to finish (someone) off

καθαρίζω = I do (someone) in (this one’s literally means “I clean”, it’s colloquially used for killing too)

ξεπαστρεύω = I do (someone) in, I waste (someone)

κάνω ευθανασία = I euthanize, I put to sleep

αυτοκτονώ = I kill myself

[languageundliebe]

Dr Jekyll & Mr Hyde vocab

I recently read Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde in German and here are some of the words I came across. 

Nouns

der Alpdruck - incubus der Appell - plea, appeal der Äther - ether der Augenschein - appearance die Axt - axe der Belagerer - besieger die Bürde (Bürden) - burden der Bursche (Burschen) - lad, chap der Du­del­sack­pfei­fer - bagpiper die Ekstase (Ekstasen) - ecstasy der Efeu - ivy das Fabelwesen - mythical creature der Galgen - gallows das Geschreibsel - scribble der Giebel - gable der Hang (Hänge) - slope die Jugendeselei - youthful prank die Knechtschaft - thraldom die Knochensäge - bone saw der Kragen - collar die Kühnheit - audacity der Lebensüberdruss - world weariness der Passus - passage die Possen - antics die Schwatzhaftigkeit - loquacity der Streifzug - foray die Trümmer - debris das Zerrbild - distorted picture die Zwiespältigkeit (Zwiespältigkeiten) - ambivalence

Verbs

anmuten - to appear, seem blechen - to pay dahinsiechen - to waste away etw emporsteigen - to climb sth etw entfachen - to spark sth schmachten - to languish stieren - to goggle verweilen - to dwell jdm etw vorgaukeln - to lead sb to believe sth wittern - to sense zischeln - to hiss

Adjectives

betrübt - saddened brüchig - brittle ehrenrührig - slanderous erquickt - refreshed gefrönt - indulged getaut - thawed ketzerisch - heretical vortrefflich - sublime

Disclaimer: a fair few of these words are pretty old/uncommon and are usually only used in literary contexts. 

Please let me know if you spot any mistakes. 

[90s-child-chara]

Greek

1. A Greek doesn’t say “I have no idea what’s going on”…she says “I’ve lost my eggs and baskets” (ἐχω χἀσει τα αυγἀ και τα καλἀθια).

2. A Greek doesn’t just “make your life hell”…he “makes your life a roller skate” (σου κἀνει την ζωἠ πατἰνι).

3. In Greece, a situation doesn’t just “get out of hand”…it turns into “a whore’s fencepost” (της πουτἀνας το κἀγκελο).

4. A Greek isn’t just “doing nothing”…he’s “swatting flies” (βαρἀει μὐγες).

5. A Greek house isn’t just “messy”…it’s a “brothel” (μπουρδἐλο).

6. A Greek isn’t just “very busy”…she’s “running without arriving” (τρἐχει και δεν φτἀνει).

7. A Greek doesn’t just “irritate you”…she “breaks your nerves” (σου σπἀει τα νεὐρα).

8. In Greece, something isn’t “unbearable…it “can’t be fought” (δεν παλεὐεται).

9. Greeks aren’t just “exhausted”…they are “in pieces” (κομμἀτια).

10. A Greek person isn’t just “high and mighty” or a “diva”…she is “astride a reed” (ἐχει καβαλἠσει καλἀμι).

11. In Greece, people don’t just “turn you down”…they “throw you an X” (σου ἐριξε Χ).

12. A Greek person isn’t just “stupid”…he’s a “brick” (τοὐβλο).

13. A Greek person doesn’t just “cheat on you”…he “puts horns on you” (σε κερατὠνει).

14. A Greek is not told to “go jump in a lake”…he is told to “go see if the boats are moving” (πἠγαινε να δεἰς αν κουνιοὐντε οι βἀρκες).

15. Greeks don’t just “get into a fight”…they “become yarn balls” (γἰναμε μαλλιἀ κουβἀρια).

16. A Greek isn’t just “fit”…she is “slices” (φἐτες).

17. Greeks that are really drunk aren’t “wasted”…they are “pie” (πἰτα).

18. Also, they are “pie” because they “drank their horns” (ἠπια τα κερατἀ μου).

19. In Greece, a place isn’t “really far away”…it’s “by the devil’s mother” (στου διαὀλου την μἀνα).

20. A Greek doesn’t get “beat up”…he “eats wood” (τρὠει ξὐλο).

21. A Greek doesn’t say something incomprehensible is “all Greek to me”…instead, it is “like you are speaking Chinese” (εἰναι σαν να μου μιλἀς Κινἐζικα).

[rwta-ta-matia-mou]

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[aaadamas]

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