A silent-screen overview: Part 1.
Crawling through my parents’ treasure-house, which is their library, I always stumble across pieces that form the right excuse to periodically detach from the world. This time, Daniel Blum’s pictorial history of the silent screen made me watch or re-watch films that might sound outdated, but they actually formed a reference point or security zone for me. This regards issues that seem to be happening mechanically, yet the knowledge for their performance cannot but have derived from the simplest form of storytelling: the silent screen. If this sounds too cliche, then I have no other answer than a question: How would we know how to kiss if it wasn’t for the first, black and white, voiceless film kisses?
This piece will be a view over the very beginning of the early classic period of film history, mostly centred around the American production. It will start from Thomas Alva Edison’s invention of the kinetoscope on 1889, which was initially used by Alexander Black’s photographic slides -projecting four slides a minute, where each one of the four pictures was a step forward in action- to give the cinematographic highlights of the years following and end up around 1936, when the last silent film was released and when the plans for the new audible screen took completely over. The overview will be divided into two parts, one indicating the highlights of the period 1908-1915 and the other, of the period 1916-1936, so that for the reader to better keep track of the information.
Ironically, the very first recorded film was that of Fred Ott, an assistant in the motion picture studio, who kept sneezing before the Edison camera and because of that, the need of maintaining and depicting the simplest kinds of motion, became more evident that ever. This was followed by simple motion pictures, including among other, the classic “Buffalo Bill” and the astonishingly simple but hard to erase from one’s memory “Annabelle’s Butterfly Dance”. On 1894, the year when the first film was made, Woodville Latham created the first projector, called Pantoptikon, followed by a similar attempt in France by Louis and Auguste Lumiere, which formed the base for the evolution of film making, as the American Mutoscope and Biograph Company, the Vitagraph Company of America and other French and American pioneers started actively entering the stage of competition. During this period, the unforgettable kiss of Irwin and Rice in “the Widow Jones” formed the building blocks of the romantic visual narrative and Edison’s “The Great Train Robbery” along with Melies’ “Trip to the Moon” framed the beginning of the action filmography.
1908: During these first years of film making, most of the film studios (including Biograph, Selig, Vitagraph) were turning out one to two films per week, after hiring actors and actresses as their stable cast. It was then when Lawrence Griffith, Linda Arvidson, Mack Sennett, Violet Mersereau, Kathlyn Williams officially started their careers, although the names of the actors were not allowed to be given out. The choice of topics were theme-based, including mostly Shakespearean adaptations of for example “Antony and Cleopatra”, “Romeo and Juliet” or accordingly “the Roman”, “Ingomar, the Barbarian” or the outstanding “When Knights were Bold”.
1909: The audience started showing increasing interest and so more and more people came into the production, bringing their own cultural background and taste and creating gradually more studios and even independent companies. “A true Indian’s heart”, “The Slave”, “The Violin Maker of Cremona”, are some of the exceptional creations of this period, whilst the theme-based choices were continued with the example of Tolstoi’s “Redemption”. Among the beautiful one-reel features of 1909 were “King Lear”, “Oliver Twist”, and “The Prince and the Pauper”.
1910: The scepticism regarding the anonymity of the actors was brought about this year, exhibitors were searching for new kinds of attractions and the element of colour was bidding for attention. Pathe, started their colour-films, with most important ones those of “In Ancient Greece”, and “Carmen”. Other outstanding pieces were: “The Life of Moses”, “Comrades”, and the “Angel of the Studio” where Florence Lawrence proves with her great looks how essential the specific costume design for the film industry has already become.
1911: The value of the actors as stable players started increasing and they started switching among the film companies in terms of business. Companies continued filming the classics: “David Copperfield”, “The Three Musketeers”, the jaw dropping “Faust” and Dante’s “Inferno” and two versions of “Cinderella” -with personal favourite that by Selig-, were among them. Vitagraph’s highlights of contribution this year were “Vanity Fair”, “Mother” with the heartbreaking Mary Maurice and “A Tale of two Cities”.
1912: This was undoubtedly an essential year for the growth of this type of art. Better theatres were being built, the famous stage actors of the period began to look on motion pictures with more favour and technically, the means were greatly evolving: the one and two reelers were gradually replaced by three and four-reel pictures. This practically meant a better continuity of the storyline through/and a better emphasis on the actors’ skills. Marcus Law Enterprises which was in charge of screen and vaudeville theatres was created, through which the rights of “Queen Elisabeth” with the exceptional Sarah Bernhardt were purchased. A handful of films that form milestones of the silent screen were imported this year through this movement, including “Camille”, “Last Round -Up”, and “The Merchant of Venice” with the astonishing Harry Benham. Moreover, the Mutual Film Corporation was formed this year which brought together various (independent) companies, broadening even further the types of production. It is in 1912 that the Keystone Comedies were initiated, beginning with “Cohen at Coney Island” on September 23.
1913: The import of foreign films continues with the great successes of “Quo Vadis”, “The Last Days of Pompeii”, “Les Miserables”. Yet, the American production grows even further with the examples of “Judith of Bethulia”, “Caprice”, “Uncle Tom’s Cabin”, even “Ivanhoe” with Herbert Brenon who later made a meritorious career s director. “Rainey’s African Hunt” which was a mixture of real-footage documentary and adventure, was the actual forerunner of the Johnson’s famous adventure films. During this year, there are two actors who appeared before the camera and were about to shake for real the world of film: Kathlyn Williams with her debut “The Adventures of Kathlyn” and Charles Chaplin with “Kid’s Auto Races”.
1914: The attempt of creating serials was initiated for once again, this time by Pathe with the great success of “the Perils of Pauline” with Pearl White, whose honest aggression, pure guts and passionate play gave her the title of the “serial queen”. Other series of the year were “Lucille Love”, “the Million Dollar Mystery” and “Dolly of the Dailies”. Important pieces that are hard to forget are “Samson” with the extraordinary performance of Kerrigan and “the Spoilers” with the historic fight scene between William Farnum and Thomas Santschi. In 1914, both the Paramount Picture Corporation and Alco Film Corporation were formed releasing the “Famous Players”, “Lasky” the former and the remarkable “Nightingale” with the glorious Ethel Barrymore, “The Last Vampire” with Petrova and another classic Keystone Comedy called “Tillie’s Punctured Romance” with Chaplin, Normand and Dressler, by the later. Also, it was during this year that Francis Bushman the Ladies World Hero contest over, among other, the exceptional Maurice Costello. D.W. Griffith, the man who is known for his innovations and special practices, among which the fact that he was the fist to use the long shots, the close-up, the fade-in and the fade-out, filmed at this time “the Battle of the Sexes” and “Home Sweet Home”.
1915: The last year to be reviewed in this article, is 1915 an ultra productive and essential year for the history of cinema, mainly because of the actors that it shed light on. Starting from one of the most famous films in the tradition of the silent-movies, “the Birth of a Nation” by Griffith, it worths mentioning that it did not only break all theatre records wherever it was shown around the world, but it also involved actors that were to belong in the star system thereafter: among them, the authentically melancholic Miriam Cooper, the hunting Mae Marsh and the smashing Henry B. Walthall. The idea of using famous cast in famous plays, pushed even further the importance the star system was acquiring. The stage personalities that were beyond comparison, due to the offers they got were John Barrymore, Hazel Dawn, Marie Doro and Mary Pickford. To add to this promotion of the star system, the opera star Geraldine Farrar was signed to play in films this year, -with a personal favourite her feature in “Carmen”- which gave even further advertisement to her cast.
Another great personality of the year, was the producer Oliver Morosco who, together with Bosworth, produced “Jane” with Charlotte Greenwood, “Kilmeny” with Lenore Ulrik, and the beautiful “the Yankee Girl”, “Captain Courtesy” and the “Alien” with the thrilling George Beban. Other independent releases were “The Dragon’s Claw”, “The Devil’s Darling” and the “Whirl of Life” that may be categorised in the all-time-classics. From the stardom of the year, Theda Bara cannot be excluded, since her appearance in “A Fool There Was” guaranteed her position within the star system as well. Pearl White, who was mentioned before due to her success in the “Perils of Pauline” continued her success through her feature in the serial “The Exploits of Elaine”, reminding her name in the public. World War 1 was in progress, and that for sure had an effect on the topic choice, although with discreet references at this point. Despite the fact that it is not necessarily representative, an example of that can be “The Battle Cry of Peace” made by Vitagraph. Nevertheless, it is in 1915 that Chaplin makes “His New Job”, “A Night Out” and “The Champion”. In this year, the Triangle Film Corporation was established, a fact which worths mentioning due to the fact that Douglas Fairbanks, one of the greatest features of the silent screen and William S. Hart the cowboy star, were included in the outstanding array of names of the corporation.
Concluding this first part of the silent-screen overview, it should be stated that despite the focus on mainly the American production and by acknowledging that there has also been tremendous influence from the global scene, it is exactly these films above that have formed the visual aesthetics of the present screen. The vitality of this silent depiction is felicitously portrayed by Alfred Hitchcock, who is given the last word: “In many of the films now being made, there is very little cinema: they are mostly what I call 'photographs of people talking.' When we tell a story in cinema we should resort to dialogue only when it's impossible to do otherwise. I always try to tell a story in the cinematic way, through a succession of shots and bits of film in between.”
By Marianna Serveta
Photos taken from the British Film Institute Gallery, no rights infringement intended.