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 Week 12: Crowd sourcing in times of crisis

Crowdsourcing, which enables member of the public to provide information and aid in emergency responses, has grown in importance as a tool during crisis situations. One prominent instance is the 2013 Boston Marathon bombing, in which online communities and social media users collaborated to exchange information and identify potential suspects. This incident showed the advantages and dangers of crowdsourcing in an emergency.

On April 15, 2013, two bombs detonated close to the Boston Marathon finish line in Boston, Massachusetts, resulting in the Boston Marathon Bombing. Three people were killed and over 260 others were injured in the attack. Following the incident, thousands of people shared updates, images, videos, and firsthand reports on social media sites like Facebook, Reddit, and Twitter (Starbird et al., 2014).

One of the most notable instances of crowdsourcing took place on Reddit, where users examined photos and videos taken at the scene in an effort to identify the bombers. This shows how digital communities can collaborate to swiftly process massive amounts of data. Real-time information that might not have been accessible through traditional media channels was made available to investigators and the general public through crowdsourcing.

But the case also brought attention to the risks associated with crowdsourcing. False accusations and online harassment resulted from Reddit users mistakenly identifying a number of innocent people as suspects. The quick spread of unconfirmed information caused confusion and showed the difficulties of depending on public investigations in times of emergency, according to Starbird et al. (2014). This brought up significant issues regarding digital citizenship and users' obligations to confirm information before posting it online.

The Boston Marathon bombing demonstrates how crowdsourcing can be an effective crisis management strategy by boosting public involvement and information exchange. But it also highlights the importance of fact-checking, critical thinking, and responsible online behaviour. For both users and online communities, striking balance between speed and accuracy is still a significant challenge as digital platforms continue to be used in emergency situations.

References

Starbird, K., Maddock, J., Orand, M., Achterman, P. and Mason, R.M. (2014) ‘Rumors, false flags, and digital vigilantes: Misinformation on Twitter after the 2013 Boston Marathon bombing’, iConference 2014 Proceedings, pp. 654–662.

Vieweg, S. (2012) ‘Crisis informatics: Examining the use of social media in crisis situations’, Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1079–1088.

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Week 11: Digital Citizenship and Conflict – Social Media Governance

People's access to and sharing of information has been completely changed by social media. News and opinions can swiftly reach large audiences through platforms like Facebook, Instagram, TikTok, and X (formerly Twitter). This has facilitated communication, but it has also accelerated the spread of false information and fake news. Disinformation is intentionally produced to mislead people, whereas misinformation is defined as false or misleading information that is spread out regardless of intent (Wardle and Derakhshan, 2017).

The speed at which false information can proliferate online is one of its main problems. Content that gets a lot of interaction (likes, comments, and shares) is frequently highlighted by social media algorithms. Because of this, sensational or deceptive content may occasionally reach a larger audience than factual information. This was especially evident during significant events like the COVID-19 pandemic, when misleading health information spread widely on social media ( World Health Organization, 2020).

Using online platforms critically and responsibly is a key component of digital citizenship. Before sharing information, users should double-check it and think about the reliability of the source. Because they enable people to assess online content, spot bias, and spot false information, media literacy skills are crucial. One of the best strategies to lessen the impact of false information is to increase media literacy, claim Wardle and Derakhshan (2017).

Through fact-checking initiatives, warning labels, and content moderation guidelines, social media companies have made an effort to address this problem. But these initiatives have spurred discussion about platform responsibility and free speech. While some users contend that platforms should not have too much control over online conversations, others feel that stricter moderation is required.

Overall, one of the biggest issues facing today's digital citizens is false information. Users must cultivate critical thinking abilities and accept accountability for the information they consume and share online as social media continues to shape public opinion and communication.

References

Meier, P. (2015) Digital Humanitarians: How Big Data Is Changing the Face of Humanitarian Response. Boca Raton: CRC Press.

Morrow, N., Mock, N., Papendieck, A. and Kocmich, N. (2011) ‘Independent evaluation of the Ushahidi Haiti Project’, Development Information Systems International, pp. 1–48.

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Week 10: Gaming Communities, Social Gaming and Live Streaming – Twitch

In the gaming industry, Twitch has grown to be one of the most influencial live-streaming platforms. Twitch, which was introduced in 2011, enables users to share gameplay, communicate with viewers in real time, and create online communities based on common interests. the platform shows how gaming has changed from being a mostly solitary activity to a very social interactive one.

Twitch's capacity to establish online communities is among its greatest contributions to gaming culture. Through live chat, viewers can interact with streamers and other viewers, fostering a sense of community and involvement. Hamilton, Garretson, and Kerne (2014) claim that shared experiences and continuous communication between streamers and viewers are what create Twitch communities. These exchanges frequently go beyond gaming and have the potential to grow into close social bonds.

Additionally, Twitch has turned gaming into a kind of entertainment and ocntent production. Through subscriptions, donations, sponsorships, and ads, well-known streamers can draw in thousands of viewers and make money. As a result, there are now more career options in the gaming sector, and the creator economy has grown (Johnson and Woodcock, 2019)

There are also difficulties with Twitch. Issues like toxic behaviour harrassment, and discrimination can occasionally arise in online communities. THe fast-paced nature of live streaming makes it challenging to maintain positive environments and moderate live chats. Therefore, platform policies and community guidelines are crucial in encouraging polite communication and good digital citizenship.

Participation from viewers is another crucial component of Twitch. In contrast to traditional media, viewers can directly impact streams by asking questions, offering recommendations, or providing financial support. The relationship between content producers and audiences becomes more interactive at this level of engagement.

All things considered, Twitch serves as an example of how live streaming has transformed gaming culture by promoting social interaction, community development, and novel forms of online engagement. The platform emphasises the increasing significance of online communities in modern digital media, despite ongoing challenges.

References

Hamilton, W.A., Garretson, O. and Kerne, A. (2014) ‘Streaming on Twitch: Fostering participatory communities of play within live mixed media’, Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1315–1324.

Johnson, M.R. and Woodcock, J. (2019) ‘The impacts of live streaming and Twitch.tv on the video game industry’, Media, Culture & Society, 41(5), pp. 670–688.

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 Week 9: Digital Citizenship and Software literacy: Instagram Filters

Social media culture now heavily relies on Instagram filters. Although the original purpose of filters was to enhance the appearance of photos through colour adjustments and effects, many now use augmented reality (AR) technology to smooth skin, change facial features, and create idealised versions of users. This development brings to light significant concerns about software literacy and digital citizenship.

The ability to comprehend how software and digital technologies influence online experiences is known as software literacy. Software-literate users are able to assess their tools critically and understand how platforms affect communication and behaviour (Rettberg, 2017). Instagram filters are a prime example since they have the power to alter people's online personas and how others see them.

The effect of Instagram filters on self-esteem and body image is a major topic of discussions. Users of social media platforms are frequently exposed to heavily edited and filtered photos, which can lead to the creation of unattainable beauty standards. The Royal Society for Public Health (2017) states that social media, especially among youth, may worsen anxiety, low self-esteem, and body dissatisfaction. Users may form unfavourable opinions of their own appearance if they frequently compare themselves to filtered images.

People are encouraged to use technology critically and responsibly thorugh digital citizenship. Users should be aware that a lot of photos shared on the internet have been altered or improved. People can make more informed choices about the content they share and consume if they are aware of this. Influencers and content creators also need to think about how their use of filters might impact the viewers.

Instagram filters can be useful in spite of these worries. They enable users to interact with online communities, express their creativity, and produce amusing content. The increasing popularity of AR filters made by users shows how software can promote engagement and creativity in virtual environments.

Overall, Instagram filters demonstrate how software influences social interactions and digital identities. To help people use social media responsibly and comprehend how digital technologies affect daily life, software literacy development is crucial.

References

Rettberg, J.W. (2017) Seeing Ourselves Through Technology: How We Use Selfies, Blogs and Wearable Devices to See and Shape Ourselves. London: Palgrave Macmillan.

Royal Society for Public Health (2017) #StatusOfMind: Social Media and Young People's Mental Health and Wellbeing. London: Royal Society for Public Health. Available at: https://www.rsph.org.uk/our-work/campaigns/status-of-mind.html

Pew Research Center (2024) Teens, Social Media and Technology 2024. Available at: https://www.pewresearch.org

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Week 8: Digital Citizenship and Health Education – Body Modification on Visual Social Media

This week, looking at how attitudes regarding body modification and health education are influences by visual social media platforms. Users can share photos and videos of cosmetic procedures, fitness adventures, tattoos, piercings, and other body modification on social media sites like YouTube, Instagram, TikTok, and Snapchat. These platforms have developed into significant forums for discussing and learning about body-related decisions.

The impact of social media on how people view beauty and appearance was one of the main topics covered. Influencers and content producers frequently discuss their experiences with skincare regimens, body makeovers, and cosmetic procedures. This can raise awareness of the various options available to people and offer helpful information. Additionally, social media gives users access to medical professionals' education content, enabling them to make better decisions about their bodies and health.

However, the effect of visual social media on body image is also a source of concern. Unrealistic beauty standards are promoted by the meticulous editing, filtering, or presentation of many images. Users may compare themselves to others and become dissatisfied with their bodies if they are constantly exposed to an idealised appearance. Young people are among the most frequent users of visula social media platforms, so this is especially crucial for them.

In order to solve these problems, digital citizenship is crucial. Responsible ditial citizens should be conscious of how social media can affect perceptions and decision-making, critically assess the content they consume, anc confirm information from trustworthy sources. When talking about body modification techniques and health-related subjects, content producers also have an obligation to be open and honest.

The Royal Society for Public Health (2017) states that young people's mental health and body confidence may be impacted by image-focused social media platforms. In a similar vein, the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (2024) emphasises the significance of encouraging young Australians to have a positive body image and to be health educated.

All things considered, this week's topic shows that social media can be a useful resource for health education and information, but users must interact critically with the content they come across. Digital citizenship enables people to responsibly use these platforms and make well-informed decisions regarding their health and well-being

References

Australian Institute of Health and Welfare 2024, Australia's youth: health and wellbeing, viewed 1 June 2026, https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/children-youth/australias-youth.

Royal Society for Public Health 2017, #StatusofMind: social media and young people's mental health and wellbeing, viewed 1 June 2026, https://www.rsph.org.uk/our-work/campaigns/status-of-mind.html.

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Week 7: Digital Citizenship Case Study – Social Media Influencers and the Slow Fashion Movement

This week's theme is digital citizenship through the slow fashion movement's promotion by social media influencers. Influencers have a significant on opinions, trends, and consumer behaviour on social meida. Digital citizenship is the responsible use of online platforms for social engagement.

The slow fashion movement encourages consumers to purchase fewer, better-quality, ecologically friendly, and ethically produced garments. It opposes fast fashion, which is characterised by low cost, mass production, and detrimental effects on the environment. Influencers on social media sites like Youtube, Instagram, and TikTok, share ethical brand recommendations, thrift store finds, and outfit ideas to raise awareness of sustainable fashion.

Influencers serve as "digital intermediaries" between audiences and brands. They have the power to affect consumer choices and raise awareness of environmental concerns. For instance, Instagram influencers like @sustainable_vegan and @ellamcfit frequently share posts about eco-friendly fashion options and urge their followers to reconsider consuming fast fashion (Influencer Marketing Hub 2024).

Influencer participation in slow fashion criticised, nevertheless. Some influencers who support sustainability while collaborating with fash fashion companies are accused of "greenwashing." This calls into question the sincerity and reliability of digital citizenship. It demonstrates that not all online activism is entirely consistent of transparent.

The Ellen MacArthur Foundation (2023) asserts that the fashion industry contributes significantly to environmental pollution and that a shift to circular and sustainable fashion is imperative. Influencers aid in bringing these problems to the attention of younger audiences, particularly Gen Z, who use social media extensively.

All things considered, this week demonstrates that digital citizenship includes not just political engagement but also consumer behaviout and lifestyle decisions. People's perceptions of sustainability and greatly influenced by social media influencers, but their influence is contingent upon their legitimacy, openness, and moral responsibility.

References

Ellen MacArthur Foundation 2023, Fashion and the Circular Economy, viewed 31 May 2026, https://ellenmacarthurfoundation.org/topics/fashion/overview.

Influencer Marketing Hub 2024, Sustainable Fashion Influencers to Follow, viewed 31 May 2026, https://influencermarketinghub.com/sustainable-fashion-influencers/.

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Week 6: What is Digital Citizenship? Hashtag Publics, Political Engagement and Activism

This week's theme is digital citizenship and how individuals use social media to engage in political activism and discourse. The term "digital citizenship" describes how people responsibly use digital platforms to interact with others, share ideas, and take part in online debates. It is about how people become active participants in online political and social spaces, as well as how to use the internet safely.

"Hashtag publics' is a crucial idea. By creating online communities around common concerns, hashtags enable people to interact, exchange ideas, and spread awareness. Hashtags like #BlackLivesMatter and #MeToo, for instance, demonstrate how online movements can proliferate internationally and spark conversations about significant social issues. Vaia (2024) claims that hashtag activism "promotes awareness and generates discussion about particular causes, "which facilitates the visibility and public attention of movements.

Political engagement is another aspect of digital citizenship, where individuals use social media to voice their thoughts, lend support to causes, and take part in activism. This is significant because it makes it possible for people, particularly young people, to participate in political discussions without the need for traditional media or political authority. According to Boyd (2014), networked publics alter public participation and communication because online platforms eliminate barriers between speakers and audiences.

However, there are challenges. One problem is "slacktivism," in which individuals merely share or like posts without actually doing anything. Hashtags can swiftly raise awareness, but they might not always result in long-term change. Another issue is the quick spread of false information on the internet, which can mistakenly influence public opinion.

All things considered, this week shows that being online is not the only aspect of digital citizenship. It focuses on how individuals use digital platforms to interact with society, take part in activism, and create communities using hashtags. Hashtag activism has increased accessibility to political participation, but it also raises concerns about its effectiveness and impact in the real world.

References

boyd, d 2014, It’s complicated: the social lives of networked teens, Yale University Press, New Haven, viewed 31 May 2026, https://www.danah.org/books/itscomplicated/.

Vaia 2024, Hashtag Activism: Definition, Impact & Origin, viewed 31 May 2026, https://www.vaia.com/en-us/explanations/media-studies/digital-and-social-media/hashtag-activism/.

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Week 5: Digital Community and Fandom: Reality TV Case Study

This week's topic explored the formation of online communities and fandoms centered around reality TV shows. Reality TV is no longer limited to what takes place on screen. On social media sites like Instagram, TikTok, X, reddit, and Tumblr, viewers can engage with contestants, discuss episodes, share their thoughts, and produce fan content. Consequently, audiences are no longer passive viewers but rather participants.

Fandom was one of the main topics of discussion. Groups of people who have a deep interest in a specific media text, celebrity, or television show are referred to as fandoms. Fans of reality TV frequently develop around their favourite contestants, judges, or participant relationships. Memes, fan edits, discussion threads, and theories are produced by these communities to maintain interest in between episodes.

Love Island, a reality dating show, is a good case study. The show has created a sizeable online fan base where viewers actively discuss contestant behaviour and voting results. Discussions on social media have the power to shape public opinion and even decide who stays on the show. This shows the growing capacity of audiences to influence media narratives.

Digital fandoms, however, are also a topic of discussion. Online communities can foster a feeling of connection and belonging, but they can also turn into hazardous environments. Online viewers frequently subject contestants to harsh criticism, intimidation, and cyberbullying. This brings up moral questions regarding the obligations of audiences and media producers.

According to independent research, social media is now a crucial component of watching reality TV. Jenkins (2006) claims that participatory culture enables fans to interact creatively and cooperatively with media. This idea contributes to the explanation of why reality TV fandoms continue to have an impact on popular culture and are active outside of television.

Overall, this week's theme emphasized the expanding connection between reality TV, online communities, and fan involvement. Viewers of reality TV are now active participants in online communities that influence, debates, fashions, and the popularity of TV shows.

References

Hill, A. 2015, Reality TV: audiences and popular factual television, 2nd edn, Routledge, London.

Jenkins, H. 2006, Convergence culture: where old and new media collide, New York University Press, New York.