Sade Olutola
Claire Keane
Sweet Seals For You, Always
𓃗
Cosmic Funnies
"I'm Dorothy Gale from Kansas"
🩵 avery cochrane 🩵
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Janaina Medeiros
izzy's playlists!
$LAYYYTER
art blog(derogatory)
todays bird
pixel skylines
let's talk about Bridgerton tea, my ask is open
Aqua Utopia｜海の底で記憶を紡ぐ
oozey mess
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I'd rather be in outer space 🛸
Love Begins
seen from Netherlands
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@grand-master-flash
happy annoy squidward day
Actually, Annoy Squidward Day is January 15th. Although the calendar doesn’t have the month written on it, if you continue to watch the episode, they’re competing for January’s Employee of the Month.
I’ve been waiting all year to reblog this
nunchucks are illegal in some states but guns are not. so if you tie two guns together and create gunchucks it’s neither legal or illegal
schroedinger’s gunchucks
Our Amazing Solar System
I was a professional juggler for like five years and all of my friends politely pretend it never happened.
Sometimes I will be holding three or more similarly sized objects and they will all shoot me the kind of warning glances typically reserved for cats who are about to swipe a fresh and crispy fish stick from a small child’s hand.
I gaze wistfully at a basket of apples and they all think, “Don’t you FUCKING dare,” so hard that I take psychic damage.
Apollo 8
Let’s start this year with something cool! A Birch reduction.
Birch reduction is a really special thing in organic chemistry, it’s a dissolving metal reduction, that uses alkali metals, most often lithium or sodium and in most cases liquid ammonia as a solvent.
Liquid ammonia is a quite nasty thing, it boils at -33.34 °C, and has a really bad odor, so dry ice based cooling mixtures should be used for these reactions, just as in this case. We used a dry ice cooled condenser as seen on the above pictures. It is a special type of condenser, where we have to add dry ice continously to maintain the temperature at -78 °C to keep the ammonia in the reaction mixture.
The deep blue color of the reaction is the result of the dissolved sodium in the ammonia as a result from the presence of solvated electrons: blue when dilute and copper-colored when more concentrated (> 3 molar).
Instead of ammonia methyl or ethylamine could be also used as a solvent and instead of sodium all of the alkali metals, as well as Ca, Sr or Ba could be used for Birch reductions, however the yield and the product of the reaction could highly vary depending of the conditions.
For more: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birch_reduction
me: my sense of humor is great & intelligent
me whenever i see the number 69 randomly somewhere:
Spiral galaxy NGC 7252 [3364 x 3197]
A striking view from the Apollo 8 spacecraft showing nearly the entire Western Hemisphere, from the mouth of the St. Lawrence River, including nearby Newfoundland, extending to Tierra del Fuego at the southern tip of South America. [3000 x 3000]
Earthrise Photograph taken from lunar orbit by astronaut Bill Anders on December 24, 1968, during the Apollo 8 mission 50 years ago. [985 × 788]
This oblique view of the lunar surface was taken from the Apollo 8 spacecraft looking southward toward Goclenius and other large craters near 45 degrees east longitude and 10 degrees south latitude in the Sea of Fertility. [3000 x 3000]
Saturns Iapetus: Painted Moon : What has happened to Saturn’s moon Iapetus? Vast sections of this strange world are dark as coal, while others are as bright as ice. The composition of the dark material is unknown, but infrared spectra indicate that it possibly contains some dark form of carbon. Iapetus also has an unusual equatorial ridge that makes it appear like a walnut. To help better understand this seemingly painted moon, NASA directed the robotic Cassini spacecraft orbiting Saturn to swoop within 2,000 kilometers in 2007. Pictured here, from about 75,000 kilometers out, Cassini’s trajectory allowed unprecedented imaging of the hemisphere of Iapetus that is always trailing. A huge impact crater seen in the south spans a tremendous 450 kilometers and appears superposed on an older crater of similar size. The dark material is seen increasingly coating the easternmost part of Iapetus, darkening craters and highlands alike. Close inspection indicates that the dark coating typically faces the moon’s equator and is less than a meter thick. A leading hypothesis is that the dark material is mostly dirt leftover when relatively warm but dirty ice sublimates. An initial coating of dark material may have been effectively painted on by the accretion of meteor-liberated debris from other moons. via NASA
Research links Tau aggregates, cell death in Alzheimer’s
New evidence suggests a mechanism by which progressive accumulation of Tau protein in brain cells may lead to Alzheimer’s disease. Scientists studied more than 600 human brains and fruit fly models of Alzheimer’s disease and found the first evidence of a strong link between Tau protein within neurons and the activity of particular DNA sequences called transposable elements, which might trigger neurodegeneration. The study appears in the journal Cell Reports.
“One of the key characteristics of Alzheimer’s disease is the accumulation of Tau protein within brain cells, in combination with progressive cell death,” said corresponding author Dr. Joshua Shulman, associate professor of neurology, neuroscience and molecular and human genetics at Baylor College of Medicine and investigator at the Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children’s Hospital. “In this study we provide novel insights into how accumulation of Tau protein may contribute to the development of Alzheimer’s disease.”
Although scientists have studied for years what happens when Tau forms aggregates inside neurons, it still is not clear why brain cells ultimately die. One thing that scientists have noticed is that neurons affected by Tau accumulation also appear to have genomic instability.
“Genomic instability refers to an increased tendency to have alterations in the genetic material, DNA, such as mutations or other impairments. This means that the genome is not functioning correctly. Genomic instability is known to be a major driving force behind other diseases such as cancer,” Shulman said. “Our study focused on a new possible causal connection between Tau accumulation within neurons and the resulting genomic instability in Alzheimer’s disease.”
Enter transposable elements
Previous studies of brain tissues from patients with other neurologic diseases and of animal models have suggested that the neurons not only present with genomic instability, but also with activation of transposable elements.
“Transposable elements are short pieces of DNA that do not seem to contribute to the production of proteins that make cells function. They behave in a way similar to viruses; they can make copies of themselves that are inserted within the genome and this can create mutations that lead to disease,” Shulman said. “Although most transposable elements are dormant or dysfunctional, some may become active in human brains late in life or in disease. That’s what led us to look specifically at Alzheimer’s disease and the possible association between Tau accumulation and activated transposable elements.”
Shulman and his colleagues began their investigations by studying more than 600 human brains from a population study run by co-author Dr. David Bennett at Rush University Medical Center in Chicago. This population study follows participants throughout their lives and at death, allowing the researchers to examine their brains in detail postmortem. One of the evaluations is the amount of Tau accumulation across many brain regions. In addition, co-author Dr. Philip De Jager at the Broad Institute and Columbia University comprehensively profiled gene expression in the same brains.
“With this large amount of data, we looked to identify signatures of active transposable elements, but this was not easy,” Shulman said. “We therefore reached out to Dr. Zhandong Liu, a co-author in this study, and together we developed a new software tool to detect signatures of active transposable elements from postmortem human brains. Then we conducted a statistical analysis in which we compared the amount of active transposable elements signatures with the amount of Tau accumulation, brain by brain.” Liu also is assistant professor of pediatrics – neurology at Baylor and a member of the Dan L Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center.
The researchers found a strong link between the amount of Tau accumulation in neurons and detectable activity of transposable elements.
“We identified individual transposable elements that were active when Tau aggregates were present. Surprisingly, we also found evidence that the activation of transposable elements was quite broad across the genome,” Shulman said.
Other research has shown that Tau may disrupt the tightly packed architecture of the genome. It is believed that tightly packed DNA limits gene activation, while opening up the DNA may promote it. Keeping the DNA tightly packed may be an important mechanism to suppress the activity of transposable elements that lead to disease.
“The fact that Tau aggregates can affect that architecture of the genome may be one possible mechanism by which transposable elements are activated in Alzheimer’s disease,” Shulman said. “However, our studies in human brains only establish an association between Tau accumulation and activation of transposable elements. To determine whether Tau accumulation could in fact cause transposable element activation, we conducted studies with a fruit fly model of Alzheimer’s disease.”
In this fruit fly model of the disease, the researchers found that triggering Tau changes similar to those observed in human brains resulted in the activation of fruit fly transposable elements, strongly suggesting that Tau aggregates that disrupt the architecture of the genome can potentially mediate the activation of transposable elements and ultimately cause neurodegeneration.
“We think our experiments reveal new and potentially important insights relevant for understanding Alzheimer’s disease mechanisms,” Shulman said. “There is still a lot of work to be done, but by presenting our results we hope we can stimulate others in the research community to help work on this problem.”
Puppis A Supernova Remnant (desktop/laptop) Click the image to download the correct size for your desktop or laptop in high resolution
Keep your secrets… I’ll find out another way — view on Instagram http://bit.ly/2ELO3Ky
Video Clip SS2849988 (Tectonic Plate Movement)
Tectonic plate movement, 200 million years ago to today.
This animation of seafloor spreading and plate tectonic evolution of the planet since 200 million years ago is created from a synthesis of marine geophysical data (namely, the magnetic anomalies) and geological data on the continents.
The grey regions represent continental areas, while the light brown regions represent the reconstructed position of present-day coastlines (for reference).
Explore More Images On Tectonics
The rainbow colored regions represent the age of oceanic crust through time that is modelled from magnetic anomalies collected from the ocean floor.
Plate boundaries are plotted to show the evolving network of narrow deformation zones that accommodate the motion of plates - including mid oceanic ridges and transforms (black lines), and subduction zones (teethed magenta lines).
Dark grey regions represent areas of volcanism (known as Large Igneous Provinces) that are related to large upwellings of hot material from mantle plumes.
The animation is derived from a powerful scientific tool, forming the basis of numerical simulations of oceanic circulation, deep-time climate change, and planetary-scale geodynamic modelling of mantle convection.
© School of Geosciences / University of Sydney / NOAA / Science Source
The Liberty Bell 7 prior to recovery.
