It is common sense that in the so-called "Dark Ages" of medieval Europe, theology in the whole area of theocracy and insignia was the absolute authority in the spiritual world of European prevailed. Science had no place in the magnificent palace of the theology dominated leave and was seen as heterodoxy. At that time, the conflict in the relationship between science and theology was serious, or more precisely, was the suppression of theology to the science and share cruel. So, for example, Italian philosopher and scientist Bruno burned because of his demand for scientific truth at the stake by the Inquisition in 1600 in Rome. Great physicist, Galileo, was for the adoption and publication of Copernicus' heliocentricism, put into prison for life.1 Under the great pressure and in the framework of the Western European fanaticism, there was little opportunity and space created for science. Up to 17 and 18 Century began to rapidly advance science and theology ultimately defeat. God was "not masters at home," and Newton was "Chamberlain in the world." Why did it happen in Europe? The key is to find the source for the emergence of modern science. To see it, we first in traditional Western philosophy. Traditional Western philosophy is a kind of dualism. Against no matter what the nature, morality or religion, people from the West often has a dualistic attitude. For example, the classical two-valued logic set to true or false to use duality of Aristotle established base today. Moreover, could the dualism of body and spirit, subject and object, noumenon and phenomenon, ideal and reality, collective and individual, and so on, easy to find here and there in Western history and culture. Especially in the religious faith and metaphysics, Westerners a dualistic position maintained so persistent that were the transcendent world and the real world completely gone and the sky and earth were separated absolutely.2 matter is important or valuable, the former is always higher than the latter . Probing into the origins of the dualistic world view, we could look back to ancient Greek philosophy (especially metaphysics) and the Christian theology. Plato's theory of ideas claims that the realm of forms and the realm of things opposed.3 4 "The forms these immutable, eternal and intangible essences or patterns from the turn of the visible objects, see, we are just poor copies." Although Aristotle, Plato tried system of dualism forms and real things to overcome, he did not abandon the dualistic concept of reality and phenomenon5, for example, the distinction between matter and form. Another element of the traditional western dualistic worldview is the Christian theology. It is obvious that the city of God and the city in the world and faith and reason resolvedly clear in the Bible. Christian theology affirms that all the values and ideals that could not be fulfilled in the world could only be achieved in paradise when you affirm the existence of God and believe in God devoutly. When compared to the absolute Christian faith, shows no ethical or moral value or ideal time now meaningless in itself. For example, Jesus' answer to the questions about paying taxes - "Give therefore to Caesar what is Caesar's and unto God what is God's." (Matthew 22: 22) generally represent the dualism of Christian theology. The Christian theological thinking mixed up with Plato's theory of ideas and Aristotle's metaphysics, the latter designed the voluminous system of scholasticism. In more than a thousand years of the medieval ecclesiastical system, the Christian theology of the ruling ideology of Western Europe. In this context, even if the scientific studies have to stop never completely built the scientific search for and exploration of nature and all worldly concerns with such a perfect, pure and transcendental realm of Christian theology suffered despisal faced neglect and oppression . The Christian Theology was the unique absolute standard of the Western man, and pursued disobedient. Despite that theology had held nearly all power over all secular and sacred matters and science to develop rare space, the theological world view might not always be victorious and always valid. Once changes come about holistic or the encounter with the onset of heterodox thought, the religions of the Western people would lax to shake what and even destroy the whole Christian theological worldview. Renaissance in the 15th and 16 First century revolt. The feeling of self-awakening of humanism and the revival of ancient Greek and Roman cultures catalyzed the uniform complexion broke under the rule of theology. Man as a scientific master instead of God in the theological world was the center of social life and scientific research, so that science played a valuable opportunity to grow.6 Reformation Then, against the moral corruption of the Catholic Church and the appearance of the dualistic opposite soul and body in favor, "justification by faith" and religious tolerance and had the absolute authority of the spiritual and the control of the Church.7 why was the science of mental limitation theology free. Enlightenment in the 17th and 18 Century in Europe to meet on the ideological free western European.8 reason replaced faith and theology took a back seat. Modern science emerged as the times require. The intellectual revolutions above are the main causes for the rise of modern science, but in the end are the origins of the collapse of the Christian theological belief and the rise of the scientific world view. It is obvious that the collapse of the Christian theological world view was with a series of intellectual revolutions, Renaissance, Reformation and Enlightenment. But generally speaking, it might in view of the inherent problems of the Christian theological view of the world within and the attack of the "heterodox" ideas are explained from the outside. First, the system of medieval scholasticism, made entirely of a stand for Christian theology, although it should be reduced to the wide gap between reason and faith, but because of its insistence on trying to "considering faith reason", and finally could not balance to and maintain harmony between faith and reason. On the one hand, accelerated JD Scotus' theory of "double truth" of the departure of faith and reason.9 On the other hand, claimed a direct encounter mysticism and mystical union with God, as J. Eckhart, "said God and soul neither unaquainted still far, so soul, not only in tune with God, but identical with God. "10 mysticism distained all worldly affairs, therefore dualistic theological world view in a transcendental monistic world view, any intervention of human reason was converted failed. W. Ockham's nominalism was against the teachings of Scholasticism and made the arguments for the existence of God. His principle of simplicity as "Occam's razor" known claimed 11, which was a "what will be explained on fewer principles is explained needlessly by more" mine prodder putting medieval theological system in disarray. "12 Consequently, Western Europe in the late Middle Ages Middle Ages lost faith in the Christian theological world view and began to resort to reason. On the other concerned Copernicus heliocentricism the world view of current scientists and philosophers of the Renaissance and geocentricism the theological world view was seriously questioned. Human lost the superiority of the Christian theology in the cosmos and the dualistic relationship between heaven and the world constructed was loose. Scientists then e.g. Galileo considered only God as the prime contractor efficient cause of the physical world and deprived of God cause the title of the past. Therefore, the power and the omnipotence of God has been called into question. Other scholars such as Bruno because of the influence of scientific discover, mostly has a pantheistic position to replace the dualistic theological world view. Meanwhile, a tendency in modern philosophy gradually emerged along with science in order to rationalize the world. For example, Descartes' first mission to the existence of God for the objectivity and timeliness made the physical world and then locked chest in God and explained the structure of the world in a scientific perspective. "13 What is the problem of the transcendental world in which theology was "hung" and became a "pseudo-problem." The pantheistic metaphysics of Spinoza ruled out the existence of the transcendent world, which was also a death-blow to the dualistic theological world view. On the other hand, the empiricism of Locke initiated Hume developed a radical positivism of skepticism, which eventually denied the existence of spiritual substance and causal necessity and denied all attempts of the arguments for the existence of God through human reason and empirical facts, which varied greatly the basis of theology. Kant's doctrine of the antinomies and critical rational theology claims that the transcendental world, or noumenal world, the existence of God and the immortality of the soul could not be detected so that the theology has been excluded from human knowledge. Hegel's dialectic rationalist metaphysics, the process variation problem of the real world as the self-development of Absolute Spirit, transforming the dualistic view of the world in absolute idealism. The dualistic world view was eventually rejected and Christian theological beliefs were disappeared in Hegel's system. Sun won the basic advantage of the faith and the scientistic world view instead of the dualistic world view theology was the dominant ideology of Western Europe. The emergence of modern science could only begin once the traditional dualistic view of the world was transformed, because belief is the ultimate understanding of the world or of human life from people who are in a position to potentially outweigh the ultimate entertainment and activities in the life of the thinker, social workers and the masses in a region. That is, only if the traditional theological world view was replaced by a new ground-based world view that is. the scientistic worldview, could the rise of modern science have absolute certainty. In a word, were the origins for the emergence of modern science, the collapse of the dualistic theological world view and the dominance of the scientific world view. The transition from theology to science has both positive and negative impact on Western history. After a walk on the fast track of scientific development, the realistic life of Western Europe has been greatly improved, the material civilization has progressed rapidly, to explore the nature and geography, has been continuously developed and technology has been drastically reformed. From there, the western countries a steady progress whereas Eastern European countries fell far behind. The influence of the transition from theology to science is not measurable, like the historian H. Butterfield pointed to this problem: "The impact on the culture of the world the birth of modern science in the 17th Century was only mentioned in one breath with the rise of Christianity in the first century. "14 However, this does not mean that this conversion has no adverse impact on Western Europe. "World view can be considered a comprehensive experience that are most thought to potentially influence the cultural atmosphere as academic ideas, lifestyles, residential settings and so on from one country and society. "15 If, therefore, experiences the belief of the people in a region or a right of fundamental change, academic culture and the attitudes and behaviors have to be holistic change. As the traditional dualistic view of the prevailing ideology of Aristotle to the late Middle Ages, in which Western European impregnated and held it for granted all the time, was the spiritual crisis of Western Europe are collapsed on the only day of the theological world view. In connection with that theological worldview nodded his fall was spread around and nihilism, Kierkegaard, Dostoevsky and Nietzsche, etc. in the 19 Century has provided the philosophical ideas of existentialism to save in coincidence with the spiritual crisis and lost the mental home of the Western European. Danish existentialist philosopher Kierkegaard thought was a critical response to Hegel's rationalism, rejected Hegel's neglect of the theology and the problem of faith and claims that theological knowledge and Christian faith are the subjective truth that can not be objective knowledge in general vanish. He thought that rationalist Hegel and the like holded the position of the superiority of reason and reduced the transcendental world in an abstract idea, which wiped out the paradox (a truth as subjectivity) of theology and the non-rationality (not synonymous with reason, but with feelings and beliefs) of the dualistic world view. Russian writer Dostoyevsky discovered the problem of the fate of existence after the collapse of the theological world view. In his novels of crime and punishment from The Brothers Karamazov, he discusses how to find the spiritual path after the decline of faith in God. He indicated that in addition to the Christian theology and faith to find people from the West could not a savior for her spiritual crisis. Another initiator of existentialism and a representative value of the philosophy of the will of Nietzsche, although also critical of rationalism, pushing the theological world in dualistic collapse at the same time. From the acceptance of "God is dead" (Nietzsche really believed that Western Europe had lost the theological world view.), He argued that all traditional morality, philosophies and theologies with the collapse of the dualistic world view must be reassessed. New values and ideals should can the super person, the animal nature harmonize with the mind and keep a balance between Dionysian and Apollonian elements are defined. His theory of the will to power is the foundation of his philosophy of Superperson.16 From the above argument, it is obvious that the transition from theology to science, but gave high material civilization of the Western world but also produces a deep spiritual crisis for Western people. The scientistic world view in extreme cases would be evaluated with regard reason as a common standard for all values and exclude other "unscientistic" world views that are opposed to further the value and importance of faith and love, and would completely alienate people from the consciousness of existence. It would also be the development of scientific theories to improve the productive technologies that would improve increasingly have suggested the risk of scientific mechanization. And the maximum risk of the scientific mechanization is the reason the value on the value of the instrument and thus eliminate people forget the problem of the existence of themselves and the average "Massman" or "rabble" from the real and individual existence in degeneracy of the mathematical-mechanical process. In the context of outsourcing and religious secularization, disappeared the true Christian faith, while the theological dualistic view of the world lost its original meaning. It is undisputed that there are some incompatibilities between theology and science. Science (in the narrow sense of science), knowledge of the physical world, which explains in particular phenomena and laws of things, while theology is the knowledge of the immaterial world, which dissolves in particular the problem of faith and transcendental world (God and the sky). Since the late Middle Ages, especially Modern Times ", the contradiction and conflict in the relationship between science and theology are so serious that the people are against it with each other, which can apparently not coexist." 17 We do not deny the cruel suppression of science exercised by theology in the Middle Ages and made a huge impact on the theology of science in modern times, however, science and theology are not always reconciled "Vinegar and Oil" and not be able to. In fact, a number of eminent scientists, Isaac Newton, Faraday, M., C. Maxwell, Albert Einstein and many graduates of the Royal Society, etc. all deep belief in Christian faith or interest in theology. Some scientists even believe that science and theology are consistent and they perform the same task by different approaches.18 In recent years the dialogue between science and theology have attracted increasing attention by both scientists and theologians and philosophers of religion and various theories, the relations between science and theology or religion, were successively presented. Wang Pisheng the Hong Kong Baptist University, said that the dialogue between science and theology in recent years a new and rare phenomenon, but a long and continuous tradition.19 He also indicated that many top scientists now know the importance of philosophy and studying theology to find not only a deeper insight into the importance of scientific work, but also a breakthrough in their research. It is therefore reasonable to believe that science and theology are based on the coexistence and harmonization. If the two understand both its limitations and the conjunction meaning to human existence, a phase of science and theology is to come hopefully in harmony. After experiencing the tragedies of two world wars and the spread of nihilism and hedonism after the wars, the people in the new century still enjoy the quiet life of the flying development of science. The threats from weapons of mass destruction and nuclear war and the crimes of the terrorists who have killed innocent by modern scientific technology strengthened all the unease, uncertainty and fear of the people directly or indirectly. And that the tsunami devitalized by an earthquake in the Indian Ocean triggered thousands of lives at the end of last year and a trail of disaster earthquake in Pakistan have hurricanes in North America, swine, and birds' flu and so on the latter made it clear that the Science is not omnipotent confronted with the terrible disasters, while the global humanitarian succor unprecedented since the beginning of this year indicated only that faith and love of the spiritual sources of peace and human solidarity. It gives us a profound revelation: the tensions and conflicts between science and theology are not beneficial to human development and peace, while the complementarity and the reconciliation between them are likely to be the best healing to people about water. Just as Paul Tillich, in his theology of culture, "you should not be separated, they should be aware that their isolated existence is dangerous." 20 AN Whitehead said, that religious symbols endow people with the meaning of life , and scientific modes endue people with the ability to reform nature. The influences of religion and science are so powerful that the orientation of human history in the future by how modern people look decidedly on the relationship between science and religion. It clearly shows that both theology and science, the intellectual pillars of human development are essential. We need God ', and' Newton '. Both are in the base of the human inner world and point to the ultimate care deeply for the people. Became aware of conflicts between science and theology would be overcome and its science and theology were both their real existence in the spiritual life of man, giving man with ultimate meaning, creative wisdom and the courage to rediscover love. Note: 1 F. Engels in the Dialectics of Nature (zi ran bian zheng fa) ". The science sent her a martyr at the stake and the prison of the Inquisition" Actually, it's Christian church, the scientific martyrs sent the stake and prison. 2 Fu Weixun, by Western philosophy to Zen Buddhism, 1989, P158. 3 As Bertrand Russell says in A History of Western Philosophy. Plato's philosophy on the distinction between reality and appearance based "4 Sammuel Enoch Stumpf and James Fieser, Socrates to Sartre and beyond a history of philosophy, Seventh Edition, 2003, p55. 5 Aristotle believed that God is eternal as a pure idea, happiness and full self-realization and has no purpose, which is not satisfied, on the contrary, the sensuous world is Unperfect has life and desire, and belongs to the impure thoughts. The idea and represents its dualistic view. 6 It is written in A History of Europe of 11 European historians alleged that God had seen heaven and as the center of thinking in the Middle Ages, but Renaissance drew the attention of people to the people and the real world. This transformation has had implications for science. Since then, theology lost its superiority and the interest in man and nature prevailed. 7 Luther says that is against the ecclesiastical authority "Every Christian can interpret the Bible in his own way" because the Church alone has the power to interpret the Bible and its interpretation is the unique right. 8 in A History of Europe is claimed that the nature of their own law of development is to lead in a perfect world, so should the religious and political activities of human reason minimum ... to develop hits man in nature, which shows, the importance of reason in the study of nature. 9 Wollf Comments on Scotus' theory of "double truth" it is unequivocally supported the secular research enterprise. 10 Paul Tillich, Theology of Culture, 1988. . 11 Samuel Enoch Stumpf and James Fieser, Socrates to Sartre and beyond a history of philosophy, Edit seventh 1966, 2003, p. 185 12 Fu Weixun, from Western Philsophy Zen Buddhism, 1989, p.161. 13 ibid, p. 162 14 Wang Pisheng, "Science seeks God: the new phenomena of the dialogue between science and theology", Report of the Research Center of the Chinese Christian religions, second edition, 2002. 15 Said by Fu Weixun. 16 Nietzsche writes: "I regard Christianity as the most fatal and seductive lie that has ever existed yet - as the greatest and most impious lie," a fatal fault is due to the slavish morality of Christianity. 17 Dong Xiaochuan, "Science and theology: the two pillars of modern American civilization," [http://xueshu.newyouth.beida-online.com/data/data.ph3] 18 idem. 19 Wang Pisheng, "Science seeks God: the new phenomena of the dialogue between science and theology." 20 Paul Tillich, Theology of Culture.
