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The rules of perspective drawing

The representation of space using single-viewpoint perspective is a convention that is very familiar today. It is easy to forget that at one time the mathematical rules of perspective were themselves a new device to help artists to create the illusion of three-dimensional space on a two-dimensional surface.

The Italian architect and sculptor Filippo Brunelleschi (1377 - 1446) is credited as being the first person to make a mathematical study of the laws underlying linear perspective, but the art theorist Leon Battista Alberti (1404 - 1472) was the first to set them out in writing for the use of artists in his treatise on painting, De Pictura (1436). From the 15th century onwards, artists have learnt these rules as part of their training.

Japanese artists developed a different way of depicting space. This too was based on mathematical principles which were passed on by teachers to pupils.

Can Coloring Mandalas Reduce Anxiety?

The Present Study

Although coloring therapy does not encompass all elements of either art therapy or meditation, it may help encourage a state of deep engagement brought about through artistic expression and thus may help to decrease people’s experiences of anxiety.

To test this idea, we designed an experiment in which anxiety was measured at three points: immediately upon entering the laboratory, after a brief anxiety-induction experience, and after 20 minutes of coloring. We hypothesized that people who colored a mandala for 20 minutes would experience greater reductions in anxiety than would people who engaged in free-form coloring for 20 minutes, as the mandala’s geometric complexity and meditative significance would help individuals to disengage from their feelings of anxiety and attain a more soothing state. To examine whether the geometric form of the mandala had any unique effects on anxiety reduction, we also asked a third group of individuals to color a plaid geometric pattern that was as complex as the mandala.

If mandalas have special properties beneficial for anxiety-reduction, then the mandala group would experience larger decrements in anxiety than the plaid group. On the other hand, if coloring a prestructured, reasonably complex form is key to inducing the meditative-like state, the plaid and the mandala conditions might be equally effective in reducing anxiety, and both would be more effective than a free-form condition.

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What is Drawing?

The term drawing is applied to works that vary greatly in technique. It has been understood in different ways at different times and is difficult to define. During the Renaissance the term ‘disegno’ implied drawing both as a technique to be distinguished from colouring and also as the creative idea made visible in the preliminary sketch.

The Shorter Oxford Dictionary defines drawing as:

‘the formation of a line by drawing some tracing instrument from point to point of a surface; representation by lines; delineation as distinguished from painting…the arrangement of lines which determine form.’

Despite this insistence on the formation of line and the implied lack of colour, few would deny that a work formed by dots or shading or wholly in line but in a range of colours is a drawing.

The following drawings, made in different ways, have been selected to help define and also to stretch the boundaries of what drawing is. They vary in the medium used, which includes metal-point, graphite, charcoal, ink, and chalk. Some fulfill the strict dictionary definition of drawing, others do not.

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The Secrets To MANDALA ART

Mandala drawing was first practiced by Tibetan buddhists and then developed by Carl Gustav Jung, who felt certain that mandala drawing has the function of integrating psychological division, enhancing psychological harmony, and preserving personality integrity.

Previous studies on mandala drawing have mainly focused on alleviating people’s negative emotions, such as anxiety and depression.

Therefore, this study explored the effect and mechanism of mandala drawing on the improvement of subjective well-being (SWB), mindfulness, and spirituality from positive psychology’s viewpoint and compared the different effects of cooperative mandala drawing (CMD) and individual mandala drawing (IMD) on mindfulness, spirituality, and SWB. A total of 76 students were recruited from Chang Gung University, and the aforementioned three main variables were measured before and after the coloring experiment.

The results indicated that both CMD and IMD significantly enhanced the subjects’ spirituality. Compared with IMD, CMD has a more significant improvement and promotion effect on SWB of subjects by affecting PA, while IMD had no significant effect on PA, and the enhancement effect of SWB was weaker than that of CMD. Mindfulness, spirituality, and SWB all positively correlated with each other. This study highlights the mechanism of mandala drawing and the theoretical understanding of the relationship between mindfulness and SWB.

Mandala drawing especially CMD has a positive effect on spirituality and SWB, which may provide individuals with a simple and easy method to improve their happiness.