La situation des droits humains au Togo
Il y a un mois, Amnesty International a publié son rapport annuel !
A month ago, Amnesty International published its Annual Report!
« Droits humains : Le Togo citĂ© dans le Rapport 2017/18 dâAmnesty International » âș Interview of AimĂ© T. ADI - AI Togo Director âč
Chaque annĂ©e, Amnesty International publie son rapport portant sur les Ă©volutions de la situation des droits humains dans une majoritĂ© des pays du monde (159 pays), en se basant sur les rapports nationaux et communiquĂ©s propres Ă chaque antenne nationale. Le gouvernement du Togo nâapprĂ©cie pas forcĂ©ment le rapport annuel dâAmnesty International (AI), estimant que lâONG ne considĂšre pas tellement les changements du pays (*),(*).
Amnesty International publishes its annual report concerning the evolution of the human rights situation in most countries of the world (159 countries), based on national reports and official releases of each national agencies. The Togolese government doesnât really appreciate the AI Annual Report, finding that the NGO doesnât consider much changes of the country (*),(*).
Jâexpose dans cet article la situation du Togo en me basant Ă la fois sur les deux derniers rapports annuels, et sur lâobservation que jâai pu faire durant les trois mois oĂč jâai vĂ©cu dans ce pays, et notamment lâexpĂ©rience au sein dâAmnesty International Togo.
I present here the situation of Togo based simultaneously on the previous two Annual Reports and on the observations that I made during the three months I lived in this country, and especially the experience at AI Togo.
Annual Report 2016/17⊠about 2016 (FR | EN)
Annual Report 2017/18⊠about 2017 (FR | EN)
Le rĂ©gime « dĂ©mocratique » togolais repose sur une RĂ©publique, avec pour chef dâĂtat Faure GNASSINGBĂ et pour chef du gouvernement Komi SĂ©lom KLASSOU.
Depuis 2016, le constat est tel que les autoritĂ©s continuent Ă restreindre la libertĂ© dâexpression et de rĂ©union, notamment lors de manifestations de masse organisĂ©es par des groupes dâopposition, avec un continuel recours excessif Ă la force contre les manifestants. Les prĂ©occupations portent Ă©galement sur lâimpunitĂ©, et lâincapacitĂ© des autoritĂ©s Ă garantir un enregistrement gratuit des naissances posant la  problĂ©matique de plusieurs droits humains propres Ă chaque individu tels que lâaccĂšs des enfants Ă lâĂ©ducation, aux soins de santĂ© et Ă dâautres services sociaux. Quant Ă la rĂ©pression envers les journalistes, ce fut notamment lâun de mes premiers cas Ă suivre en FĂ©vrier 2017 : un journaliste maltraitĂ© par les gendarmesâŠ.
The Togolese « democratic » regime is based on a republic, with Faure GNASSINGBà as the president of the Togolese Republic and Komi Sélom KLASSOU as the head of Togolese Government.
Since 2016, the observation is such that the authorities continue to restrict the freedom of speech and assembly, particularly during mass demonstrations organized by opposition groups, with continuous excessive use of force against demonstrators. The concerns also include impunity, and the authoritiesâ inability to guarantee free registration of births, which raises the issue of several human rights belonging for all individuals such as access to education for children, health care and to other social services. The repression against journalists was one of my first cases to follow in February 2017: a journalist ill-treated by the gendarmesâŠ.
Quelles sont les évolutions législatives, constitutionnelles ou institutionnelles ?
What are the legislative, constitutional or institutional developments?
Du point de vue de la surveillance internationale, le Togo sâest vu soumis Ă lâExamen pĂ©riodique universel des Nations Unies (EPU), Nations Unies qui, par la suite, ont Ă©mis des recommandations en matiĂšre des droits humains Ă lâintention des autoritĂ©s togolaises.
In terms of international surveillance, Togo has been submitted to the Universal Periodic Review of the United Nations (UPR), which subsequently issued human rights recommendations to the Togolese authorities.
Des mesures Ă lâencontre de la torture et des autres violations des droits humains. â Le Togo a acceptĂ© diffĂ©rentes recommandations Ă lâissue dudit EPU et lâĂtat sâest engagĂ© Ă prendre des mesures afin de prĂ©venir la torture et toutes autres violations des droits humains commises par les forces de sĂ©curitĂ©, et Ă ce que de tels actes ne restent pas impunis, et donc « veiller Ă ce que toute personne soupçonnĂ©e de tels agissements fasse lâobjet dâune enquĂȘte satisfaisante et de vĂ©ritables poursuites ».
Toutefois, il a rejetĂ© les recommandations tenant à « assurer la protection des personnes LGBTI et Ă modifier ou abroger les lois invoquĂ©es pour rĂ©primer les journalistes et les dĂ©fenseurs des droits humains, notamment les textes Ă©rigeant la diffamation en infraction ».Â
Pour re-situer, certaines catĂ©gories de personnes sont mal vues, voire exclues des communautĂ©s. Tel est le cas des personnes LGBTI, en particulier les personnes se revendiquant homosexuelles. Autres exemples de catĂ©gories tendant Ă ĂȘtre rejetĂ©es : les handicapĂ©s et les albinos.
Measures against torture and other human rights violations. â Togo has accepted various recommendations because of the said UPR and the State undertook to take measures in order to prevent torture and other human rights violations committed by security forces, and that such acts donât go unpunished and therefore âensure that any person suspected of such acts is subject to a proper investigation and prosecutionâ.
However, it rejected the recommendations âto protect LGBTI people and to amend or repeal the laws invoked to repress journalists and human rights defenders, including the texts criminalizing defamationâ.
Let me reframe, certain categories of persons are frowned upon or even excluded from the communities. This is the case for LGBTI people, in particular persons claiming to be homosexual. Other examples of categories which could be rejected: the disabled and albinos.
Une nouvelle acception de la torture dĂ©risoire... â Octobre 2016 : lâAssemblĂ©e nationale a adoptĂ© une loi portant rĂ©vision du Code PĂ©nal entĂ©rinant la dĂ©finition de la torture au sens de la Convention contre la torture, la rendant conforme au droit international (*). Cette loi a permis la suppression de la prescription pour les actes de torture, ainsi un tel acte criminel devient punissable sans limite de temps pour introduire une action en justice.
Lâarticle 198 du nouveau Code pĂ©nal togolais disposait « Le terme  ÌtortureÌ Â dĂ©signe tout acte par lequel une douleur ou des souffrances aiguĂ«s, physiques ou mentales, sont intentionnellement infligĂ©es Ă une personne aux fins notamment dâobtenir dâelle ou dâune tierce personne des renseignements ou des aveux, de la punir dâun acte quâelle ou une tierce personne a commis ou est soupçonnĂ©e dâavoir commis, de lâintimider ou de faire pression sur une tierce personne, ou pour tout autre motif fondĂ© sur une forme de discrimination quelle quâelle soit ». Or, la Convention contre la Torture, ratifiĂ©e par le Togo en 1987, prĂ©cise que la torture doit ĂȘtre infligĂ©e « par des agents de la fonction publique ou Ă leur instigation » ; ce qui ne figurait pas jusque-lĂ dans le nouveau Code pĂ©nal togolais. Cette omission revenait alors Ă dĂ©responsabiliser lâĂtat pour les actes commis par ses agents. Le ComitĂ© contre la torture des Nations Unies avait demandĂ© au Togo depuis 2012 dâ« inclure lâimprescriptibilitĂ© du crime de torture dans le Code pĂ©nal et Ă©liminer la disposition de dix ans de prescriptibilité » pour de tels actes.
Pourtant les actes de torture et autres mauvais traitements restent nombreux Ă ĂȘtre signalĂ©s durant toute lâannĂ©e. Un exemple avec une affaire que jâai suivi postĂ©rieurement au titre de la mission de monitoring oĂč, en Juin 2016, un habitant de GuĂ©rin Kouka (r. Kara, prĂ©f. Bassar) avait Ă©tĂ© arrĂȘtĂ© Ă son domicile par trois policier, emmenĂ© au poste de police et torturĂ© afin de lui faire « avouer » un vol de moto ; ce dernier sortant du poste de police au bout de trois jours sans ĂȘtre inculpĂ©. Il a portĂ© plainte, mais lâimpunitĂ© semble rester de mise Ă lâheure actuelle puisquâaucune enquĂȘte Ă ce jour nâa Ă©tĂ© instruiteâŠ.
A paltry new meaning of torture⊠â October 2016: the National Assembly has adopted a law revising the Penal Code confirming the definition of torture within the meaning of the Convention against Torture, bringing it into conformity with international law (*). This law allowed the removal of the prescription for acts of torture, so such a criminal act would become punishable without time limit for bringing a lawsuit.
Article 198 of the new Togolese Penal Code stated: ââTortureâ means any act by which severe pain or suffering, whether physical or mental, is intentionally inflicted upon a person for the purpose of, inter alia, obtaining from it or a third person information or confessions, to punish it for an act that it or a third person has committed or is suspected of having committed, to intimidate or to put pressure on a third person, or for any other reason based on any form of discriminationâ. However, the Convention against Torture, ratified by Togo in 1987, specifies that torture must be inflicted âby public officials or at their instigationâ; what was not previously in the new Togolese Penal Code. This omission then amounted to disempowering the State for acts committed by its agents. The United States Committee against Torture had asked Togo since 2012 to âinclude the imprescriptibly of the crime of torture in the Penal Code and eliminated the provision of 10 years of prescriptible it for such actsâ.
Yet, many reports of torture and other ill-treatments are reported throughout the year. An example with a case that I followed under my monitoring task where a resident of GuĂ©rin Kouka (region of Kara, Bassar prefecture) was arrested at his home by three policemen, taken to the police station and tortured to make him âconfessâ to a motorcycle theft in June 2016; which left the police station after 3 days without being charged. He lodged a complaint, but the impunity seem set to persist right now, since no investigation has been conducted to this dayâŠ
La peine de mort abolie. â En Septembre 2016, le gouvernement togolais a ratifiĂ© le DeuxiĂšme protocole facultatif se rapportant au Pacte international relatif aux droits civils et politiques qui vise Ă abolir la peine de mort.
The death penalty abolished. â In September 2016, the Togolese government ratified the Second Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, aiming at the abolition of the death penalty.
Une mise Ă mal pour lâindĂ©pendance de la CNDH. â En mars 2016, lâAssemblĂ©e nationale a adoptĂ© une loi autorisant le prĂ©sident de la RĂ©publique togolaise Ă nommer les membres de Commission nationale des droits de lâHomme (CNDH) sans contrĂŽle parlementaire. Le texte portait Ă©galement crĂ©ation du MĂ©canisme national de prĂ©vention de la torture (MNP) â chargĂ© de prĂ©venir la torture et dâenquĂȘter sur les cas de torture â au sein de la CNDH, ce qui jetait le doute sur sa capacitĂ© Ă fonctionner en toute indĂ©pendance.
A threat to the independence of the NCHR. â In March 2016, the National Assembly passed a law authorising the President of the Togolese Republic to appoint the members of the National Commission of Human Rights (NCHR) without parliamentary control. The text also established the National Mechanism for the Prevention of Torture (NMP) â responsible for preventing torture and investigating cases of torture â Â within the NCHR, which cast doubt on his ability to function independently.
Un risque pour le droit Ă la libertĂ© dâassociation. â En avril 2016, le Conseil des ministres a adoptĂ© un projet de loi relatif Ă la libertĂ© dâassociation non conforme aux normes internationales, disposant que les « associations Ă©trangĂšres ou internationales » doivent obtenir une autorisation afin de pouvoir mener leurs activitĂ©s au Togo et que celles-ci doivent respecter les lois nationales et la moralitĂ© (« la protection du droit Ă la libertĂ© dâassociation, de rĂ©union pacifique et dâexpression au Togo » ; AFR 03/5064/2016).
Cette disposition pourrait ĂȘtre utilisĂ©e de façon discriminatoire contre les personnes LGBTI, les relations sexuelles consenties entre adultes de mĂȘme sexe Ă©tant toujours interdites par la loi. Le projet de loi permet Ă©galement la dissolution des associations sur dĂ©cision du Conseil des ministres, ou du ministre de lâAdministration territoriale pour les « associations Ă©trangĂšres et internationales ».
Le mĂȘme texte prĂ©voit des mesures dâincitation fiscale lorsque les associations acceptent que leurs objectifs et activitĂ©s fassent lâobjet dâun contrĂŽle renforcĂ© de la part de lâĂtat.
Pierre K. DEGBOE-AYIH, membre d'AI Togo et l'un des assistants du directeur, a apportĂ© quelques prĂ©cisions Ă mes questionnements le 2 mars dernier : « Pour toute manifestation, il suffit dâinformer lâautorité ». En effet, « nous avons quittĂ© le rĂ©gime dâautorisation pour le rĂ©gime d'information. Maintenant, si l'autoritĂ© voit des risques de trouble Ă l'ordre public, elle peut soit proposer un autre lieu pour la manif soit l'annuler ».
Amnesty International notamment a eu du mal Ă avoir lâautorisation : « étant donnĂ© qu'on dĂ©nonce les violations des droits humains, il nous a Ă©tĂ© trĂšs difficile d'avoir notre rĂ©cĂ©pissĂ© d'installation. On l'a eu tout rĂ©cemment. Mais cela ne nous a pas empĂȘchĂ© d'exercer sans le rĂ©cĂ©pissĂ© ». Idem AI Togo, malgrĂ© que l'ONG soit critiquĂ©e voire parfois restreinte dans sa libertĂ© d'expression, « en tout cas de nos jours n'a pas de souci avec ses manifs. On informe juste l'autoritĂ©. Par contre, entre les annĂ©es 90-95, c'a Ă©tĂ© compliquĂ©. Les membres tout comme le staff Ă©taient menacĂ©s ».
A risk for the right to freedom of association. â In April 2016, the Council of Ministers has adopted a draft law about freedom of association which is not in line with international standards, stipulating that âforeign or international associationsâ must obtain an authorization in order to carry out their activities in Togo and that they must respect national laws and morality (âthe protection of the right to freedom of association, peaceful assembly and speech in Togoâ; AFRÂ 03/5064/2016).Â
This requirement could be used in a discriminatory way against LGBTI people, consensual sex between adults of the same sex is still prohibited by law. The bill also allows the dissolution of associations by decision of the Council of Minister, or the Minister of Territorial Administration for âforeign and international associationsâ.
The same text provides for tax incentives where associations accept that their objectives and activities are subject to enhanced State control.
Pierre K. DEGBOE-AYIH, member of AI Togo and one of the Directorâs assistants, made some clarifications to my questions on March 2, 2018: âFor any event, itâs sufficient to inform the authorityâ. Indeed, âwe left the authorization regime for the information system. Now, if the authority detects any risk of disturbing the public order, it can either suggest another place for the demonstration or cancel itâ.
Amnesty International particularly had trouble getting permission: âGiven the denunciation of human rights violations, it was very difficult for us to have our installation receipt. We had just recently. But that didnât stop us from exercising without the receiptâ. Idem AI Togo, even though the NGO is criticized and sometimes restricted in its freedom of speech, âin any case nowadays has no problem with its events. We just inform the authority. On the other hand, between the 90-95âs, it has been complicated. Just like the staff, the members were threatenedâ.
Un recours excessif Ă la force face Ă des manifestants. â  Que ce soit en 2016 ou en 2017, comme les annĂ©es prĂ©cĂ©dentes, les forces de sĂ©curitĂ© (armĂ©e comprise) ont usĂ© dâune force particuliĂšrement excessive et meurtriĂšre pour rĂ©primer et disperser des manifestations pacifiques, Ă©vacuant dissidents et contestataires, membres de lâopposition, et parfois les journalistes.
De janvier Ă juin 2017, plusieurs manifestations et mouvements de contestation se sont organisĂ©s quant aux conditions de travail des professeurs et leur salaire dans les Ă©coles (avec les Ă©lĂšves dans la rue pour demander la reprise des cours), au retrait des frĂ©quences terrestres hertziennes octroyĂ©es au groupe Sud-Media (chaine de tĂ©lĂ©vision « LCF - La Chaine du Futur » et radio « CityFM » ; CommuniquĂ© du 6 fĂ©vrier), Ă la hausse des prix des produits pĂ©troliers, aux conditions de vie des Ă©tudiantsâŠ.
Quant Ă la hausse des prix des produits pĂ©troliers, il sâagissait de hausses assez rapprochĂ©es ayant eu lieu deux fois en deux mois (Janvier et FĂ©vrier 2017) alors mĂȘme que cette hausse nâest autorisĂ©e que deux fois par trimestre⊠Lors de lâune des manifestations, un bus a Ă©tĂ© carrĂ©ment brĂ»lĂ© en plein carrefour !
An excessive use of force against protesters. â Whether in 2016 or in 2017, as in previous years, security forces (including the army) have used a particularly excessive and lethal forces to repress and disperse peaceful demonstrations, evacuating dissidents and protestors, opposition members, and sometimes journalists.
From January to June 2017, several demonstrations and protest movements were organised against teacherâs working conditions and their salaries in schools (with the students in the street to request resumption of classes), the withdrawal of the terrestrial frequencies granted to the Sud-Media group (TV channel âLCF - La Chaine du Futurâ and Radio âCityFMâ; Release of February 6), the rising prices of petroleum products, the living conditions of studentsâŠ.
On the rising prices of petroleum products matter, these were fairly close to each other as they occurred twice in two months (January and February 2017) even though such an increase is only allowed twice a quarterâŠDuring one of the demonstrations, a bus was downright burned in the middle of a crossroad!
Un ami togolais, DĂ©sirĂ©, me disait Ă lâĂ©poque : « Ăa ne marche dans le pays ! »  |   A Togolese friend, DĂ©sirĂ©, told me at the time: âIt doesnât work in the country!â
Notamment fin fĂ©vrier, des tirs Ă balles rĂ©elles de la part des forces de sĂ©curitĂ© ont Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ©s pour disperser les rassemblements spontanĂ©s, faisant un mort et plusieurs blessĂ©s (CommuniquĂ© du 1er mars). De mĂȘme en juin, des manifestations ont eu lieu sur le campus universitaire de LomĂ©, avec une certaine violence (des vidĂ©os ont Ă©tĂ© diffusĂ©es sur Internet : des coups de matraques envers des Ă©tudiants Ă terre, des lancers de pierre en direction des forces de sĂ©curitĂ©) et plusieurs Ă©tudiants ont dĂ©clarĂ© devant le tribunal avoir Ă©tĂ© battu par les forces de sĂ©curitĂ© lors de leur arrestation et transfert.
DĂšs la fin aoĂ»t 2017, câen est suivi prĂšs de 6 mois de crise au Togo avec de nombreuses manifestations organisĂ©es par lâopposition politique dans les grandes villes du pays : la revendication dâun retour Ă la Constitution de 1992, le vote de la diaspora et la libĂ©ration des prisonniers politiques. En effet, les manifestations et reprĂ©sailles se sont enchainĂ©es jusquâau 13 janvier 2018, laissant place Ă un dialogue politique entre lâĂtat et les diffĂ©rents mouvements dâopposition dĂšs la mi-fĂ©vrier (*). Affaire Ă suivre !
Affaire Ă suivre car, certes lâĂtat a libĂ©rĂ© 45 manifestants « en signe dâapaisement » (*), mais il sâagit Ă©galement pour lui de cesser de harceler les militants pro-dĂ©mocratie et dĂ©fenseurs des droits humains comme lây appellent Amnesty International et deux autres ONG : Africans Rising et Front Line HRD (*).  En attendant, la coalition de lâopposition a dĂ©cidĂ© le 9 mars de suspendre les manifestations pour permettre un meilleur dialogue (*) !
Toutefois, le dialogue inter-togolais a Ă©tĂ© suspendu le 23 fĂ©vrier, officiellement pour un agenda chargĂ© du facilitateur (Nana AKUFO-ADDO, prĂ©sident du Ghana ; son reprĂ©sentant a reçu entre autres Gilbert Bawara, ministre de la fonction publique, et « la disponibilitĂ© du prĂ©sident Faure GnassingbĂ© Ă trouver un compromis avec lâopposition Ă travers le dialogue » a Ă©tĂ© rĂ©itĂ©rĂ©e(*)), et devrait reprendre la semaine prochaine.
Au demeurant, la reprise des manifestations est annoncĂ©e depuis le 13 mars⊠En effet, la coalition de lâopposition â avec pour porte-parole Tikpi Atchadam (dirigeant du Parti national panafricain [PNP]) â a appelĂ© Ă manifester durant toute la semaine-ci (du 20 au 24 mars) (*), bien que le gouvernement ait alors annoncĂ© lâinterdiction de ces manifestations car « on ne peut pas dialoguer et manifester en mĂȘme temps » (*). Quant au PrĂ©sident ghanĂ©en, « lâĂ©missaire a prĂ©cisĂ© quâ[il] exhorte la Coalition des 14 partis Ă donner une nouvelle chance au dialogue en renonçant aux manifestations jusqu'Ă Â la rencontre de la semaine prochaine » (*). Les choses pourraient encore Ă©voluer avec la prĂ©paration des Ă©lections lĂ©gislatives qui devraient se dĂ©rouler en Juillet 2018 (les derniĂšres ayant eu lieu en 2013), voire des Ă©lections locales si celles-ci sont enfin dĂ©cidĂ©es (prĂ©vues initialement au plus tard pour fin 2017) et un rĂ©fĂ©rendum constitutionnel (*)!
Particularly at the end of February, live ammunition from the security forces was carried out to disperse the spontaneous rallies, killing one person and injuring several people (Release of March 1st). Similarly, in June, demonstrations took place on the University campus of Lomé with some violence (videos were posted on the Internet: clubbing toward students on the ground, throwing stones at the security forces) and several students declared in court that they were beaten by security forces during their arrest and transfer.
From the end of August 2017, this has been followed by nearly 6 months of crisis in Togo with many demonstrations organised by the political opposition in the big cities of the country: the claim for a return to the 1992 Constitution, Diaspora voting and the release of political prisoners. Indeed, the demonstrations and reprisals continued until January 13, 2018, giving way to a political dialogue between the State and different opposition movements in mid-February (*). Stay tuned!
Stay tuned because, admittedly the State released 45 demonstrators âin appeasementâ (*), but itâs also for it to stop harassing pro-democracy activists and human rights defenders as called by Amnesty International and two other NGOs: Africans Rising and Front Line HRD (*). Meanwhile, the opposition coalition decided on March 9 to suspend the demonstrations to allow a better dialogue (*)!
However the inter-Togolese dialogue was suspended on February 23, officially for a busy agenda of the facilitator (Nana AKUFO-ADDO, President of Ghana; his representative received, inter alia, Gilbert Bawara, the Minister for the Civil Service, and âthe availability of the president Faure GnassingbĂ© to find a compromise with the opposition through the dialogueâ was reiterated (*)), and should start next week again.
Incidentally, the resumption of demonstrations is announced since March 13âŠ. Indeed, the opposition coalition â with spokesman Tikpi Atchadam (leader of the Pan-African National Party [PNP]) â called to protest throughout this week (March 20th to 24th) (*), although the government has announced the ban of these demonstrations because âwe cannot dialogue and protest at the same timeâ (*). As to the President of Ghana, âthe emissary said that [he] urges the Coalition of 14 political parties to give a new chance to dialogue by giving up the demonstrations until next week meetingâ (*). Things could still evolve with the preparation of the parliamentary elections scheduled for July 2018 (the last ones having taken place in 2013), even local elections if they are finally decided (initially planned by the end of 2017) and a constitutional referendum (*)!
La revendication dâun retour Ă la Constitution de 1992 porte aussi celle de la destitution de Faure GnassingbĂ© au pouvoir, sa famille Ă©tant au pouvoir depuis plus de 50 ans (son pĂšre, Etienne Eyadema GnassingbĂ©, Ă©tait Ă la tĂȘte du pays de 1967 jusquâĂ sa mort en 2005). Le systĂšme dĂ©mocratique togolais est de plus en plus critiquĂ© par les Togolais eux-mĂȘmes.  [Article Ă venir]
The claim for a return to the 1992 Constitution also includes the destitution of Faure Gnassingbé in power, his family having been in power for more than 50 years (his father, Etienne Eyadema Gnassingbé, was at the head of the country from 1967 until his death in 2005). The Togolese democratic system is increasingly critical and speak Togolese themselves. [Subsequent article]
Durant 2017, au moins 10 personnes ont Ă©tĂ© tuĂ©es, dont deux membres des forces armĂ©es et trois enfants ĂągĂ©s de 11 Ă 14 ans. De mĂȘme, un enfant de neuf ans a Ă©tĂ© tuĂ© par balle lors des manifestations (*). Plus de 200 personnes de lâopposition, dont le secrĂ©taire gĂ©nĂ©ral du PNP ont Ă©tĂ© arrĂȘtĂ©es. Au moins 60 dâentre elles ont Ă©tĂ© condamnĂ©es Ă des peines allant jusquâĂ 60 mois dâemprisonnement pour rĂ©bellion, destruction volontaire, voie de fait, violences envers des reprĂ©sentants de lâautoritĂ© publique, troubles aggravĂ©s Ă lâordre public et vol aggravĂ©. Il a Ă©tĂ© rappelĂ© par Amnesty que les autoritĂ©s doivent sâabstenir de tout recours injustifiĂ© ou excessif Ă la force lors des manifestations de lâopposition (*).
During 2017, at least 10 people were killed, including two members of the armed forces and three children aged 11 to 14. Likewise, a 9-year-old child was shot dead during demonstrations (*). More than 200 people from the opposition, including the Secretary General of PNP, were arrested. At least 60 of them were sentenced to up to 60 months imprisonment for rebellion, voluntary destruction, assault, violence against representatives of the public authority, aggravated disturbances of public order and aggravated theft. Amnesty has reiterated that the authorities must refrain from unjustified or excessive use of force during opposition demonstrations (*).
Un arbitraire continuel dans les arrestations et dĂ©tentions. â Les autoritĂ©s ont continuĂ© de pratiquer la dĂ©tention arbitraire, en particulier Ă lâĂ©gard des personnes qui exprimaient des opinions dissidentes. Deux individus ayant participĂ© Ă des manifestations de Novembre 2015 Ă Mango (r. Savanes, prĂ©f. Oti) ont Ă©tĂ© dĂ©tenus arbitrairement dĂšs le 1er avril 2016 â et ce nâest pas une blague ! â Ă Dapaong (r. Savanes, prĂ©f. TĂŽne) pour avoir rĂ©clamĂ© justice pour les personnes tuĂ©es lors de ces manifestations (sept civils et un policier), inculpĂ©s dâ« incitation Ă commettre une infraction » et libĂ©rĂ©s sous caution aprĂšs cinq mois de dĂ©tention. En Mars 2017, lors de notre rencontre (le directeur dâAmnesty, un de ses assistants et moi-mĂȘme) avec les autoritĂ©s de la Justice de Mango, puis avec les deux individus libĂ©rĂ©s sous caution, les cinq hommes restaient toujours dĂ©tenus sans jugement pour leur rĂŽle prĂ©sumĂ© dans les manifestations de Mango. La crainte est que cette incarcĂ©ration tienne sa justification du simple fait dâavoir Ă©tĂ© les organisateurs de ces manifestations. Â
Dix hommes ont Ă©tĂ© dĂ©clarĂ©s coupables en septembre 2011 de participation Ă la tentative de coup dâĂtat de 2009, sept dâentre eux Ă©taient toujours dĂ©tenus fin 2016, dont Kpatcha GnassingbĂ©, demi-frĂšre du prĂ©sident.
Idem, Ă la suite de mouvements de contestation oĂč des Ă©lĂšves revendiquaient la reprise de lâĂ©cole en Mars 2017 dans le nord du pays, trois Ă©lĂšves avaient Ă©tĂ© arrĂȘtĂ©s (dont un arrĂȘtĂ© chez lui en pleine nuit) aprĂšs avoir jetĂ© des cailloux contre le vĂ©hicule dâun policier. Les parents de deux dâentre eux ne savaient mĂȘme pas oĂč ils se trouvaient. Les trois jeunes (mineurs) Ă©taient alors dĂ©tenus Ă la prison de Dapaong, dans la mĂȘme salle que dâautres dĂ©tenus adultes, en attente de leurs jugements respectifs. AprĂšs avoir Ă©coutĂ© les trois jeunes, nous avons rencontrĂ© le procureur de Dapaong et son substitut qui ont alors fait remonter les requĂȘtes dâAmnesty auprĂšs du juge compĂ©tent territorialement afin que les jeunes soient libĂ©rĂ©s, estimant que la dĂ©tention Ă©tait disproportionnĂ©e au vu de la situation. Trois jours aprĂšs, ils ont Ă©tĂ© libĂ©rĂ©s.
A continual arbitrariness in arrests and detentions. â The authorities continued to practice arbitrary detention, particularly regarding persons expressing dissenting opinions. Two individuals who participated in the November 2015 demonstrations in Mango (Savannah Region, Oti prefecture) were arbitrarily detained on April 1, 2016 â and this is not a joke! â in Dapaong (Savannah Region, TĂŽne prefecture) for claiming justice for killed people during these events (7 civilians and a policeman), charged with âincitement to commit an offenseâ and released on bail after 5 months in jail. In March 2017, during our meeting (the director of AI Togo, one of his assistants and myself) with the Justice authorities of Mango, and then with the two individuals released on bail, the 5 men remain still detained without trial for the alleged role in the events of Mango. The fear is that this incarceration is justified simply by having been the organisers of theses demonstrations.
10 men were convicted in September 2011 of participating in the attempted coup of 2009, seven of them were still detained at the end of 2016, including the Presidentâs half-brother Kpatcha GnassingbĂ©.
Likewise, in the following of protests in which some pupils claimed the schoolâs takeover in March 2017 in the north of the country, three pupils had been arrested (including one of them at home in the middle of the night) after throwing pebbles at a police officerâs vehicle. The parents of two of them didnât even know where they were. The three young minors were then held in Dapaong prison in the same room as other adult inmates, awaiting their respective sentences. After listening to the three young people, we met the Dapaong prosecutor and his substitute who then sent Amnestyâs requests to the territorially competent judge for the release of young people, considering that the detention was disproportionate in view of the situation. They were released three days after.
Des crimes restant toujours impunisâŠ. â LâimpunitĂ© demeurait la rĂšgle pour les auteurs de violations des droits humains jusqu'Ă lâadoption de la loi de Mars 2016 relative Ă la libertĂ© dâaccĂšs Ă lâinformation et Ă la documentation publique afin dâaccroĂźtre la transparence et lâobligation de rendre des comptes. Mais, un mois aprĂšs, a Ă©tĂ© adoptĂ© un nouveau Code de justice militaire qui pourrait favoriser lâimpunitĂ© en donnant aux juridictions militaires le pouvoir dâinstruire et de juger des infractions de droit commun commises par du personnel militaire comme le viol et la torture, reconnaissant leur compĂ©tence pour juger des civils.
La Commission nationale des droits de lâHomme (CNDH) a rendu un rapport en Mars 2016 sur les manifestations de Mango de Novembre 2015, concluant à « un manque de professionnalisme de la part de certains agents des forces de lâordre et de sĂ©curitĂ© et une insuffisance des Ă©lĂ©ments dĂ©ployĂ©s sur le terrain » qui avaient entraĂźnĂ© « un usage excessif de la force ». Fin 2016, aucun membre des forces de sĂ©curitĂ© nâavait Ă©tĂ© jugĂ© et aucune victime indemnisĂ©e.
Notamment, 13 ans aprĂšs, les autoritĂ©s nâont toujours pas pris de mesure pour identifier les responsables prĂ©sumĂ©s des homicides de prĂšs de 500 personnes au cours des violences ayant Ă©maillĂ© lâĂ©lection prĂ©sidentielle de 2005. Les 72 plaintes dĂ©posĂ©es par des familles de victimes auprĂšs de plusieurs tribunaux (AtakpamĂ©, AmlamĂ©, LomĂ©) nâont toujours pas fait lâobjet dâune enquĂȘte exhaustive. Il en est de mĂȘme pour les responsables prĂ©sumĂ©s de toutes autres violations des droits humains.
Crimes still going unpunishedâŠ. â Impunity remained the rule for perpetrators of human rights violations until the adoption of the March 2016 law on the freedom of access to information and public documentation to increase transparency and accountability.  But a month later, a new Code of Military Justice was adopted that could promote impunity by giving military courts the power to investigate and try ordinary law offences committed by military personnel such as rape and torture, recognizing their jurisdiction to try civilians.
The National Commission of Human Rights (NCHR) issued a report in March 2016 about the Mango events in November 2015, finding âa lack of professionalism on the part of some law enforcement officers and security and a lack of elements deployed on the groundâ that led to âexcessive use of forceâ. At the end of 2016, no members of the security forces were tried, and no victims were compensated.
13 years later, the authorities have still not taken measures to identify those responsible for the killings of nearly 500 people during the violence which enamelled the presidential election of 2005. 72 complaints filed by families of victims in several courts (Atakpamé, Amlamé, Lomé) not yet fully investigated. The same is true for those responsible for any other human rights violations.
La libertĂ© dâexpression, un combat de tous les jours. â Les autoritĂ©s continuent Ă rĂ©primer le droit Ă la libertĂ© dâexpression, ayant notamment arbitrairement fermĂ© des mĂ©dias et arrĂȘtĂ© des dirigeants associatifs, leaders de lâopposition en raison des opinions dissidentes exprimĂ©es.
The freedom of speech, a daily struggle. â The authorities continue to repress the right to freedom of speech, having arbitrarily shut down media and arrest community leaders and opposition leaders because of the dissenting opinions.
Quelques cas concrets qui ont fait couler de lâencre des journaux locaux et internationaux en 2017Â Â |Â Â Some concrete cases that leaked ink from local and international newspapers in 2017:
6 fĂ©vrier : La Haute autoritĂ© de lâaudiovisuel et de la communication (HAAC) a retirĂ© les frĂ©quences hertziennes terrestres octroyĂ©es au groupe Sud-Media (radio CityFM et tĂ©lĂ©vision LCF - La Chaine du Futur), leur reprochant de nâavoir pas respectĂ© la rĂ©glementation concernant lâautorisation dâĂ©mettre. Le rĂšglement de la HAAC ne prĂ©voit aucun mĂ©canisme de recours contre une telle dĂ©cision.
February 6Â : The High Authority for Audiovisual and Communication (HAAC) removed the terrestrial Hertzian frequencies granted to the Sud-Media group (Radio âCityFMâ and TV channel âLCF â La Chaine du Futurâ), accusing them of failing to comply with the regulations concerning the authorisation to broadcast. The settlement of the HAAC doesnât provide any mechanism for appeal against such a decision.
7 fĂ©vrier : Un journaliste a Ă©tĂ© maltraitĂ© par les gendarmes lors dâun reportage Ă LomĂ©, ces derniers voulaient lâempĂȘcher de photographier une expulsion. Il a reçu des coups de matraque, Ă©tĂ© menottĂ©, Ă©tĂ© placĂ© en dĂ©tention et ses photos ont Ă©tĂ© dĂ©truites (mais pas uniquement celles du reportage en question). Il a Ă©tĂ© relĂąchĂ© le jour mĂȘme sans ĂȘtre inculpĂ©. Il a dĂ©posĂ© une plainte auprĂšs du Parquet de LomĂ©, mais nâa toujours reçu aucune rĂ©ponse Ă la suite de cette plainte, bien quâil ait reçu durant les jours suivants des menaces anonymes. Fin fĂ©vrier, le procureur de la RĂ©publique a indiquĂ© que toute personne qui communiquerait des informations sur lâagression du journaliste encourrait des poursuites judiciaires pour « diffusion de fausses nouvelles ».
February 7: A journalist was ill-treated by the gendarmes during a report in LomĂ©, they wanted to prevent him from photographing an eviction. He was beaten with truncheons, handcuffed, placed in detention and theses pictures were destroyed (but not only those of the report). He was released the same day without being charged. He lodged a complaint with the LomĂ© Prosecutorâs Office but has not received any response towards them, although he received anonymous threats during the following days. At the end of February, the public Prosecutor indicated that any person who would communicate information about the assault of the journalist would incur prosecution for âspreading false newsâ.
4 avril : Un membre de lâAlliance des dĂ©mocrates pour le dĂ©veloppement intĂ©gral (ADDI), un parti de lâopposition, a Ă©tĂ© arrĂȘtĂ© aprĂšs avoir critiquĂ© une proposition du chef dâune localitĂ© du nom de Yembour qui exigeait des familles quâelles financent la rĂ©paration des dĂ©gĂąts causĂ©s par des Ă©tudiants lors dâune manifestation en mars. Le membre de lâADDI a Ă©tĂ© inculpĂ© de troubles aggravĂ©s Ă lâordre public, Ă©tant lâinstigateur prĂ©sumĂ©. Il a niĂ© toute implication dans le mouvement de contestation, affirmant quâil se trouvait alors Ă LomĂ©, Ă 630 km de Yembour. Ă la fin de lâannĂ©e, il Ă©tait toujours en dĂ©tention sans avoir Ă©tĂ© jugĂ©. Amnesty a communiquĂ© quâun militant politique dĂ©tenu pour ses opinions doit ĂȘtre libĂ©rĂ© (*).
April 4: A member of the Democratic Alliance for Integral Development (DAID), an opposition party, was arrested after criticizing a proposal from the head of a locality called Yembour which required families to pay for caused damages by students during a demonstration in March. The DAID member has been charged with aggravated disturbances of public order, being the alleged instigator. He denied any involvement in the protest movement, asserting he was then in Lomé, 630 km away from Yembour. At the end of the year, he was still in detention without being tried. Amnesty said a political activist who is detained for his opinions must be released (*).
13 avril : Une militante a Ă©tĂ© arrĂȘtĂ©e par des gendarmes Ă Pagouda (rĂ©gion de la Kara) aprĂšs quâelle ait pris des photos de manifestants blessĂ©s et demandĂ© aux autoritĂ©s locales dâempĂȘcher les forces de sĂ©curitĂ© dâutiliser une force excessive contre les manifestants pacifiques. Elle a Ă©tĂ© inculpĂ©e de « rĂ©bellion » et de « participation Ă une manifestation non autorisĂ©e », Amnesty a estimĂ© que son arrestation et inculpation se faisait Ă tort (*). Elle a pu recouvrer la libertĂ© un mois plus tard, dĂšs lors que le tribunal de Pagouda a abandonnĂ© les charges retenues contre elle.
April 13: An activist was arrested by the gendarmes in Pagouda (Kara Region) after she took pictures of injured demonstrators and called on local authorities to prevent security forces from using excessive force against peaceful protesters. She was charged with ârebellionâ and âparticipation in an unauthorized demonstrationâ, Amnesty has ruled that her arrest and indictment was wrongly (*). She was set free a month later, as the court dropped the charges against her.
9 jours en Septembre : Les autoritĂ©s ont bloquĂ© lâaccĂšs Ă internet alors que se tenaient des manifestations conduites par lâopposition, perturbant ainsi le dĂ©roulement de ces manifestations et entravĂ© le travail des militants des droits humains et des journalistes qui suivaient lâĂ©volution du mouvement de contestation.
During 9 days in September: The authorities blocked the Internet access while opposition-led demonstrations were held, disrupting the progress of these demonstrations and hindered the work of human rights activists and journalists who followed the evolution of the protest movement.
Annexe - Dates des manifestations de 2017 sur LomĂ© et d'autres grandes villes du pays, pour avoir un ordre d'idĂ©eâŠÂ  |  Annex â Dates of the 2017 demonstrations in LomĂ© and other big cities of the country, to have an ideaâŠ:
January 25 thFebruary 14 th, 15th, 16th  â February 25th (Sud-Media)
February 28th (Hausse du prix des produits pétroliers  |  Rising prices of petroleum products)
March 11th (Manifestation gĂ©nĂ©rale d'opposition : Sud-Media et donc libertĂ© d'expression et libertĂ© de la presse, Hausse du prix des produits pĂ©troliers, DĂ©cĂšs par balle perdue d'un manifestantâŠÂ  |  General opposition demonstration : Sud-Media and the freedom of speech & freedom of press, Rising prices of petroleum products, Death by stray bullet of a demonstratorâŠ)
April 13rd
June 14th, 21st, 22nd & 26th(University Campus in Lomé)
August 14th
September 6th, 7th
September 20th, 21st
October 4th, 5th
October 18th, 19th
November 6th, 7th, 8th
November 16th, 17th, 18th
November 29th, 30th â December 2nd
December 27th, 28th, 30th
+ 2018 : January 13rd














