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Facts about AWS in 2025

Today we will talk some facts about AWS that will be helping you to use the AWS cloud. It is our another theoretical post.

In this post mainly we will talk about costing as AWS can cost you a lot if not using it wisely. Let’s begin to know some facts about AWS.

AWS Infrastructure and Costing

AWS has global infrastructure that spans 100+ Availability Zones across 30+ regions worldwide.

Regions may affect the cost of services. Also, Data transfer across regions incurs fees.

AWS uses pay-as-you-go pricing model. There are saving plans and reserved instances for long term use and spot instances for up to 90% savings.

Billing is per second for some services like EC2 Linux instances.

I hope now you know the basics about AWS infrastructure.

AWS Free Tier Account

Most of the services are free for 12 months in new accounts. We will mention the services and their usage limits now.

EC2: We can use 750 hours/month of t2.micro/t3.micro instances after that we have to pay for what we use.

S3: We will get 5 GB standard storage to use and 20000 GET and 20000 PUT requests.

Lambda: We can use free 1M requests and 400,000 GB-seconds compute/month.

RDS: We can use 750 hours/month of db.t2.micro and 20 GB storage.

DynamoDB: We can use 25 GB storage and 200M requests/month.

CloudFront: We can use 1 TB data transfer out/month.

CloudWatch: AWS gives 10 custom metrics and 5GB log data ingestion.

SNS: AWS gives 1M publishes and 1000 email notifications.

API Gateway: We can use 1M REST API calls/month.

EBS: We can use 30 GB general purpose SSD for our instances.

AWS Normal Account

Most of the services are paid in AWS normal account after using your free tier account but there are few services that are always free for users that are Lambda, S3 Glacier, DynamoDB and CloudWatch with usage limits.

We will talk about pricing of the major services now.

EC2: Pricing starts from $0.0116/hour for t4g.micro instance. You can check the prices of each type of instance before launching it.

S3: We have to pay $0.023/GB/month for storage and request fees.

Lambda: We have to pay $0.20 per 1M requests and $0.00001667/GB-seconds.

RDS: Pricing starts from $0.017/hour and we have to pay separate for storage.

DynamoDB: We have to pay $1.25 per WCU and $0.25 per RCU per month.

CloudFront: We have to pay $0.085/GB for first 10 TB.

CloudWatch: AWS charges $0.30/metric/month + log costs.

SNS: AWS charges $0.50 per 1M publishes.

API Gateway: We have to pay $3.50 per 1M calls.

EBS: We have to pay $0.08/GB/month for EBS.

AWS is always expensive for the people because of the huge infrastructure and maintenance of it. If you want to buy affordable Web Hosting or a VPS then you can click on the link.

If you want to know something particular about AWS then contact us.

That’s all for Facts about AWS in 2025, You can check our more posts about AWS in our posts section.

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Step-by-Step Guide: How to Create a Website from Scratch

let’s explore the practical steps for how to create a website. This process is iterative and can take anywhere from a day to weeks, depending on complexity.

Step 1: Define Your Goals and Audience

Start by asking: What’s the purpose? A blog for sharing recipes? An e-commerce site for selling handmade goods? Identify your target audience’s needs – busy professionals might prefer quick-loading pages, while creatives value stunning visuals. This foundation shapes every decision in how to create a website.

Step 2: Choose and Register a Domain Name

Use registrars like GoDaddy or Namecheap. Search for availability and pick extensions like .com for credibility. Budget $10-15/year. This is a pivotal moment in how to create a website, as it brands your online identity.

Step 3: Select Web Hosting

Opt for shared hosting for beginners (e.g., Bluehost at ~$3/month) or VPS for growth. Ensure it includes SSL certificates for security. Reliable hosting is the backbone of how to create a website that stays online.

Step 4: Pick a Platform

We’ll dive deeper later, but for now, know platforms handle the build. This choice influences ease in how to create a website.

Step 5: Design Your Site

Use templates or drag-and-drop builders. Focus on user-friendly navigation: a sticky header menu, hero banner on the homepage, and footer with links. Mobile-first design is essential – test with tools like Google’s Mobile-Friendly Test.

Step 6: Add Content and Functionality

Write compelling copy, optimize images (compress to under 100KB), and integrate plugins for features like email sign-ups. For e-commerce, add payment gateways like Stripe.

Step 7: Optimize for SEO and Speed

Incorporate keywords naturally (e.g., target “how to create a website” in titles). Use tools like Yoast for on-page SEO. Minify CSS/JS for faster loads under 3 seconds.

Step 8: Launch and Test

Go live by pointing your domain to hosting. Test across browsers and devices. Monitor with analytics.

Step 9: Maintain and Update

Regular backups, security scans, and content refreshes keep your site thriving. Schedule monthly reviews.

Following these steps demystifies how to create a website, turning ideas into reality.

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Incredible India: Exploring the Land Where Culture Meets Tradition and Change

India is not just a place you visit, it’s a place that takes over your senses. The first time I landed in Delhi, I stepped outside the airport and instantly felt it — the warm air smelled of spices and smoke, drivers were shouting names, and a chai seller smiled and handed me tea in a clay cup. Ten rupees only. I didn’t even know what hit me, but it felt real. That’s how India works. It’s loud, it’s messy, it’s colorful, and honestly, it doesn’t care if you’re ready or not.

A thousand things happen at once — a wedding parade blocks traffic, a cow sits in the middle of the road like it owns the city, shopkeepers shout “best price, my friend!” and just when you feel lost, someone offers you directions with a smile. From snowy mountains in the north to deserts glowing under sunsets in the west, from coconut-lined backwaters in the south to buzzing markets in the east — India is everything, all at once. You don’t “finish” India. You live it. And once you do, it lives inside you.

Adventure & Natural Beauty

India is nature on steroids. • In Ladakh, riding a motorbike at 17,000 feet feels like flying between mountains and prayer flags. • In Rajasthan’s Thar Desert, I rode a camel at sunset and slept under a sky so full of stars I lost count. • In Kerala, I floated on a houseboat, coconut palms leaning over the backwaters, kids waving from the banks. • In Goa, mornings meant lazy beaches, nights meant dancing till sunrise. • In the Andamans, I dived into clear waters and swam with colorful fish. Wildlife? Ranthambore gave me my first tiger sighting. In Assam’s Kaziranga, rhinos grazed calmly while I clicked photos like an excited kid.

Food & Festivals

Food is half the trip. No joke. • Delhi’s golgappa (pani puri) explodes in your mouth — spicy, sour, tangy, all at once. • Kerala’s fish curry with coconut milk tastes like the ocean in a bowl. • Gujarat’s thali comes with so many bowls, you forget which one you started with. • Bengal’s mishti doi (sweet yogurt) is comfort in every spoon. On a train to Varanasi, a family offered me their tiffin. I hesitated, they insisted. Ended up eating parathas and achar with them while laughing at my broken Hindi. That meal is still in my memory.

Festivals? They don’t stop. • Holi: random strangers smeared colors on my face. I didn’t even know their names, but we danced anyway. • Diwali: entire streets glowing with diyas, fireworks lighting up the sky. • Durga Puja: Kolkata alive 24/7, with pandals more artistic than galleries. • Onam: I sat on the ground eating 20 dishes on a banana leaf while boat races happened nearby. In India, you don’t just watch festivals. You’re pulled into them.

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What is Linux Mint with Timeshift & It's key features

One of the most important habits of any computer user is making regular backups. Unexpected issues—like system crashes, corrupted updates, or accidental file deletions—can cause major headaches. Thankfully, Linux Mint comes with a powerful tool called Timeshift, designed specifically to protect your system from such problems.

Timeshift works by taking snapshots of your system at different points in time. These snapshots allow you to restore your Linux Mint installation to an earlier working state without affecting your personal files. It’s like a safety net that ensures you don’t lose hours of work or end up reinstalling the entire operating system.

In this guide, we’ll explain what Timeshift is, why you should use it, and provide a step-by-step tutorial on creating and restoring backups in Linux Mint.

What is Timeshift in Linux Mint?

TimeShift is a backup and restore utility developed for Linux distributions. Unlike traditional backup tools that copy your personal documents, pictures, and videos, TimeShift focuses on the system files, configurations, and settings.

That means if your Linux Mint installation breaks due to a bad update, driver issue, or software misconfiguration, you can roll back the system to a previous snapshot. Your personal data in /home remains untouched (unless you explicitly configure Timeshift to include it).

Key Features of Timeshift

System Snapshots: Create snapshots of system files and settings.

Automatic Scheduling: Configure daily, weekly, or monthly backups.

Restore Functionality: Quickly return Linux Mint to a working state.

Multiple Storage Options: Save snapshots to internal or external drives.

Incremental Backups: Only new changes are saved, reducing storage usage.

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What is cpanel and why it's easy to use?

What is cPanel?

Let’s know about cPanel, which is a Linux-based web hosting control panel that improves the process of managing websites and server management. With cPanel, you can execute tasks such as

creating and managing email accounts

Upload and manage website files

Manage databases like MySQL

Install content management systems like WordPress

Configure DNS settings and domains

Monitor server performance and security

This includes WHM (Web Host Manager), a user interface for managing the server, accounts, and resources. The combination of cPanel and WHM simplifies server management, even for beginners.

What makes cPanel easy to use?

cPanel is a beginner-friendly guide to understand and learn about server management. Let’s learn how to install, configure, and secure cPanel on your server without confusion.

Before starting the installation process, make sure that your server has these requirements

 Your server has a supporting OS system like Alma Linux 8 or 9, CentOS, or Rocky Linux 8 or 9.

 For smooth performance

Maximum RAM: 1 GB or 2 GB

Minimum Disk space: 20 GB

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Samsung Galaxy Z Fold 6 Review: The Best Foldable Yet?

The Samsung Galaxy Z Fold 6 represents the latest milestone in Samsung’s foldable journey. With every generation, Samsung has refined its foldable technology, making it more practical and desirable. The Fold 6 comes with a slimmer design, a lighter body, powerful hardware, and a more immersive display.

But the question remains—does this foldable justify its premium price, or is it just an expensive experiment? Let’s break down the design, display, cameras, performance, software, durability, and overall value to see if the Samsung Galaxy foldable finally achieves perfection.

Unboxing & First Impressions

Opening the retail box of the Samsung Galaxy Z Fold 6 is an experience in itself. The packaging includes:

The Samsung Galaxy Z Fold 6 device

USB-C charging cable

SIM ejector tool

Quick start guide

No charger in the box (as per Samsung’s eco-friendly policy)

Design and Durability

Samsung has refined the foldable design over the years, and the Samsung Galaxy Z Fold 6 is its most polished version yet. The redesigned hinge is slimmer, smoother, and more durable. Samsung claims it can handle 200,000 folds, which translates to about five years of daily use.

The device also carries an IPX8 water resistance rating, meaning it can withstand accidental splashes and brief submersion. Dust protection is still limited, which remains a weakness of foldables in general.

Colors include Titanium Black, Blue, and Silver, each with a premium finish. The crease on the inner display is less visible than before, though it hasn’t disappeared completely.

Display Experience

The foldable 7.6-inch AMOLED display is still the star attraction of the Samsung Galaxy Z Fold 6. With a 120Hz refresh rate, HDR10+ support, and improved peak brightness, it offers one of the best viewing experiences available on any smartphone.

The cover screen is now 6.3 inches—slightly wider than last year—making it easier to type and use one-handed. The dual-display setup makes this phone feel like two devices in one: a standard smartphone and a mini-tablet.

For gamers and binge-watchers, the foldable screen is a game-changer. Paired with Samsung’s stereo speakers, it delivers an immersive media experience.

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How to use Roundcube webmail

Today, We will talk about how to use Roundcube webmail. Roundcube is a web-based email client that provides a user-friendly interface for managing emails. It is often used as part of a mail server setup to allow users to access their email accounts through a web browser.

It is commonly used with Postfix and Dovecot in mail server setups to provide a webmail interface for users. If you want to create one then click on the link.

We will use the same email server to explain how to use Roundcube webmail.

Let’s open our Roundcube login link that is http://mail.achra.in/roundcubemail

We have to enter our user name and its password on the log in page.

After entering our user name and password, We will get our home screen of Roundcube.

Here, We can check our Inbox, Sent and Trash at left corner menu. We can also Compose an email, Settings and Logout our current user.

We will start with the Settings in which we can get four options that is Preferences, Folders, Identities and Responses.

For Preferences, It depends on user to user how they like to see their webmail client.

For Identities, Let’s set it up according to our Domain name.

Click on Save.

We can change the viewing mode also from Light mode to dark mode but that also depends on the user preferences.

Above is the look of Dark mode of Roundcube. Personally I prefer the Light mode. One part of how to use Roundcube is done.

Now, We will talk about another part of how to use Roundcube that is how to send and receive emails on Roundcube to Internal users of our Server. First, We will click on Compose on the left hand side.

We will provide To in which we will add the receiver’s email address, Subject in which we will add subject of the email and then the body of the email.

We will click on Send for sending this email to the sales department or user. You will get “Message sent successfully” text after sending the email.

We will check our Sent folder for all the sent emails.

As we can see email is sent from our side to sales. Let’s login sales user and check the email.

Email from Admin has been successfully received by the Sales user. We can reply back to admin to check our side deliverability too by clicking on Reply at top of the email.

After sending an email we will log in admin user and check the reply from sales.

We have got an email in our admin account. Internal email test is passed.

We will now do the sending email test from Gmail account.

We have logged in and will send the email now. Click on Send after writing an email.

Now, We will check our Inbox for the email

We have successfully received an email from our Gmail account. That’s all for how to use Roundcube webmail.

I hope it is easy to use Roundcube webmail.

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Basics of LAMP Server

A LAMP server is a type of web server built using a popular open-source software stack known as LAMP, which stands for:

🧱 Linux – The operating system that forms the foundation of the stack. 🌐 Apache – The web server software that handles HTTP requests and serves web pages. 🗄️ MySQL – The relational database management system used to store and manage data. 💻 PHP (or sometimes Perl/Python) – The scripting language used to develop dynamic web applications.

🔧 How It Works

When a user visits a website hosted on a LAMP server:

Apache receives the request.

PHP processes the backend logic.

MySQL retrieves or stores data as needed.

Linux keeps everything running smoothly underneath.

🚀 What It's Used For

LAMP servers are widely used to host:

Content Management Systems like WordPress and Joomla

E-commerce platforms

Social networking sites

Forums and blogs

Any dynamic, database-driven website

It’s a favorite among developers because it’s free, flexible, and well-supported by the community. If you're curious, I can walk you through setting one up or compare it with other stacks like MEAN or MERN.

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Future Finance: Steps for Building Wealth

In a drastic change in today’s world of finance, wealth is the only way, which is determined by how well the plan is made, the investment, and how to manage the assets you have, rather than just how much you can make. Building long-term financial stability while you are secure, by making a sensible choice, is the art of your future finances. If you want to improve by increasing your money clarity, by avoiding frequent mistakes, and then get ready for a secure future

Clarify Your Financial Goals

Before taking the very first step into the financial vision, make sure you ask yourself and get clarification about it. For example, ask you a question like

What are your short-term goals?

Is it by paying off the debt or by saving for the vacation?

What are your long-term goals? It is for buying a home, for children’s education, or for retirement.

Built a Budget: Control Your Cash, Grow Your Wealth

The backbone of wealth is a well-planned budget because it gives you a clear picture of your financial situation. Without a budget, money can slip into the cracks by leaving you to think about how much money you are spending, saving, and investing. Budget allows you to understand where your money is heading and identify opportunities for saving and investment. By tracking your expenses and budget,

By prioritizing your goal and deciding how to save for emergencies, retirement, and purchases.

Control spending on unnecessary expenses and divert the spending to investments.

Allocate the resources for long-term plans like mutual funds or stocks for future purposes.

Budget Rule 50/30/20: Simplifying Your Finances

The 50/30/20 budget rule helps to simplify managing budgets. By allocating 50% of your income to essentials or needs like rent and bills, 30% to wants like lifestyle and leisure, and 20% to savings or debt repayment. This plan helps you to keep spending balanced, reduces financial stress, and builds a strong support for future financial goals.

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How to download RHEL 10 ISO free

Today, We will talk about how to download RHEL 10 ISO for free in our Virtual machine server. It is in beta version and not recommend to use in production environment.

We will start with writing RHEL 10 download in Google search. We will click on the first link.

We have to create RHEL account by clicking on Log In at top right corner.

We have to click on “Register for a Red Hat account“.

Now we have to enter the details for our account registration that includes user name, password, name, email address, job role and country.

We also have to read and tick on all the terms and conditions and click on “Create my account“.

We have to verify from our provided email address on next screen.

After successful verification we can download RHEL 10 by going down the page and click on Download in front of DVD iso

They may ask for some more general information before our download will start. We have to fill that information.

We will get “Thank you for downloading!” when our downloading will start.

Now we will set up RHEL 10 beta version in our new Virtual machine.

We will create the new virtual machine by clicking on “New Virtual Machine“. We will not mention every step of creating virtual machine. You can learn from our other post.

We will add our operating system RHEL 10 in iso by clicking on Browse button.

We have to edit virtual machine settings according to your preference like how much RAM you want for your practice, How many CPU’s are needed etc.

You can edit it by clicking on the “Edit virtual machine settings“.

Now we will power on our virtual machine by clicking on “Power on this virtual machine“.

We will click on the screen and press up arrow key to select “Install Red Hat Enterprise Linux 10.0“.

We will get the installation screen for choosing the language.

It is beta version so you will get a notice first and you have to click on “I want to proceed“.

Next, We have to set up Installation Destination and USER SETTINGS in Installation Summary.

After choosing Installation Destination that would automatic in most of the cases and allowing the root account. You can click on Begin Installation.

We have to click on Reboot System.

We will get the Welcome screen with different languages and we can choose the language we want for our OS. We will click on Next.

We have to choose the keyboard layout and click on Next.

Next we will get Location Services that we can turn on or off according to our personal preferences.

Now we have to choose our Time Zone according to our city.

We have to create Username and Full Name for our OS. We have to set password also in next screen.

We will get “All done!” screen. We will click on “Start Using Red Hat Enterprise Linux“.

That’s all about how to download RHEL 10 ISO free

[gautamdulgach]

How to Upload Files Using the File Manager in cPanel | Complete Guide

cPanel is one of the most popular web hosting control panels globally. With it’s easy-to-understand interface, cPanel lets many website owners control their hosting accounts without needing advanced skills. One of the easiest yet most powerful tools in cPanel is called the File Manager. The File Manager allows you to manage and upload your website files directly through your browser.

In this tutorial, we will show you how to upload files to your hosting account using the File Manager in cPanel, along with why this is helpful and why it can save you valuable time.

Why File Upload Matters

Uploading files is one of the core functions of any web hosting platform, which is easy and intuitive with cPanel. Regardless if you are updating the design of your website, adding media files, or replacing old content, the File Manager in cPanel allows you to manage your files without having to use any further software or complicated command line commands.

Steps to upload Files Using the File Manager

Step 1: Log in to Your cPanel

Open your browser and type: (yourdomain.com/cpanel )

Enter your username and password (provided by your hosting provider).

Step 2: Open File Manager

Once you are inside cPanel, click on Tools

Scroll down to the Files section, and click on File Manager.

Step 3: Choose the Directory

When File Manager opens, you will see a folder tree on the left side.

Navigate to the folder where you want to upload your file.

For website files, usually, it is the public_html folder.

Step 4: Click on “Upload.”

At the top menu bar, click the Upload button.

A new tab/window will open where you can select files from your computer.

Step 5: Select Your File

Click Select File (or drag and drop files into the box).

Choose the file from your PC that you want to upload.

The upload will begin immediately, and you’ll see a progress bar.

Step 6: Verify the Upload

After the upload is complete, return to File Manager.

You should now see the file in the folder you selected.

Right-click on it to view, edit, rename, or set permissions.

Uploading files using the File Manager in cPanel is one of the easiest yet still one of the most important tasks every website owner should learn. With File Manager you will not have the pain of installing and configuring an FTP program. Instead, you can manage your site from any device that runs a browser (including Windows!) After all, it is more than just a hosting control panel. It allows even a non-coding user to manage their website with relative ease.

Getting used to uploading files with cPanel will give you more control over what gets uploaded to your website and can improve how efficient your workflow is, lower website downtime and speed up website content updates…. whether it’s for coming up with a new page, images that need changing or creating downloadable resources for your users, cPanel ensures this process is streamlined and secure.

The File Manager in cPanel also allows you to create folders, set permissions, update filenames or move/delete files from the same interface. This central file management is one of the contributors of cPanel is still the most popular control panel in the web hosting industry.

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The Rise of Thrift Culture, Upcycling, and Slow Fashion

Over the past few years, an impressive shift is taking place in the global fashion landscape. Consumer behavior—especially among younger generations—is beginning to reject the increased pace and accessibility of repeated fast fashion cycles and creating more conscious choices. Thrift culture—which has previously been considered a niche or being budget conscious—has now become a mainstream lifestyle choice, and additionally upcycling and slow fashion movements are changing the way we make, purchase, and value clothing.

This change is not limited to individual fashion choices—it is a cultural act of rebellion against the constructs of overproduction, overconsumption, and climate degradation in the current climate crisis. Thrift culture is change that still looks good, and can be ethical, sustainable, and soulful.

Understanding Thrift Culture

In essence, thrift culture involves the purchasing of second-hand or pre-owned clothing at a thrift store, flea market, charity shop, or online resale site. The stigma of necessity has shifted into a choice. Young consumers (especially those in Gen Z and Millennials) now view thrift shopping as:

A way to lessen waste and fight the negative effects of fast fashion

A way to find unique and vintage items that cannot be found with “niche” retailers

A way to practice self expression through clothing while resisting mass trends in style or taste

Social media outlets like Instagram, TikTok, and Pinterest have driven this change. With influencers continually showcasing thrift hauls and styling tips, thrift culture has become highly aspirational and trendy, rather than simply being a cost-effective alternative.

The Environmental Case for Thrift Culture

The increase of thrift culture is closely tied to environmental activism. The fast fashion industry has considerable effects on carbon production and is responsible for generating huge amounts of textile waste while polluting waters. According to The UN Environment Programme, the fashion industry contributes to following estimates: it is responsible for 10% of global carbon emissions and consumption of water only after agriculture. Thrifting should extend the life cycle of clothing with renewed use, and therefore new production is lowered and consumption patterns are slowed. For each second-hand garment purchased, there is an item less produced new. Meaning less raw material extracted, less energy consumed and less landfill waste. Many environmentally concerned consumers view thrift culture as their form of activism- small everyday behaviours that ultimately oppose the unmanageable speed of fast fashion.

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User Management in Linux

Today we will talk about User management in Linux. I will explain all the important commands that helps in managing the user in Linux.

The first command to create a new user in Linux is “useradd“.

1. useradd

useradd command helps in creating the new user in the OS. Users use to manage the packages, directories and files in the system. It is the initial part of user management.

Format of the useradd command is useradd (name)

Examples: useradd root-learning, useradd john, useradd love etc.

2. passwd

passwd command helps in creating or changing the password of the user. It is a manual process to do from your side.

Format of the passwd command is passwd (user name)

Examples: passwd root-learning, passwd john, passwd love etc.

3. id

id command is used for checking the user is created or not in the system. We can also check for our own user details.

Format of the id command is id (user name)

Examples: id john, id love etc.

4. /etc/passwd

/etc/passwd is the file that holds all the details of user management. It has 8 fields that is username: passwd: uid: gid: comments: home directory: shell

Here in last entry of /etc/passwd file, user name is love: passwd is hidden as x: uid is 1003: gid is 1003: comment is empty: home directory is /home/love: shell is /bin/bash.

All the user details contains in /etc/passwd file for easy user management.

5. who

who command helps in checking all the logged in user. There are several commands with few more details that is finger, pinky, w etc.

Format of the who command is who

Example: who

6. usermod

usermod command helps in modify the features of the user. It is one of the important command in user management.

Format of the usermod command is usermod (options) (user name)

Example: usermod -d /tmp love (to change the home directory of user love to /tmp)

7. userdel

userdel command is use to delete the user from the system.

Format of the userdel command is userdel (user name)

Examples: userdel love, userdel john etc.

That’s all about User Management in Linux. Our new platform for Hosting plans will be ready soon, You can check out the plans from here.

[gautamdulgach]

What is a Server?

A server is a computer or system that uses a network to supply other computers, known as clients, with resources, information, services, or programs. The foundation of many internal networks and the internet, servers allow for data storage, communication, and application functioning.

Key Features of a Server

1. Servers are built with a specific purpose in mind, such as hosting websites, storing files, or executing applications.

2. Always On: In order to guarantee continuous availability, servers are usually in operation around-the-clock.

3. High Performance: In comparison to standard PCs, servers frequently contain more potent technology (such as faster CPUs, bigger storage, and more RAM).

Types of Servers

1. Web Server: Hosts websites and serves web pages to browsers e.g., Apache, Nginx.

2. File Server: Stores and manages files for network users.

3. Database Server: Manages databases and processes database queries e.g., MySQL, PostgreSQL.

4. Mail Server: Handles email sending, receiving and storage e.g., Postfix, Microsoft Exchange.

5. Application Server: Runs specific applications for users e.g., a business software backend.

6. Game Server: Hosts multiplayer games and manages player interactions.

7. Proxy Server: Acts as an intermediary for requests between clients and other servers.

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Nepal’s Revolution: The Struggle for Democracy and Social Change

Nepal’s Revolution Movement

If you walk through the streets of Kathmandu today, you’ll notice something unusual. Not the traffic jams or the smell of roasted corn from street vendors—that’s normal. What’s new are clusters of students holding handwritten banners, chanting, and demanding a future that seems out of reach.

This is Nepal’s Gen Z protest movement, part of a larger wave of youth-driven social change. It began with anger over a government ban on social media platforms like TikTok, Facebook, and Instagram. But the real story runs deeper: the ban was simply the final straw. Behind the chants lie years of frustration over corruption, unemployment, and political promises that never materialized.

What makes these protests unique is not just their size but their energy. They are not led by a single leader or party; instead, they are powered by thousands of young people who grew up with smartphones in their hands and disappointment in their hearts. This movement represents the new face of Nepal’s revolution, where the youth demand accountability, opportunity, and a chance to shape their nation’s future.

The Political Backdrop: Why Trust Is Broken

Nepal’s Path to Democracy: In 1990, youth-led movements successfully forced multiparty democracy. In 2006, another uprising ended the monarchy, and by 2008, the republic promised reforms.

Current Political Challenges: Despite these milestones, the past 17 years have seen over a dozen governments come and go. Leaders reshuffle, but corruption, broken promises, and political instability remain persistent problems.

[gautamdulgach]

Fedora vs Ubuntu for Beginners (2025): Which linux distro Should You Choose?

What is Ubuntu?

Ubuntu is one of the most widely used Linux distro distributions in the world. Backed by Canonical, it is designed with ease of use in mind, making it one of the best Linux distro for beginners.

Base: Debian

Desktop Environment: GNOME (default), but flavors include KDE, XFCE, MATE, and more.

Release Cycle: Long-Term Support (LTS) every 2 years (5 years of updates).

Why Do Newcomers Choose Ubuntu?

Straightforward installation.

Large community.Many available online tutorials.

Compatible with a lot of hardware.

What is Fedora?

Fedora is a cutting-edge Linux distro supported by Red Hat that aims to stay on the forefront of what the future uses as technology. 

Base: Independent (which is closely tied with RHEL).

Desktop Environment: GNOME (default).

Release schedule: every 6 months with a new version.

Why Do Newcomers Like Fedora?

They will get new features first. 

Good for developers and programmers. 

Very secure and stable. 

Fedora vs Ubuntu: Installation & Ease of Use

For new users, installation is usually the first concern.

Ubuntu – Ubuntu has a very intuitive installer, and walks you through the process step by step. You can even try Ubuntu as a “live session” before installing it! Plus, if you want to dual-boot with Windows, it’s really simple = Ubuntu is frequently the ideal choice for new users of Linux!

Fedora – the installer is called Anaconda, and while Anaconda is powerful, it is somewhat more technical than other installers. Although Anaconda is easy for beginners to work through, some users may find the setup phase with Fedora to be slightly more challenging than with Ubuntu.

[gautamdulgach]

Linux

What is Linux?

Linux is a powerful, open-source operating system that serves as the backbone for a wide range of devices, from personal computers and servers to embedded systems and supercomputers. Unlike proprietary operating systems like Windows and macOS, Linux is freely available and can be modified and distributed by anyone. It is known for its stability, security, and flexibility, making it a popular choice among developers, system administrators, and technology enthusiasts.

History of Linux

Linux traces its roots back to the Unix operating system, developed in the 1970s. In 1991, Linus Torvalds, a Finnish computer science student, created the Linux kernel as a free alternative to Unix. Over the years, Linux has evolved into a robust OS used in personal computing, enterprise environments, and even mobile devices (e.g., Android).

The Linux Kernel

At its core, Linux is powered by the Linux kernel, which interacts directly with hardware and manages system resources. Various distributions (distros) bundle the kernel with software packages to create complete operating systems.

Linux Distributions (Distros)

A Linux distribution is a complete operating system based on the Linux kernel, packaged with necessary software. Popular Linux distributions include:

Ubuntu – User-friendly and great for beginners.

Debian – A stable and reliable choice for servers.

Fedora – Cutting-edge with the latest features.

Arch Linux – Lightweight and highly customizable.

CentOS/Rocky Linux – Preferred for enterprise and server use.

Kali Linux – Designed for penetration testing and cybersecurity.

Linux File System and structure

Linux organizes files using a hierarchical directory structure. Some key directories include:

/home – User files and settings.

/etc – System configuration files.

/var – Log files and variable data.

/usr – Installed software and libraries.

/root – The home directory of the root (superuser) account.