Lexical Change/Neologisms
Borrowings/Loans: usually from foreign languages (e.g. karaoke, chocolate)
Compounding: putting whole words together (e.g. upbeat, takeover, downsize)
Blending: mixing parts of different words together (e.g. brunch, motel)
Derivation: words formed through acronyms (e.g. scuba-> self contained underwater breathing apparatus)
Abbreviation: shortened forms of words e.g. bike-> bicycle, telly-> television
Root creating/Coinage: where brand new words are invented (e.g. nerd, blurb)
Conversion: words are modified from one word class to another (e.g. a noun to a verb, hammer-> to get hammered)
Affixation: existing words are modified by adding prefixes/suffixes (e.g. non-smoker, malfunction)
Archaism: word falls out of use (e.g. golly, thou)
Back formation: type of shortening where a word of one type is changed to another (e.g. edit from editor)
Eponym: new word is created from a shared cultural meaning to do with a specific person's name (e.g. sandwich from Earl of Sandwich)













