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Chapter 31 Week 11

The last chapter in the book was one of my favorites. This era takes place from the 1970’s to present. I feel that this art stands out and is easier to comprehend because it’s what I’ve seen the most of growing up. There were lots of artists, sculptures and architecture created all over the world. Some artists had their own creation while others tried modernizing something from a past era.

Environmental art is very fascinating how someone sees an outdoor area and thinks of what they can create from it. Robert Smithson did that by creating a big spiral for about 400 yards. By looking at the picture this doesn’t look like the size of four football fields. Even with modern bulldozing equipment I couldn’t imagine how long it would take to move lots of dirt, rocks, and salt crystals into the water to form the end result; “Spiral Jetty”. It’s mind-blowing that the algae made the water red instead of the normal green and brown looking. The best thing about this is that there isn’t anything that isn’t hurting the environment that he created. This reminded me of something in my hometown that was created with lots of different of things from the environment. It’s the Dickeyville, WI Grotto, and it’s made out of concrete, but the last layer are covered with seashells, different types of rocks, tiles, wood, and glass all from different parishioners.

Duane Hanson made realist sculptures look like a living person. “The Cowboy” must have taken a while to create. There were at least five steps to create the masterpiece. He molded each section of the model’s body and assembled the sections, then flesh colored polyester resin was poured into the mold and reinforce with. Finally, the figure was painted and dressed with human clothes. (552) His detail showing the veins and even the chest hair shows us that he thought of everything and didn’t cut his work short. I remember going to the Madam Tussands in Las Vegas at least twelve years ago. I thought this was museum was very fun to go to because they had lots of famous people on display to take pictures with. These figures also look very realistic. This was right before smart phones or a good camera on a phone so I don’t even know which stars I took my picture with. It’s definitely something I would do again whenever I go back to see how much the wax figures changed as far as possibly better technology.

On page 560, my first glance at the image I thought it was some weird designed ship on the water. Come to find out Frank Gehry designed the Solman R. Guggenheim Museum in Bilbao, Spain. It’s fascinating that the space the building is on was once an old factory and parking lot. The museum is definitely different but has a very unique design that showed lots of pride in the design and colors. He did make this 100 million dollar museum very appealing for the residents and tourists to pay a visit to. Gehry was born in Canada but moved to the west coast to pursue his dreams.

References

Adams, L. S. (2011). In A History of Western Art (5th ed., pp. 550-581). New York, NY: McGraw Hill.

schwartzhoffe

I absolutely agree that this was one of the best ones because we all grew up with the art. Yet, we also all grew up with the issues that some of the artists acknowledged. I cannot also see anyone putting that much work into something either the way Smithson did he really was dedicated. I liked how you added the WI Grotto I think that would be so cool to have that in your hometown. I also loved “The Cowboy” the detail actually gave me chills and at first I thought it was one of those people who get paid to act like a statue.

Week 11

Chapter thirty one is very unique we see old art themes expressed in new ways. One thing we see again today is the belief in the power of portraiture, which inspired people to reconstitute skulls and create death masks to keep alive a likeness. One thing we have today that wasn’t a thing in the past is communications. We can contact anyone anywhere in the world. With this better technology we see artist’s work resemble other cultures more today than in the past (Adams).

Today we see a return to Realism after the development of photography. Artists found a new way for capturing likeness. Photography was used by many painters and sculptures to save time for the sitter. Near the end of the 1960’s photography’s popularity skyrocketed, due to its relationship to Pop Art and how real it makes object seem. This lead to the creation of Super Realism. Growing up I loved photography I wanted to be a photographer. I even entered Photography contests through school. It’s weird to think of a time before photography. There would be no Facebook or Instagram because they are based of pictures. We would not be where we are today as a nation. Chuck Close known to convert photographs into paintings, which is ironic because before that he usually painted in black and white. I actually love his 1997 self portrait it looks so good. I love the pixel resemblance of his paintings. He is my favorite artist in this chapter by far. The fact that he made portraits of people in the art world is amazing. I would love to get my portrait done by him (Adams).

All artworks affect the environment in one way or another. One's environment is anything indoors and outdoors. Robert Smithson is well known for Environmental Art. His work titled, “Spiral Jetty” is a single huge spiral that is placed in the Great Salt Lake of Utah. The concept and actuality are related to painting of Abstract Expressionism (Adams).

Today there are many issues when relating to race and gender in the twentieth and twenty first century, which have created many movements including feminism. These movements reflect social and political development in the United States. An African American artist Bob Thompson has a lot to say when it came to race and gender. He would take important events from the past and rework it to create something totally knew. Thompson’s Crucifixion of 1963-64 was inspired by the racial turmoil of American Civil Rights movement of the 1960s. I believe Bob Thompson was one of the first to paint what he saw wrong with America. He saw the racial and sexist issues in America and decided to bring awareness to it. There’s a lot of this happening in today's time. From Women’s Marches, Times Up movement, and Black Lives Matter. Thompson tackled those problems way before America saw them themselves. I believe more Americans should be put their say in matters on what they do not think is right. I know three girls who drove almost six hours to chicago to be apart of a Women’s March. Now I’m not saying drive six hours to make a difference, but if you full heartedly believe in something I don’t think you should just sit at home and do nothing (Adams).

Cites

Adams, Laurie. A history of Western Art 5th ed. McGraw-Hill 2011

lilyanesta-blog

Week 10 chapters 29&30

Since this class bagan I’ve been practicing different styles in my art that I normally do. It taught me new styles and that realism is not the only way to mesure the talent of a painter. I was excited to learn more about American Abstraction because the style feels very free and different. The style portrays more emotions and more movement than realism does and gets me a bit more excited. American Abstraction is very unique compared to other styles and within the genre itself. Some pieces are very neat with different shapes and legible characters, others are more all over the place with the viewer coming up their own interpretations. One painting that matches that description is Woman and Bicycle by Willem de Kooning. This piece has countless colors and brush strokes, you can tell there is a woman but most of it is up to interpretation. I like this one because of the odd proportions which contrast a lot of what we had been studying. More of a neater abstract painting is The artist and his Mother by Atshile Gorky. This painting is still very abstract, however their faces are very clear and lifelike. This is my favorite painting of the chapter because I like the colors and the neatness.

Chapter 30 covered many styles of new art. Pop art is a style that is inspired by mainstream media like commercials and icons. Pop art is inspired by what was happening at the time and still can be seen today. This style included popular people, moments and objects portrayed by newspapers, magazines and other media.

Another style mentioned in this chapter is Optical Art, which uses optical illusions to create different and interesting art. This style gives the impression of movement or hidden images. These paintings are very interesting to me, I like the movement of the Aubade by Bridget Riley. The wiggly lines are so simple but all together they creat an incredible flow of movement.

Minimalism is one of my favorite art styles, I enjoy how organized and neat it is. It gives me calm vibes with the simplistic but creative pieces. A good example of this style is by Donald Judd who created the untitled work of 12 rectangles spaces evenly placed above one another. This piece is simplistic but interesting to look at and thought provoking.

The last style mentioned in chapter 30 was conceptualism. This is an extension of minimalism in which “only the idea, or concept, of the art.” (Adams, 546) The perfect example of conceptualism is Art as an Idea by Joseph Kosuth. This work is literally the definition of painting which I find very interestingly simplistic. The simple concept creates a different approach to art and I really enjoy it.

This chapter was very interesting, it was unlike the previous styles we’ve learned about. These paintings are very creative and unique, I was very inspired and will probably try to recreate some.

Work cited : Schneider Adams, L. (2011). A history of Western Art. New York, New York. McGraw-Hill.

schwartzhoffe

I love how open minded you are when it comes to new styles of art. Many people are not as open minded on trying new things. I as well found Aubade by Bridget Riley very interesting. I love how it confused the mind that it is moving. Its amazing to witness these different type of art styles and realize they were is the same time as each other. I also am amazed at your motivation on trying to recreate some of these art pieces! It great to see you be inspired and to act on this.

Week 10

Chapters twenty nine and thirty both take place near the mid twenty first century. However, I liked chapter twenty nine because it takes place in America and I can relate to it more. When America abstraction arose in the 1930s it was heavily influenced by the Regionalism and Social Realism. Yet, was equally impacted by World War Two. In the years leading up to World War Two Paris was the center of art for the longest time. However, when Paris fell to the Nazis the center of art became New York. I think it is something really amazing a third generation American Peggy Guggenheim opened the Art of This Century Gallery in New York. How can one believe the statement, Third Generation American, in today's society? How can immigration lead to something that isn’t looked down on or illegal? Well, I did a research paper a few months ago about Immigration today and what it was like in World War 2 and I found a survey that said more than 90% of Americans in the 1940s believe Immigrants were helping their society to move in the right direction. Only if we had that attitude today (Adams).

My absolute favorite thing that was mentioned in chapter twenty nine was Action Painting. In this type of painting the artist would drip, splatter, or roll paint onto the canvas. Many people may think it is so boring, however it is great to see. I compare these pieces to life. Every piece is so different and so unique that no one ever will get a perfect replica. Jackson Pollock is the best known action painter ever. He used a drip technique to create his most celebrated pictures. My favorite one of his work is called, “White Light”. White Light has no recognizable objects. It has different lines with different textures that are so detailed. The reason I like it is because it's different from anything we have seen so far in the book (Adams).

Chapter thirty is about the rejection of the non figurative style of Abstract Expressionism. The most prominent movement was “Pop”, which was more common in America even though it originated from England. Pop artists strove for objectivity and embodied by an imaginary of objects. In Richard Hamilton, “just what is it that makes today’s home so different , so appealing?”. There is a muscle man in the middle of the room which is from the classical “Spear Bearer.” He is holding a giant tootsie pop pointing at the women on the couch, which is at once a sexual and verbal pun. However, my favorite movement that was talked about in this chapter is the Op Art. Op Art is another word for optical. In Op Art one will see that it obviously favors geometric abstraction or noticable objects. These artists produce kinetic effects using arrangements of color, lines and shapes. The picture “Aubade” by Bridget Riley is a prime example. In it Riley has arranged pink, green, and blue in a vertical curves of varying widths. The way this picture is set up and the colors in it makes it appear the picture is moving. I actually know a fair amount when it comes to illusions. A few years back I actually did a science project on them and how the reactions to these illusions differed from people from different age groups (Adams).

Cites

Adams, Laurie. A history of Western Art 5th ed. McGraw-Hill 2011

lilyanesta-blog

Week 9 ch 27&28

During the twentieth century artists of the time began to break away from the traditional techniques and styles. Cubism was a major change in art that was made extremely popular thanks to the new approaches. Instead of artists creating beautiful and realistic depictions of the world around them, they began to paint how they perceive the world. Cubism is abstract with unnatural colors that usually conveyed the mood of the work. The abstract works ranged from analytic cubism to synthetic and surrealism. Analytical cubism is made up of countless geometric shapes and angles. Georges Braque’s painting Violin and Pitcher is a perfect example of an analytical masterpiece. Synthetic is another form of cubism with various shapes and colors, however this style is a bit more neat and minimal. This style also has more of a variety of colors and shapes. Pablo Picasso’s painting Three Musicians is a good example of synthetic cubism with the single view point and the many different shapes and colors. The abstract designs are very appealing to me and I liked the new approach that the artists took.

After world war 1 a new movement emerged called Dada, which was a new and experimental art style. Along with the new art techniques, literature and performance art also participated in the movement. The art in this chapter is more minimal and simple but the pieces are very interesting and thought provoking. One of my favorites is a work by Paul Klee called Mask of fear, it is very simple but it caught my eye. The concept of fear in this painting seems portray two people hiding behind a blank stare. This style reminds me of the popular style now a days called minimalism. It is very popular on Instagram, magazines and interior design.

Along with Dada came surrealism, which inspired artists to depict dream images or scenes from the imagination. My favorite surrealism piece is Large Standing Woman by Alberto Giacometti. The sculpture is of an extremely petite woman who signifies the idea of nonexistence. “Giacometti explores the idea of extinction. His obsession with existence and nonexistence is evident in the fact that he made these sculptures as thin as they can be without collapsing.” (Adams, 507) This piece really stood out to me as I have been struggling for a while with my own thoughts of existence. It is comforting to know that another person was also dealing with the extreme anxiety of an existential crisis.

I could do that: In this weeks video I learned that just because a piece of art is not realistic or extremely detailed, it still takes a certain skill to create it. I used to get irritated when I would walk through an art museum and see paintings with three lines on them because I didn’t think that it deserved all of the praise when I could do the same thing. I see now that there are many more factors in art than just the physical display. When we look at art we should think about the reason and concept behind it. Just because I could probably replicate a painting does not mean that I have the passion or inspiration to create it as the artist did in the first place.

schwartzhoffe

I like the examples you included for Cubism and Synthetic Cubism they were one of my favorites in the book. I love the piece “mask of fear” as well. I always say the most memorable pieces of art are the ones you feel emotions with it. I thought it was beautiful how you compared this piece to your own struggles in life. I agreed with you I would also get annoyed by those pieces of art I just never understood them or the inspirations behind them.

Week 9

Chapters twenty seven and twenty eight talk about a lot of different movements of art that has made a lasting legacy in the twentieth century. In chapter twenty seven the main points were about Cubism and Futurism. Cubism was an art movement. “It was essentially a revolution for art (Adams).” However, Cubism was the end for perspective with a single viewpoint and was the beginning of art that were abstract and used material that wasn’t necessarily used for art. Cubism is very ironic because of one of the founders, Pablo Picasso, was trained in realistic representation. However, I admire him for doing this. He wanted others to create or portray something different that anyone could do you wouldn’t need to be an amazing one of a kind their unique skills without being judged. He gave everyone the opportunity to do what they love and I believe he was one out of many who set high standards in today’s time. Personally my favorite Cubism Art was Picasso Sculpture, “Head of Woman.” It was the very first Cubist sculpture created. It is a women’s head, but her face and neck are geometric shapes. Even though the book didn’t say what it meant, I picture that if an Artist today created it it would be to empower women. It means to me that a woman shouldn’t be judged by their appearance, instead of the person they are. This chapter also talked about Futurism. This movement was focused on the future. Filippo Marinetti tried to encourage people to let go of the past. He wanted to abolish museums and libraries. This movement influences many types of art including sculpting, architecture, and paintings. My favorite is the architecture. It became international and really had an impact on the United States. We still see these vertical cubic, skyscrapers in some of the biggest cities today (Adams).

Chapter twenty eight talked about many things including Dada, Surrealism, Social Realism, Regionalism, and Abstractism. All of these things have had a huge legacy on the twentieth century. However my favorite one in this chapter is Surrealism. Surrealism and Dada shared a lot of the same members. However, Surrealism was associated with exploring the imagination, which includes myth, fear, fantasy, and dream. However, it is my favorite because it connects a lot of the other movements. Surrealist recommend to write in a state of free-floating to obtain a spontaneous unedited expression, which influenced Abstract Surrealists. My favorite piece of Surrealism was a sculpture by Alberto Giacometti titled, “Large Standing Women.” However, this piece is very rigid and strange. It gives one a sense of uneasiness. It is suppose to represent royal figures from ancient Egypt and explores the idea of extinction. I absolutely love this piece because out of all of these pictures in this book this is the one I will remember in thirty years because of this feeling (Adams).

The video, “I Could Do That” talked about people thinking they are able to do a piece that may be hard to do. For example, Piet Mondrian created an oil painting with perfectly straight geometric shapes and consistent color with no mistakes at all. It may seem easy at first however oil paint is not as easy as a marker to draw straight lines. I relate to the saying I could do that. Right now I am in high school and I’m out for cross country and I’ve trained everyday for the past three years. I went to state as a Freshman and Sophomore and I’m training for my Junior year. Growing up I was very bad at sports most of the time I was the benchwarmer in every sport, was last in my grade, then I started running. I became one of the fastest in my school’s history and everyone believes if they ran when I started they could’ve had my success with it. Again, comparing to the oil painting no one understands how hard something is until you try. No one knows running a 5k is hard, they say they can go to state too. Also I’m not a poor sport so I pull a Gonzalez all the time and encourage them to try. The video mostly focused on Felix Gonzalez and his work because he wasn’t one to show off his great talents he made art and he encouraged people to do it themselves as well. One of his works is two clocks side by side that are in sync with each other this piece is known as “Perfect Lovers” and in this video this piece was compared to Gonzalez out living his husband. Other Gonzalez’s works are reproducible ones including a stack of candy that he encouraged to have viewers take a piece. I love how he encouraged people to try something new and he gives them the idea they can do anything they want if they have the right mindset. (I Could Do That).

Cities

Adams, Laurie. A history of Western Art 5th ed. McGraw-Hill 2011

“I Could Do That | The Art Assignment | PBS Digital Studios.” YouTube, 20 Aug. 2015, youtu.be/67EKAIY43kg.

madisenahlstrom-blog

Week Eight

This week we are looking at the Post-Impressionism and the early twentieth century periods. Post-Impressionists were drawn to bright colors and distinctive brushstrokes. The only difference between Impressionists and Post-Impressionists is that Post-Impressionists forms do not dissolve, their edges are relatively clear.

I found it interesting that two different trends popped up during the Post-Impressionism period. There were paintings that exemplified formal and structural values and there were paintings that explored emotional content. Paul Cezanne was one who followed the structural values. In his painting, Still Life With Apples, there is a definite value there. To me, I have always heard the saying ‘an apple a day keeps the doctor away.’ This shows that apples are obviously good and you want to eat them so you do not have to go to the doctor, but the way Cezanne created it was totally different. Cezanne made the apples be seen as the forbidden fruit, like they are in the Garden of Eden. I found it interesting to read about the different interpretations we have because that is what art is all about. Vincent van Gogh was one of the artists who explored emotional content. I am sure that we have all heard of Vincent van Gogh because he is one of the most famous artists ever. I have personally loved the painting, A Starry Night, forever. It has always intrigued me to look at all the aspects of it and try to develop my own understanding. I had so much fun reading about this painting because I like it so much. I did not know that van Gogh was in a mental asylum while he painted it. My favorite part about this painting is that it is painted in lines. This makes it flows so well together and it seems so magical.

There were different groups that were created during this time that wanted to go against the norm. This was the symbolists and the expressionists. The symbolists explored their imaginations more and were drawn to mythological creatures. The expressionists used bright colors to create mood and emotion. My favorite painting out of both of these groups was Several Circles by Vassily Kandinsky. I liked this painting because to me it represented the solar system and I really enjoy learning about that. You could interpret this painting in many different ways, which is really cool about it.

The symbolists and expressionists reminded me a little bit of our society today. In our world, we all know that there is a ton of pollution. It has just become part of our daily lives. There are people who do not care if our environment is getting trashed and then there are people who want to try to stop the pollution. I feel like the symbolists and expressionists represent those who want to stop pollution. They have gone against the norm and they want to do something to make our world a better place. I find it amazing how we can compare so much in such different time periods. We will always need these people who go against the norm so we can continue making our world a better and diverse place.

schwartzhoffe

When you say that theres only a few differences between the Impressionism and Post-Impressionism I think those differences are major. I wrote on mine that they effect the viewers opinions and that makes them react differently to them. However, I loved how you brought the saying an apple a day keeps the doctor away and comparing that to the forbidden fruit in the Garden of Eden. I think bringing up the people who want to stop pollution in today’s world was an excellent example of the symbolists and expressionists. I liked how you compared it to today’s society because some people may think Expressionists were a long time ago we’ve moved on we grew we new people, yet their still here in today’s time.

Week 8

Chapters twenty-five and twenty-six are about the late nineteenth century and the early twentieth century. In the late nineteenth century the main style of art that many artists used was Post-Impressionism. Post-Impressionism stands for “After Impressionism.” As one could have guessed by the name Post-Impressionism was significantly influenced by impressionism. Some similarities they have in common with one another would be the bright color and discrete brushstrokes that were used often. However, some differences would Post-Impressionist do not dissolve and their edges are very clear and noticeable. It’s actually very funny how somethings can change in such a very short time. Fifty years between Impressionism and Post-Impressionism (Adams). It may not seem that much has changed between them, yet those changes significantly change the picture, which changes the feelings the viewers has, that change their perceptions of the picture. It is exactly like a chain when one thing changes you got something brand new. I believe changes like this happen periodically throughout history. For example, in today's society the presidency is a strong contender. When Trump went to power there was a feeling of uneasiness for some people it could’ve been caused for many reason maybe the women accusing Trump for sexual harassment or something else. This feeling lead to their perception of Trump as a president. This lead to riots and women march’s. Just from a change that happens almost every 4-8 years.

An example of a Post-Impressionists would be Paul Cezanne. In fact in school a few years back we got to look at his masterpieces and study them. I found his work interesting because he was THE Post-Impressionist of his time. He had a positive influence on the western style of paintings. He was known for transforming paint into visible structures. I am very curious when it comes to Cezanne because in his early times of art you’ll see that he favored black and violent themes, which is contradicting his Post-Impressionist self. However you can see both of these sides in Cezanne’s self portrait. The majority of the picture is dark colors, yet the landscape clearly shows Impressionists ideas. What I find interesting is that in the year 1887 Cezanne is no longer involved with the impressionist, however still impressionism has a major influence on his objectives. He then focused the majority of his time and energy on the pursuit of a new way of representing space. For example, his work “Mont Sainte-Victoire” painted a subject that has preoccupied himself for years. He painted a mountain that and a rich green tree that could possible be a self image. “Through Cezanne’s faceted, crystalline forms, a breakdown and restructuring of Western spatial conventions are achieved. This was a revolution made possible by the Post-Impressionist synthesis of the prominent brushstrokes and the clarity of the edge(Adams).” Another reason I personally respect Cezanne is that he isn’t afraid to take risks. Today he is the most known Post-Impressionist of his time and to think he dropped all of it to go back and do something different. He literally just started over and did what he wanted. I think in today’s society we could use this idea. We need to focus on our future and not worry or let anything in the past hold us down. Do what you were born to do (Adams).

Chapter twenty-six talked about the different influences on art in the twentieth century. This period was a time for change and this really paved the path to where we are today. For example, we are moving up in many aspects with the moon landing, flying airplanes around the world for the first time, and electric lighting in houses. As one could guess even the arts changed rapidly as well. For the longest time Paris was the center for the Western art world and during this time WW2 broke out, which divided this century. In the 1900s Impressionism and Post-Impressionism pictures were shown at the World’s Fair in Paris. However, this World’s Fair lead to ideas to expand in new areas, influenced by non-western ideas. The idea of something new really influenced the western art and really made people open minded when it came to art. My absolute favorite topic that was talked about this chapter was Expressionism. Expressionism had a greater concern for emotional and spiritual properties of color and form. For me I want to feel something when I look at a picture of art. If that feeling is happiness, sadness, or disgust. For me I think when someone feels emotion they’ll remember it. In fact, in the year 2012 I saw Emil Nolde’s “Still Life with Masks” in school and I thought it was the most disturbing thing in the world, yet here I am today six years later seeing it in our book and remembering that feeling I felt six years ago. I truly love it I think if an artist makes you feel something they’ve done their job perfectly (Adams).

Adams, Laurie. A history of Western Art 5th ed. McGraw-Hill 2011

wand23-blog

Week 7 Chapters 23 and 24

The nineteenth century had two different styles. There was the Realism and Impressionism. The nineteenth century for Realism was an age of revolution led by England. Impressionism style was dealt with Paris. Many things were invented and the United States started to boom. There were a lot of great painters in these chapters such as Gustavc Courbet, Mathew Brady, and Claude Monet. Also there were a few architects and sculptures. The steam engine, telegraph, telephone, and very sturdy materials such as iron and steel were invented. A man by the name of Honore de Balzac must have had a lot on his mind because he wrote eighty novels.

England had the first railroad powered by steam that was in service for passengers in 1825. It’s really neat to watch on how a train takes off. Railroads have always been something that I really enjoyed since a kid. My dad still has a few train sets that he puts together around Thanksgiving so anyone can play around with them. I also enjoy watching Polar Express with my wife and kids around Christmas each year.

Gustave Courbet was a painter that had a lot to do with realism. Even though he studied history of art, he didn’t want to paint things in the past. (418) His painting “Stone Breakers” was how real live was back then. They had to bust up rock with a hammer while another person carried it away. Could you just imagine how long a road would take today if it wasn’t for gas powered heavy duty equipment to lighten the load? I guess there wasn’t steel toe boots either to help if one of the big rocks would fall on the foot.

Photography means drawing with light. Many people since the eighteenth century have been trying to get the image on film. By 1858, William Henry Fox Talbot created negative film. It was bad enough waiting an hour in the 1990’s to have film developed from a camera. Now, people can take pictures from your phone and upload them to a website, check which ones you want and check out. Usually a few days later you have those photos in the mail. There’s so much luxury from technology today.

Mathew Brady had taken about thirty photographs of Abraham Lincoln. Mathew’s photo, “Copper Union” was taken before Lincoln even became president. This is a very interesting photo. Just think how many more photos Mathew would have taken if Lincoln wasn’t assassinated. Lincoln is one of the most well-known presidents. I remember learning a lot about him in school. It could also be because you see his face daily on the five dollar bill and the penny.

Claude Monet really got my attention in Chapter 24 with his paintings. His “Terrace at Sainte-Adresse” painting got my attention because I really like boats. For the past twenty years I have always water-skied from someone’s boat. For a few years it was from my own boat. I soon realized that “BOAT” really means “bust out another thousand.”

Imagine if iron and steel weren’t invented. We wouldn’t have bridges across bodies of water. With the amount of cars in today’s world, there wouldn’t be enough ferries to bring people in from Illinois and Wisconsin to work in Dubuque each day. Big buildings such as the Empire State building and skyscrapers in large over crowded cities wouldn’t exist either. I enjoyed chapter 23 more than chapter 24.

Adams, Laurie. A history of Western Art 5th ed. McGraw-Hill 2011

schwartzhoffe

I like how you got very specific about where the first railroad powered by steam was and what year. Oh I appreciate the fact how you brought up the boots to our attention I didn’t think of that and I cannot believe how much suffering they must’ve went through. It’s amazing to see how lucky this generation is with technology. I cannot even comprehend what is would be like to wait days to see a picture when today we wait seconds. I love what you said BOAT meant that was actually funny. Overall very nice post.

Week 7

Chapters twenty three and twenty four were about Realism and Impressionism in the nineteenth century. The nineteenth century was an age of revolution. The ideas of the Enlightenment were fresh and inspired many to create conflicts in their society. These revolutions were the source for art at these times. Usually the art was created from the viewpoint of the rebels. However, even some forms of art created revolutions themselves. For example, Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels wrote the most influential political tracts behalf of workers “The Communist Manifesto.” The same year the first convention for women rights was held. I believe that this is being repeated in today’s world. I consider the influential art then is our social media, for the fact that social media is used daily in our lives. Some other movements that were powered by social media were #BlackLivesMatter, and #GayPride. Both of these movements were very powerful and made a strong statement and was made aware through social media. Due to these new general changes in the nineteenth century the art work began to change with it. In fact, this is the first time ever that a critic was introduced into art. As well as the art gallery and museum we see today both originated from the nineteenth century. In the visual arts, the style that corresponded the best to the new social awareness is called Realism (Adams).

The primary goal in Realism is to capture the direct observation of society and nature. In multiple artworks that obtain Realism also contains Romanticism. For example, Rosa Bonheur created “The Horse fair” contains both Realism and Romanticism. The picture shows her understanding of the anatomy and the movement of horses galloping. In fact, she was so intrigued by the Realist scientific observation she actually dissected animals. I find this very interesting because to be an artists in Realism you have to do science. You need to observe and study a particular subject to get a better understanding of how it works. Realism is actually my favorite type of style we have covered this far for the fact that it recalls all events including political, which makes it more relatable (Adams).

The impressionist style originated from Paris in the mid nineteenth century and continued into the twentieth century. Impressionism, unlike Realism, barely ever brought up political events. Impressionist would rather paint leisure activities, entertainment, and landscape. Impressionists were more concerned with optical realism and the lighting more than anything. Again we see art being influenced by science experiments they then would study light patterns by doing multiple experiments. A famous impressionist would include Edgar Degas. “Absinthe” is a creation of his and it seems as like someone took a picture without angling the camera. In the picture it shows to figures. The women is holding absinthe and both figures are looking at nothing. One may think that this is the most pointless piece yet, it's really interesting. Sure they are not looking at anything in particular but, you can see they are obviously drunk and from their gestures are mentally isolated and both unwilling to move anytime soon. For some reason I find this piece very interesting I would like to know where he got the idea to paint this piece (Adams).

Cities

Adams, L. S. (2011). Mannerism and the Later Sixteenth Century in Italy and Sixteenth – Century Painting and Printmaking in Northern Europe. In A History of Western Art (5th ed., pp. 306-332). New York, NY: McGraw Hill.

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Week 6

Neoclassism was averse to the style of Rococo. Neoclassism was trying to show stabilization and strength. Politics were a strong player during this period. The art style of this period had less involvement from the church and was meant more to shape the public perception of the political and social environment.

The painting “Oath of the Horatii” improved moral tendencies in France while appearing to enforce a revolutionary demeanor. I find it interesting how much art has been used to shape public perception and motivations. It relates well to how the media plays such a huge role today in the same ways. The media shapes what we know and how we feel about the world around us. Art works and literature were the biggest forms of main stream media during the 19th century and of course anytime before it. Revolutionary paintings were being produced to sway public opinion in that manner as well. I would never guess that something elegant would have such a sub context. Today we are less elegant with our persuasion. Politicians were able to paint themselves however they wanted. They deception to the public was rather easy. Now with social media and other information streams, we can profile a person whoever we want.

Contrary to the seriousness of Neoclassism, Romanticism glorified fiction. I enjoy the step away from real life that romanticism portrays. It is much like the way religion is enjoyed. Things are let go and you can believe in something that may or may not be real. This takes the mind away from real world problems. It lowers the stress level. Maybe the 19th century was a stressful time, and Romanticism was trying to look at the glass half full. The paintings of this style tell so many stories. Some of these stories seem dreadful but so full of emotion. When I look at some of these paintings, I imagine the agony and desperation apparent on their faces. It makes me appreciative of my life. The paintings of war really captured the history. It shows a time of revolution in France. The people were taking back their country.

Revolution is something that comes back into style occasionally. While it may not be a trend, it is a part of history that rears its face when needed. Revolution happened often in Europe. It may have been trendy during the period there. There comes a time in most countries where the leadership is not satisfying the citizens. I do not think this develops simply from people disliking the leadership or how things are currently going, but from a long-standing decrease in living standards. Over time it is easy for the powerful to slowing boil the water on the public. Most people don’t even realize that they are being taken advantage of. It is not until it becomes too far and too bad that people become aware and motivated to solve the problem. A revolution occurred in Great Britain that gave birth to this country. I foresee a second revolution in this country. I do not blame the reasons for this to any particular administration, but throughout the last century powerful people have been able to squeeze Americans. I think that bubble is about ready to pop.

schwartzhoffe

I really liked how you connected social media to art and literature in the 19th century I’ve never thought of it that way before. Also the easiness of the deception of the people from the officials I think is still a problem today. I feel like we are not being told the whole truth in some aspects in todays society. I do the same thing when you see people not as fortunate as you it just makes one release how much they have and what to be grateful for. O I love that you stated revolution comes back in style when there is a decrease in living standards. O wow I absolutely love your opinion on the second revolution and how you stated how powerful people have been able to squeeze Americans I agree 100%. Great Post!

Week 6

Chapters twenty-one and twenty-two are all about the early nineteenth century. In particular, Neoclassicism and Romanticism. Neoclassicism may be referred to as “True Style.” It is as well as a reaction to Roco (Adams). It arose from the questioning of the ideas and value. When it arose Europe was fresh off the Enlightenment ideas and this really affected this new style of art (Adams). Roco was more emotional and imaginary, while Neoclassicism is more rational and serious. The Enlightenment ideas inspired many countries to stand up to the unfair treatment they’ve been getting through these biased monarchy’s and it really show’s in their art. This isn’t just a new style of art it has factors into a new way of life. One of the most famous Neoclassicism painters Jacques Louis David is associated with classical antiquity. In one of his best paintings, “Oath of the Horatii” painted in 1785 shows a Roman event in which honor and self sacrifice prevail (Adams). In the picture Horatius raises his sons swords on which they swear allegiance to Rome. The soldiers in the painting show signs of patriotism by looking at their gestures you can see the determination, which will really speak to France and will be a factor in their revolution (Adams). I love art when one gets inspired to make a difference. Any form of art when one is motivated I really love to observe in hope I’ll be inspired to do something as well.

Chapter twenty-two is about Romanticism. Romanticism spread at the same time as Neoclassicism. It has been inspired by medieval tales of chivalry and literature through Gothic novels (Adams). It as well may have a romantic quality to it. One French Philosopher Jean Jacques Rousseau writings inspired the French Revolution and spread the Romantic movement (Adams). Again I believe that inspiring others to make a positive differences in this world is everything we can ask for. This guy let the French believe in themselves enough to make a revolution through his writings. Rousseau believed that humanity was born to live peacefully with nature however, was corrupted by civilization (Adams). I actually have mixed feelings about this. I believe we need a ruling system, but need enough freedom. The best example I would say is present United States we all have a voice, yet we still are corrupted by outside factors. For example, what Trump is doing with immigration. I believe we need to do something at our borders, but I don’t think his way is right. My point is for me civilizations is a need for humanity, yet it will never be perfect, which leads to corruption. Romanticism however, lead people to believe that people had the power not the monarch. Romanticism wasn't just art it was political as well (Adams). This movements as well created an interseat with the state of mind that would lead to theories on psychoanalysis and modern day psychology (Adams).

I believe on of the 70’s Alternate/Indie is on its way on topping music charts everywhere today. In fact, Talking Heads, who is one of the most popular boy bands in the 70’s, really is having an impact on today’s society. Talking Heads were very intrigued by rhythms and believe it or not, but also was inspired by the spirit of black music and it really shows in their sound (Talking Heads). They were very popular in the 70’s to my understanding the music is very easy to dance to. With its soft fast beats it’s almost impossible not to dance to it. It also has soft whispery voice in the parts of the song. Now I believe it is making a comeback in today’s time because of one of their songs titled, “Psycho Killer.” Since the 70’s there have been many covers of this song and about 5 that showed up on albums just in the late 2000s early 2010s (Talking Heads). It is a very quite soft fast beat that until recently I had never heard of it, however my parents knew every word. In May 2017 one of the most known person in the world, Selena Gomez, made a song titled “Bad Liar.” It sampled the song “Psycho Killer”, which means it was the same beat, but she just sang her own version instead of the original lyrics, but really emphasized her whispery/singing lyrics. “Bad Liar” went on to having the title of Best Song of 2017 by Billboard. In fact, in just 2017 alone the actual song “Psycho Killer” got 15 million views thanks to Selena bringing more awareness to the song. I thought at the time that this would be the only song in today’s time that would be 70’s Alternative/Indie. However, many other huge stars including Shawn Mendes also have this sound in 2018. His song “Nervous” is very similar to Selena Gomez “Bad Liar’ and Talking Heads “Psycho Killer”. Again we here the soft fast danceable beat with his whispery lyrics. It’s just a matter of time before more songs like these are released.

Cites

“Talking Heads Biography.” Rolling Stones, Rolling Stones, https://www.rollingstone.com/music/artists/talking-heads/biography

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Week 5

Power, religion, and politics continue to be the motivation of art as we enter the seventeenth century. This should not be surprising based on what we have seen so far. Religious works get bigger and more captivating. Art becomes an elaborate show of wealth in homes of the powerful. Again, art was used as a tool to not only maintain, but also display power. Scientific developments influenced the loss of faith people experienced for the church. They started to explore and think for themselves. Different cultures emerged, and countries populated as people broke off from the Catholic church. All things were influenced during this tense period, and it showed in art.

The Catholic church was attempting to remain in power. They used their wealth and dominance to appoint artist and architects that could help them complete this goal. The completion of St Peter’s and the piazza was a statement. The elegance and distinctness of St. Peter’s is astonishing. I cannot help but wonder why such elaborate works were deemed necessary. I am wondering why the church was spending so much money on creating all these magnificent artworks and building transformations. I want to think that they would use their influence for a greater good than using it to attract attention to themselves. They should be using this power to encourage scientific advancements or to better the world for their communes. Instead, it was more important to display their power.

Countries besides Italy were doing the same thing. France created a beautiful display of wealth and power within the palace at Versailles. Baroque style was used again to restore buildings in England. The focus was churches that had burned down. The up and coming Protestant church had financed these restorations. It is interesting how both sides seemed to have the goal of building bigger and better. The Protestant church seemed to be much more humble than the Catholic church. Never the less, the Catholic church did not have enough power to stop their revolution.

The Rococo style gave way a realistic form of art. The age of enlightenment resonates with me. The progression of science is fascinating to me. People began to believe in science and critically think. This is one of the most important things we can do as a society. This style showed in paintings of real life situations with real life people. I find this type of art most appealing because I believe it documents history in a way that no manuscript can. They captured the expressions on people’s faces as they lived their lives. You can almost feel the emotion through the art.

The seventeenth century was yet another battle over power in Europe. Throughout the continent art was being used as a tool to express power and wealth. The Catholic church was attempting to retard the separation and development of the Protestant community. The Protestants were able to escape that by moving westward and expressing art in ways they saw fit. The wealthy used art to display power. Later in the seventeenth century art was used to reflect a humanistic view of society. It seems that a constant battle over religion, politics, and power will always use art as their sword.

schwartzhoffe

Oh I like how you stated that art shows the wealth in homes I thought that was a very true statement. I love they way you also said to let them think for themselves because if they had any thoughts about a different government than an absolute ruler or an idea that contradicted with the church you would end up dead or in exile. I agree with what you think, but at this time the church isn’t what is it today. They were selling indulgences so your loved one could go to Heaven, which was the reason that Matin Luther created Lutheranism. My point is the church was so corrupted at this point that they were desperate and if people saw all these things the protestant religions had like equal treatment or anyone can go to Heaven not just the rich the church needed something new and exciting because they weren’t thinking of changing there ways and in this case it was creation Saint Peter’s. Also the last thing the church wanted was more scientific advancements look at Galileo he was put in exiled. Newton had trouble with the church as well and for what discovering the laws of gravity. I think this is a great summary of these chapters and I love how opinionated this was, literally it was really fun and interesting to read.

Week 5

Chapter nineteen and twenty are about different types of styles of art in certain areas in Europe between the sixteenth and eighteenth century. During the sixteenth century in Western Europe there were a lot of advances and conflicts between religion, politics, and science (Adams). This is the time where the thirty year war broke out between Catholics and the Protestants (Adams). As well in England their ruler, King Charles, was beheaded (Adams).

The seventeenth century wasn’t only about art it was a time for scientific discovery. William Harvey created the system of blood circulation (Adam). Even some scientists at this time got into trouble with the church. For example, Isaac Newton when he discovered the laws of gravity got into conflict with a Catholic king, James ll (Adams). However, there were some that played by the rules. Rene Descartes based his philosophy of systematic doubt, but avoided conflict with the church by stating God was the source of the original creator of reason (Adams). I think Rene Descartes was very smart in the sense that he said that, so he could still do what he loves by not letting anyone hold him back .

The first style was Baroque style, which means diverse, and imperfect happened at this time (Adams). Baroque remained unlimitedly emotional, and more energetic than before. It was very common for Baroque artists to reject parts of the Mannerist style (Adams). For example, people who pursued a Baroque style would more likely study nature than ones who were Mannerists (Adams). This meant art now resembled some of the scientific discoveries of this time period (Adams). On the other hand, there was a outbreak of dramatic and emotional art as well. The Baroque and Renaissance had many differences in their color, lighting, and the way the derw as well (Adams). I love the way they are not afraid to do something new not that much time has passed from the Renaissance and they are already being different and getting credit for it.

Another major art during this time was architecture. Many people may not see or realize architecture is an important art form, but it is. One example at this time is in Italy. They were rebuilding Saint Peter’s when Julius ll became Pope (Adams). No one realizes how hard it is to build this. You need the write measurements to put the columns apart and the right size columns. The best part in my opinion is they built it right above St. Peter’s tomb (Adams). I would love to go see this in real life to see a saints tomb. I love the way they have the light and dark contradicting each other that the columns have the dark bronze that make the light marble stand out more (Adams). When they made it their goal was to provide an impressive approach to the church. The architecture represents Baroque style by involving the crowd in a created space (Adams). I actually think the space leading to the high altar was the perfect touch for this masterpiece it really made it more interesting for me to read about.

The eighteenth century however had many different art work trends. The most recognizable in my opinion of this time is the Rococo Style . The general Rococo picture would include parks, gardens while Cupids flying above (Adams). Rococo is very frantasy and graceful. Last but not least this was the Age of Enlightenment (Adams). This is a time where philosophy idea were put into political movements. For example, John Locke believed that all knowledge of facts comes from experience, which later would become the basis of the scientific method. Locke also believed in a social contract that argued of divine right (Adams). You’ll see these Enlightenment ideas in years to come in new nations that will become independent from their absolute ruler. I loved this time because without the Enlightenment we, America, wouldn’t be like we are today. We took idea from many philosophers. I am very appreciative for this time of the art of science. I love how far we are with the discovery and observations of the human body because hopefully I can reach my goal of being a doctor and to further this research.

References

Week 5

Chapter nineteen and twenty are about different types of styles of art in certain areas in Europe between the sixteenth and eighteenth century. During the sixteenth century in Western Europe there were a lot of advances and conflicts between religion, politics, and science. This is the time where the thirty year war broke out between Catholics and the Protestants. As well in England their ruler, King Charles, was beheaded.

The seventeenth century wasn’t only about art it was a time for scientific discovery. William Harvey created the system of blood circulation. Even some scientists at this time got into trouble with the church. For example, Isaac Newton when he discovered the laws of gravity got into conflict with a Catholic king, James ll. However, there were some that played by the rules. Rene Descartes based his philosophy of systematic doubt, but avoided conflict with the church by stating God was the source of the original creator of reason. I think Rene Descartes was very smart in the sense that he said that, so he could still do what he loves by not letting anyone hold him back.

The first style was Baroque style, which means diverse, and imperfect happened at this time. Baroque remained unlimitedly emotional, and more energetic than before. It was very common for Baroque artists to reject parts of the Mannerist style. For example, people who pursued a Baroque style would more likely study nature than ones who were Mannerists. This meant art now resembled some of the scientific discoveries of this time period. On the other hand, there was a outbreak of dramatic and emotional art as well. The Baroque and Renaissance had many differences in their color, lighting, and the way the derw as well. I love the way they are not afraid to do something new not that much time has passed from the Renaissance and they are already being different and getting credit for it.

Another major art during this time was architecture. Many people may not see or realize architecture is an important art form, but it is. One example at this time is in Italy. They were rebuilding Saint Peter’s when Julius ll became Pope. No one realizes how hard it is to build this. You need the write measurements to put the columns apart and the right size columns. The best part in my opinion is they built it right above St. Peter’s tomb. I would love to go see this in real life to see a saints tomb. I love the way they have the light and dark contradicting each other that the columns have the dark bronze that make the light marble stand out more. When they made it their goal was to provide an impressive approach to the church. The architecture represents Baroque style by involving the crowd in a created space. I actually think the space leading to the high altar was the perfect touch for this masterpiece it really made it more interesting for me to read about.

The eighteenth century however had many different art work trends. The most recognizable in my opinion of this time is the Rococo Style. The general Rococo picture would include parks, gardens while Cupids flying above. Rococo is very frantasy and graceful. Last but not least this was the Age of Enlightenment. This is a time where philosophy idea were put into political movements. For example, John Locke believed that all knowledge of facts comes from experience, which later would become the basis of the scientific method. Locke also believed in a social contract that argued of divine right. You’ll see these Enlightenment ideas in years to come in new nations that will become independent from their absolute ruler. I loved this time because without the Enlightenment we, America, wouldn’t be like we are today. We took idea from many philosophers. I am very appreciative for this time of the art of science. I love how far we are with the discovery and observations of the human body because hopefully I can reach my goal of being a doctor and to further this research.

coolfreshsongstudentlove-blog

Week 4

When one thinks of art they tend to think of paintings, sculptures, or drawings. However, art can branch out into many different directions. Architecture which is the designing and creation of buildings is one of the branches that art may take; however, one may not at first consider architecture a form of artistry. Architecture is definitely a form of art and it requires one to have a creative and designing mind, to create the buildings we see everywhere today. In chapter seventeen we can see the beautiful architecture that Andrea Palladio created. The Villa Rotonda is absolutely stunning; it is so perfect it looks like something from a dream or even a movie. The main thing that you first notice when you see the Rotonda, is the massive columns that are in the front of the building. You will also notice how even and precise the building is structured, as we like to say in my family, “it does not look muddled.” The Rotonda’s style remains the same throughout the structure and if there is a window on one side, then there is the exact same window on the other side.

I have not been to famous buildings all over the world; but one thing my family and I like to do is enjoy the architecture that is seen within homes people live in. We my go visit a new small town and drive through a historic neighborhood looking at the beautiful homes. One home that I can think of is a home in Decorah, Iowa. This home has a fence surrounding its entire boundary line; however, this is not just a normal fence, this fence is made out of coral from the sea. We like to look older homes when we are in our exploring mood; they always seem to have more character and a more artistic appeal. They are not cookie cutter homes where they are all made and look the same; they are special in their own way. One famous home that I have gone to was House on the Rock, created by Alex Jordan Jr. Jordan did an excellent job connecting modern, naturalist, and Japanese styles all in his homes foundation on a chimney rock, overlooking an amazing valley.

In chapter eighteen Matthias Grunewald’s painting, Crucifixion with Saint Sebastian, caught my attention. The main things that one thinks of when they think of Jesus on the cross are His crown of thorns and the nail piercings to His hands and feet. However, in other paintings I have seen of Jesus on the cross, Jesus’s hands have shown no too little expression. One’s hands mean a lot when it comes to showing expression and meaning. That is why people use gestures in their everyday life, because hands are powerful tools. Grunewald’s painting shows the deep suffering that Jesus endured in order to save our souls. They also seem to be reaching upward towards Heaven or to Jesus’s Heavenly Father. Since Grunewald added these extra details to his painting, he took it to an entire new level of depth, emotion, and artistic appeal.

References

schwartzhoffe

I absolutely agree how you stated that some people think that architecture isn’t art, but it a hundred percent is!! I liked how you said how The Villa Rotonada is very precise and exact if one thing was on one side then it will be on the other. OK, I know this is very weird, but i know the exact house you are talking about for the fact that that house was very different and unique and I drive in Decorah all the time!!!!!!!! i also loved how you got very specific with your details on the famous house on the rock. I appreciate your details of the area with the overlook of the valley. Wow, I cannot get enough of this writing. I ABSOLUTELY LOVED how you said, “This is why people use gestures in their everyday life, because hands are powerful tools” because I never thought of it that way before. I also agree that when Grunewald added those details he really made the piece one and made it very unique from other pictures of this event. This was probably the best week assignment I’ve ever read!

The Sixteenth Century

Chapters seventeen and eighteen were about the sixteenth century in Europe. The sixteenth century was a period of intense political and military turmoil from which Italian artists couldn’t reach their full capacity (Adams). However, it was also a time the power of the church was challenged and was weakened (Adams).

Around the 1520’s new development in art began. This new way is called Mannerism, which means uncontrolled gestures, which are considered exaggerated or affected. It is also refers to meaning bizarre. Each of these terms defines one aspect of art or another in the sixteenth century (Adams). Mannerism has inspired many paintings at this time that in today’s society are seen as disturbing and upsetting. For example Jacopo da Pontormo’s work “Entombment” was painted for the church. In this piece Jesus was already taken down from the cross and his skin is very pale representing what happens to a body after death. The viewer is seeing the expressions on each youths face. The two that are holding Jesus’s body are horror stuck and the gray sky draws attention to the fact that in the bible, after Jesus died, a bad storm hit. All these factors contribute to the upsetting idea of the Christ’s death (Adams). Again I love the fact that religion was a big factor in the sixteenth society. Many people including myself find the event of Jesus’s death very disturbing and horrifying. However I appreciate this picture because of the uniqueness and with mannerism it open a new chapter in art that will dramatically affect the present.

On the other hand in Northern Europe had many of the same development as the south. The most important Northern artists were from Germany and Netherlands. Although many of these artists were influenced when they traveled to Italy. Nevertheless, the North was always less comfortable with the Classical forms than Italy was. Netherlands and Germany’s paintings consisted of light colors and savory Gothic styles that influenced generations yet to come. The North had produced some of the most famous humanists ever known including Martin Luther. These humanists stated striking statements about witchcraft called “The Witches Hammer.” In this they described the characteristics of witches and recommended methods of torture for extracting confessions from them. One way the North was similar to Italy was that they showed an interest in the artists biographies which were part of the Classical traditions (Adam)

Albrecht Durer, who is a German artists, showed a taste for linear quality in painting striking works. He traveled to Italy and he got used to the idea of the revival of Classical forms and copied Italian Renaissance paintings and sculptures. Durer’s “Self Portrait” expresses influence from Leonardo, whom Durer's greatly admired. However, Durer figure is painted with crisp contour that would be unusual in Italy. In his paintings you can see how personally he got with them. His confidence is shown through his upright posture. It as wells reflects his social status when he lived in Nuremberg (Adams). I really like how he got very personal with his own self portrait. Also I’m jealous of his self confidence that he portrayed. I like how he was different from everyone else. He was from Germany and was painting like Italians. However he painted with crisp contour that Italians don’t use. He was very different from everyone else and I believe he got the recognition he deserved.

Resources

Adams, Laurie. A History of Western Art. McGraw-Hill, 2011

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