The Story of Wellington Boots
This weekend, in the UK, The Glastonbury Festival is taking place. As well as being famous for it's immense size, quality music line-up and spiritual attraction, Glastonbury is known for being muddy... sometimes very muddy. Mercifully, the weather this year has been pretty good; there's been lots of sunshine and not too much mud, so no need for Wellington Boots...
This got me to thinking; where to Wellington Boots come from? As an essential piece of festival kit, it's probably worth knowing a little bit of context to this perfectly evolved utilitarian footwear.
The Wellington boot originates from Hesse, which can be found in modern-day central Germany and is an adaptation of the ‘Hessian Boot’; footwear that was a standard issue item for military troops in the 18th Century. This low-heeled boot, with a semi-pointed toe was ideal for mounted troops: The shape of the Hessian boot reflected that of a stirrup and therefore the foot of the rider could easily be inserted into the stirrup and held securely in place.
Field Marshal Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington was an Anglo-Irish soldier of the British Army and statesman who lived in the late 18th Century / Early 19th Century. Being a man of society, Wellesley had the means with which to own bespoke clothing and instructed his boot maker, Hoby of St. James’s Street in London, to adapt the Hessian boot in order that it be better suited for contemporary military work and the life of a gentleman. Wellesley asked for the boot to be knee-high at the front (to protect the knee when on horseback), closely fit around the leg and made of a soft, flexible calfskin leather. ‘The Iron Duke’ can be seen wearing the resulting boots in this oil painting of 1818, by Thomas Lawrence
Also there's a statue of Arthur Wellesley in Leeds. Somebody humorous has given the statue an appropriate defacing.
In the 1850’s the adapted Hessian boot started to gain popularity in Europe and a calf-high version of the boot was presumably nick-named the ‘Wellington Boot’.
Charles Goodyear is generally credited with the inventing the vulcanization process of natural rubber. However, in 1852 Hiram Hutchinson, an American industrialist, met Goodyear and purchased the patent to create vulcanized footwear. Hutchinson founded a company in France under the original name of ‘Compagnie du Caoutchouc Souple’ (Flexible Rubber Company) and later re-named ‘A l’Aigle’, French for ‘to the eagle’, a reference to Hutchinson’s heritage.
In 1853 95% of the French population were working in fields and wearing wooden clogs. As you can imagine, vulcanised rubber boots were a total revelation and soon became very popular. Only four years after its inception the company was manufacturing 14,000 pairs of boots a day. These boots were very similar in style to the Hessian boot as adopted by The Duke of Wellington, giving birth to what we know today as the modern Wellington boot.
With the onset of two World Wars in the early to mid-twentieth century, much of the action was fought in damp, wet, inhospitable conditions. Waterproof footwear was in dire need. Production of wellington boots dramatically increased around the First and Second World War. Supposedly, the waterproof boot was an object of envy by German forces in World War One and were a great aid to the British Army.
When I think of uniforms and military kit, Wellington Boots don't spring to mind. Also, its very difficult to find images of First or Second World War troops wearing Wellington Boots. However, it makes sense; in the boggy conditions of a battlefield Wellingtons would help avoid the infamous Trench Foot. A kind contact (and my good ol' dad) pointed me in the direction of this website, that features First World War allied troops wearing wellington boots. The design doesn't look to have changes all that much in around a hundred years.
Today, 'wellies', 'gumboots' or 'gumbies' are available with an astounding array of variation. One can pick up a pair for less than the price of a meal, or can blow the budget on a pair from a prestigious brand such as the UK's Hunter Boots, which were the brand who supplied The British Army for both World Wars under the original name of North Rubber UK. If you're keen to own a little piece of wet-weather-footwear history and have a considerable chunk of change, Aigle, the company founded by Hutchinson more than a hundred years ago are still producing wellington boots in France.
So if you're heading off to a festival this summer, or perhaps you're on your way back from Glastonbury now; take a moment to consider your wellies. They've been keeping feet like yours warm and dry for a very long time. If it ain't broke, don't fix it. Those rubberies need recognition!
Thanks to the below for images and info.
Tommy 1418 and Laura Martin, 36ixty5 Days of Photography, The Clothes Whisperer, Yorkshire Photo Daily, AllPoster.co.uk, janeausten.co.uk, blakeneymanor.com, photoree, The Atlantic, HouseDivided, aeroscripophile, larep.fr, bonsplansmontargis.com, Wikimedia, Hunter Wellingtons, Express Wellies and Leparisien.fr