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This Day in History: Juneteenth is the oldest known celebration commemorating the ending of slavery in the United Sates. Dating back to 1865, it was on June 19th that the Union soldiers landed at Galveston, Texas with news that the war had ended and that the enslaved were now free two and a half years after President Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation.
Happy Juneteenth, Tumblr 🖤
“On her first day on the job, Gertrude Jeannette, believed to be the first woman to drive a cab in New York City, got in an accident — on purpose. She had pulled up in front of the Waldorf-Astoria hotel in Manhattan looking for a fare but was cut off by other taxi drivers. “In those days they didn’t allow black drivers to work downtown; you had to work uptown,” Ms. Jeannette, who was African-American, later recalled. “They said, ‘Say, buddy, you know you’re not supposed to be on this line.’” As cabbies hurled insults and hemmed her in, she remained calmly on the line — until, that is, a Checker cab lurched in front of her. “I rammed my fender under his fender, swung it over to the right and ripped it,” she said in 2011 at a ceremony in her honor at the Dwyer Cultural Center in Harlem. When the other driver got a good look at her, she recalled, he screamed: “A woman driver! A woman driver!” She was later reprimanded by an inspector, but she drove off with her very first customer. Ms. Jeannette, who was also one of the first women to get a motorcycle license in New York, and who later overcame a speech impediment to become a Broadway, film and television actor as well as a playwright, producer and director, died on April 4 at her home in Harlem. She was 103. Ms. Jeannette got her hack license in 1942. She had responded to an ad in a newspaper looking for women to replace the male cabdrivers who had been drafted into World War II. “Women were going into plants and everything else, taking over jobs,” she recalled in a 2005 interview. “I said, well, I know one thing — I can drive a car.” “Thirty-two of us took the test and only two of us passed,” said Ms. Jeannette, who learned how to drive a Chrysler truck at the age of 13 in Arkansas. “But the other girl didn’t get her license because she had citations on her driver’s license. And so I, I was the first….” VIA JONATHAN WOLFE/ @nytimes #theunsungheroines
Seen in the window at Gulf of Maine Books in Brunswick, Maine. Photo: Bill Roorbach
Except America wasn’t an endless expanse of forest with no certain borders. At least not while human beings inhabited it. The idea that native peoples did not cultivate or shape our land and that we had no borders is white propaganda meant to dehumanize and de-legitimize native peoples.
This illustration here show Apalachee people using slash and burn methods for agriculture. Fires were set regularly to intention burn down forests and plains. Why would we do this? Well because an unregulated forest isn’t that great for people, actually. We set fires to destroy new forest growth and undergrowth, and to remove trees, allowing for easier game hunting, nutrient enriched soil, and better growth rates for crops and herbs we used in food and medicine.
Pre-Colonial New England, where my tribe the Abenaki are from, looked more like an extensive meadow or savannah with trees growing in pockets and groves. Enough woodland to support birds, deer, and moose, but not too much to make hunting difficult. We carefully shaped the land around us to suit our needs as a thriving and successful people. Slash and burn agriculture was practiced virtually everywhere in the new world, from the pacific coast to chesapeake bay, from panama to quebec. It was a highly successful way of revitalizing the land and promoting crop growth, as well as preventing massive forest fires that thrive in unregulated forests. Berries were the major source of fruit for my tribe, and we needed to burn the undergrowth so they could grow.
That changed when white people invaded, and brought with them disease. In my tribe, up to 9 in 10 people died. 90% of our people perished not from violence starvation, but from disease. Entire villages would be decimated, struck down by small pox. Suddenly, we couldn’t care for the land anymore. There weren’t enough of us to maintain a vast, carefully structured ecological system like we had for thousands of years. We didn’t have the numbers, or strength. So the trees grew back and unregulated. We couldn’t set fires anymore, and we couldn’t cultivate the land. And white people would make certain we never could again. Timber, after all, was the most important export from New England.
Endless trees and untamed wilderness is a nice fantasy. But it’s a very white fantasy, one that erases the history of my people and of my land. One that paints native peoples are merely parasites leeching off the land, not masters of the earth who new the right balance of hunting and agriculture. It robs us of our agency as people, and takes our accomplishments from us. Moreover, it implies that only white people ever discovered the power to shape the world around them, and that mere brown people can’t possibly have had anything to do with changing our environment.
Don’t bring back untamed wilderness. Bring back my fire setters, my tree sappers, my farmers and my fishers. Bring back my people who were here first.
Sources: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_use_of_fire#Role_of_fire_by_natives
https://www.fs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/fsbdev3_000385.pdf
http://www.sidalc.net/repdoc/A11604i/A11604i.pdf
For those curious I recommend reading Changes in the Land: Indians, Colonists and the Ecology of New England. https://books.google.com/books/about/Changes_in_the_Land.html?id=AHclmuykdBQC&printsec=frontcover&source=kp_read_button#v=onepage&q&f=false
In 1494 Spain and Portugal sign the treaty of Tordesillas, which divides the world between the two nations.
Lulabel Seitz was giving the commencement address at her high school graduation when school officials cut off her microphone after she began talking about sexual assault allegations.
RIP to the true rock star. Thank you for your words, and your travels.
Everything about this reminds me that it just might be impossible to explain white privilege to white people who are privileged enough to afford to go to Starbucks every single day..
However, while Starbucks definitely doesn’t do everything right, I think that the way that they’re handling this is pretty good so far.
Starbucks thinks they can just CLOSE for a whole day and not give these pressed white people their venti soy pumpkin spice lattes?! THE CAUCASITY!
Protesters dance amid 1989 Tienanmen Square demonstrations in Beijing, China
via reddit
Black & White photography by LeRoy Henderson (1968-1990s) …. 1. Angela Davis, speaking behind bulletproof glass, 1972
Reader Chris passes along an article about differences in American Sign Language usage between white and African-American signers. Researchers investigating what they call Black ASL found significant variations in signs, signing space, and facial cues. They explain:
Black ASL is not just a slang form of signing. Instead, think of the two signing systems as comparable to American and British English: similar but with differences that follow regular patterns and a lot of variation in individual usage.
They hypothesize that these differences began in segregated learning environments, and continue to evolve in Black social spaces. The whole article is worth a read.
Thanks, Chris, and remember — you can submit Wonk-worthy links through our ask or via email!
ETA, 9/24/12: Many of you have brought up the use of the word “mainstream” in this infographic. Better choices definitely exist, since this word rings of othering. We appreciate your nuanced and attentive readership!
I think this is really cool
Coolest thing I’ve learned so far this year
Awesome
Constructed photograpy Studies - acrylic watercolor on paper Inspired by African cultures - OMO Valley / Hans Silvester -v
Shiva, preparing for @mountmadonnaschool’s presentation of the Indian epic The Ramayana, adapted as a musical. #mountmadonnaschool #theater #ramayana #mmsramayana (at Mexican Heritage Plaza Rentals)
Preparing to play Kumbhakarna in the Indian epic, the Ramayana at @mountmadonnaschool. #mountmadonnaschool #mmsramayana #ramayana #theater #sanjose #california #bayarea #kumbhakarna (at Mexican Heritage Plaza Rentals)
