Grace Fryer, Edna Hussman, Katherine Schaub, and sisters Quinta McDonald and Albina Larice - dubbed the Radium Girls due to their exposure to radium in the workplace. Â
It was roughly 1917 when the girls were employed to apply luminous paint on up to 250 watch dials a day at the United States Rodium factory in Orange, New Jersey.Â
Whilst the girls were rather cavalier around the substance, the owners and scientists at the facility carefully avoided all contact. The chemists at the plant were heavily protected against exposure by working behind lead screens, wearing masks, and only handling the substance using tongs.Â
Shockingly, the precautions employed by workers higher up the pecking order were not encouraged amongst the girls painting the dials. They were led to believe the substance was completely harmless. As a consequence they were often known to use the ‘fun’ glow in the dark paint on their nails, faces, and extraordinarily their teeth too.Â
The supervisors actively encouraged the workers to lick their camel hair paint brushes as they often lost the fine point required for such detailed work after only a few strokes. This practice (coupled with the cavalier attitude around the substance) resulted in the ingestion of large amounts of radium throughout each work day which led to all five of these women contracting severe radiation poisoning.
Many women started to suffer from anemia, bone fractures, and necrosis of the jaw (later to be known as Radium jaw). Worker Grace Fryer decided to sue, bullying tactics were employed from the start with disinformation provided by the watch dial companies rejecting claims that the illness and suffering was the result of exposure to radium in the workplace. A smear campaign begun citing syphilis as the cause in an attempt to destroy the reputations of the women.
It took 2 years for Grace Fryer to find a lawyer willing to take on U.S. Radium, by the time the case made it into the courts in 1928 two of the women were bedridden and all were so frail they were unable to raise their arms to take oath.
The case was settled in autumn of 1928 before the trial was deliberated by the jury. The settlement for each of the radium girls was $10,000 and a $6000 per year annuity while they lived. All medical and legal bills were to be paid for by U.S. Radium.
As a result of Grace Fryers bravery, radium-induced osteonecrosis was recognized as an occupational disease and the establishment of the occupational disease labour law was introduced.Â
The case effectively invented workers rights with individual workers awarded the right to sue/seek damages from corporations due to labor abuse. A further consequence of the action was that industrial safety standards were demonstrably enhanced for many decades to come.
It’s not known how many women died as a result of ingesting radium in the workplace although it’s estimated over 4000 were employed around that time to paint the watch dials with the substance. By 1930, the practise of pointing the brush using the mouth was stopped completely and all workers were issued with protective gear. Radium paint was still used in dials as late as the 1960′s.
A vintage watch is so much more than an investment or folly, it’s a valuable piece of history.