the treatment of kurds under baâathist syria (something hardly anyone knows about):
1946â1957: kurds had no political organization representing them in government as it was illegal
the kdps (kurdistan democratic party of syria) was founded in 1957
1960: leaders of kdps were arrested and tortured
more than 5,000 people associated with kdps were arrested
1958: with the creation of the short-lived united arab republic (the joining of egypt and syria), the rise of the baâathist or pan-arab government was born
recordings of kurdish music were destroyed in cafes
publication and posession of books printed in the kurdish language was illegal and punishable by imprisonment
egyptian teachers were sent into kurdish areas to teach the kids arabic
1960: the citizens of amûde (a kurdish town) accused the arab authorities of setting fire in a movie theatre that caused the death of 282 kurdish children
motive behind this was presumed to be anti-kurdish sentiments
1960â1980s: kurds were victims of racist propaganda from the arab media
examples of campaign slogans are: âsave sarabism from jazireâ and âfight the kurdish menaceâ
1960s-1970s: syrian authorities plan to arabize the kurdish countryside â change the original kurdish names of villages in
in the northeast: hasakah province
kurdish area of kurd mountains
northwest: afrin and aleppo province
began to implment it in the 1970s
all kurdish villages in afrin now had arabic names
1962: via legislative decree no. 93 and the creation of âcensus committeesâ, syrian authorities randomly stripped tens of thousands of kurdish families of their syrian nationality
implemented exclusively in hasaka province, a predominately kurdish inhabited city; occurred in a period of less than 24 hours
kurds lost their nationalist and found themselves deprived of their citizenship and civil rights and became one of two things
ajanib (foreigners [of hasaka province]):
members were given red identity cards that had âdid not have name on list of syrian arabs according to the 1962 censusâ
holders of this card were not entitled to freedom of movement; could leave syria but were not allowed to return to syria
limited the holdersâ rights to some services (i.e. hotels, luxury items) because approval from the division was necessary to admit someone with a red card
maktoumeen (unregistered)
personal data of members was not registered in any official record at all
cannot acquire any identification documents other thanÂ
a letter of reference from the mayor
a residency certificate which is granted only after obtaining the approval of political security police
in legal terms: these people do not exist
according to the government, the reason for this enactment was groups of kurds infiltrating the hasakah province in 1945
government claims kurds came into syria from neighboring countries illegallyÂ
claims they settled down gradually in cities like amude and qamishlo until they were the majority of the city
claims many kurds were capable of registering themselves illegally in the civil registers
claims kurds intended to settle down and acquire property â especially after the agricultural reform law
in order to benefit from land redistribution, even though it was illegal for kurds to own land
falsely claimed that kurds who were original inhabitatnts of the land were foreigners and stripped them of their citizenship
1963: proclamation by the minister of the interior is created, prohibiting inhabitants of hasakeh province, mostly kurds who are farmers, from transferring their civil entry cards/status to other provinces
1965: syrian government created an arab cordon [prohibited region] (hizam arabi) in the jazire region along the border with turkey
stretched from ras al-ain (kobane) in the west to the iraqi border
begining of the arabization of rojava
1967: all references to kurds in syria were removed from geography textbooks
1967: kurdish citizens were subject to pressure from the staff of civil registry departments to not give their children kurdish names
results in the ban of kurdish names inÂ
1973: syrian government confiscates a portion of land measuring 375 km long (233 miles) and 10-15 km wide (6â9 miles) along the border with turkey and iraq in the hasaka province
land was owned and cultivated by tens of thousands of kurdish citizens
government gave it to arab families who moved from the provinced of aleppo and ar-raqqa at the request of the government
1986: governor of hasaka issued a resolution (no. (1012/ S/ 25)) which prohibits the use of the kurdish laguage in the workplace
1986: police fired on thousands of kurds celebrating newroz, killing one, in damascus
four were killed when police attacked a newroz celebration in afrin
40,000 people attended the funeral of the man who was killed in damascus, located in qamishlo
1989: governor of hasakah issues another decree to re-confirm the band on the kurdish language
prohibited non-arabic songs to be played at weddings and holidays
1992: paternal verification of all births (recent, old) is needed in the hasaka province and can only be performed by one of the security police apparatuses [STILL IN EFFECT]
all new births in hasakah province are subject to authorization by the political security directorate - an intelligence service of syria
2004: clashes between kurds and baâathists at a football game, resulting in police killing six people, including three children â all kurds
baâathists began taunting kurds with photos of saddam, began insulting kurdish leaders such as masoud barzani and jalal talabani
kurds, in response, proclaimed âwe will sacrifice our lives for bushâ due to their âhelpâ on ousting saddam hussein who committed a genocide against kurds, leaving 500,000 dead and thousands missing
tensions rised, baâathists began attacking the kurds with sticks, stones, knives
2004: 26-year old kurd was tortured to death in a prison in the city of afrin
2005: a kurdish religious cleric, sheikh mohammad al-khaznawi, who was outspoken about discrimination against kurds, disappeared and was later learned to be assassinated and tortured
10,000 kurds protests in the streets of qamishlo after his funeralÂ
2007: syrian authorities in the agricultural association in malikiyah [hasakah province] signed contracts granting 150 arab families from the shaddadi region (hasakah] about 6,000 sq. kilometers in malikiyah
thus, evicted tens of thousands of kurdish people from these villages
forcing them to move to other areas inside and outside of syria in search of a decent living [became refugees]
2008: police open fire at a newroz celebration, killing three people
2010: the ministry of agriculture and agrarian reform issued an order instructing departments of agriculture in hasakah province to remove the names of some farmers from the records of wages or rental contracts under the pretext that they had not obtained legal licenses
all of them were kurdish citizens
2011: kurdish leader mashaal tammo was gunned down in his apartment by masked men believed to be government agents
syrian security forced fired into a crowd of 50,000 mourners at his funeral the next day â killing five people
2011: assad signed decree 49, providing citizenship for kurds who were registered as foreigners in hasaka
actual number of non-citizen kurds who obtained their national ID cards does not exceed 6,000
number of registered âforeignerâ kurds exceeds 300,000
in order to obtain an ID card, kurd must be interviewed by the state security â in reality interrogated and intimidated
syrian government continues to prevent kurds in syria from enjoying or exercising basic rights relating to their ethnic identity
kurdish ethnic dress is banned
continues to use every means possible to prevent kurds from exercising their natural right to speak their mother tongue: kurdish
the kurdish language is not recognized as an official language
government also uses every way possible to prohibit kurdish citizens from speaking or conversing in kurdish including:
limiting freedom of movement
issuing criminal indictments
kurds are not allowed to:
register children with kurdish names
prohibited to start businesses that do not have arabic names
not permitted to build kurdish private schools
not allowed to teach kids kurdish or in kurdish
prohibited from publishing books and other materials written in kurdish
public school became a place of arabization
tight surveillance system was established in school, following the turkish example
spies were used to stop the children from speaking kurdish among themselves
children caught speaking kurdish were physically and brutally punished
kurdish students and workers are subjected to arbitrary transfer or expulsion from governmental institutes, departments, and universities/institutions under false and unjust pretenses stemming from ethnic biases
stateless kurdish citizens suffer discrimination in health care
they are denied admission in public or military hospitals
military hospitals that provide services to veterans do not provide free medical care to stateless kurdish veterans who served in the army prior to 1962
kurdish citizens are subject to discrimination regarding property ownership
kurds, both citizens and those stripped of it, are not allowed to own real estate (agricultural, houses) in some regions
they are forced to register their property in other peopleâs names
syrian law does not recognize the yezidi religion
yezidis are prevented from learning the basics of their religion in public schools
forces yezidis to study islamic religioin in public schools
religious courts do not apply yezidi religious rules and do not recognize them as a community
recognized religious communities are allowed by the state to follow their own religious teachings and apply their own rules in personal matters (marriage, divorce, paternity)
kurds are not allowed to resort to civil courts
this is why rojava needs to be recognized as its own state. we have suffered too much to go back to living under someone elseâs rules.
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