ISDI Sustainability Sec B 2016

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A review on who killed the electric car:

‘Who Killed the Electric Car?’ is a 2006 documentary film that explores the creation, limited commercialization, and subsequent destruction of the battery electric vehicle in the United States, specifically the General Motors EV1 of the mid-1990s. The film explores the roles of automobile manufacturers, the oil industry, the U.S. government, the California government, batteries, hydrogen vehicles, and consumers in limiting the development and adoption of this technology. Chris Paine’s documentary film argues convincingly that there was indeed a market for the cars GM squashed the EV1 because, quite simply, it threatened the livelihood of the entire automotive industry. As a result of their development of a solar powered vehicle for a competition, General Motors decided in the late 1980’s to develop a fully functional and affordable electric powered car. The resulting vehicles were high powered, zero emission, but could only run for approximately 100 miles on a charge, which is sufficient for most day to day driving. Because they knew that the technology was feasible and because of the global warming phenomenon resulting from the uncontrolled burning of fossil fuels, California state regulators passed the Zero Emission Vehicle Mandate in 1990, requiring all auto makers to offer for sale in the state zero emission vehicles. The electric car was the most promising technology at the time. t was argued that they were more environmentally friendly than conventional vehicles, even if the electricity was produced through burning coal. The car used no gasoline, no oil and no mufflers, and it required only sporadic brake maintenance. Each of these components represent billions of dollars in profits for the industry. GM, the oil companies and various government agencies argued that the car wasn’t practical, didn’t have enough range for consumers and was less promising than the apparently imminent hydrogen technology. The reality was exactly the opposite, Paine’s film suggests-the viability of hydrogen as an automotive fuel source alone is in fact almost an optimistic solution. Under pressure from all the auto makers who sued the California Air Resources Board, the mandate was revoked in 2003. Despite lessees who loved their electric vehicles, all the auto makers repossessed their electric vehicles and refused to re-lease or sell the vehicles even to their existing users. Many forces seemed to be working against making electric vehicles available, despite technology itself making their production and operation feasible. The film ends with an observation of the fate of the cars. But the urgent question in the aftermath is whether the electric car, given proper support, could be a viable alternative to fossil-fuel-burning automobiles. After watching ‘Who Killed the Electric Car?’, with its exciting depictions of the EV1 racing down the streets while leaving no pollution in its wake, the answer unfortunately happens to be yes.

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Sustainability - Virtuous or Vulgar ??

Sustainability has become the most important issue and need in the recent times. The debate on this varies from how a person should be sustainable to the very basic information about what sustainability is. While in this debate, the environmental scientists think that sustainability is to create and sustain and document the ecosystem  health, the engineers think that sustainability is more about meeting human needs more efficiently. In this discussion, the ethical dimension of sustainability is neglected. Keeping that in mind, a better way to present the definition of sustainability would be,”meeting human needs in a socially just manner without depriving ecosystems of their health.” This definition works within a particular framework: 1. Development of efficient technologies and markets fro meeting human need, which generally includes, engineering, physical science, biotechnology, economics, business. 2. Understanding the state and nature of ecosystems, that includes ecology, and environmental science. 3. Understanding how exploitation affects ecosystems. 4. Understanding how exploitation affects human culture. 5. Understanding the meaning of normative concepts such as, human needs, socially just, depriving and ecosystem health.

Sustainability is essentially the relationship between the environment and society. This relationship involves a physical aspect and an ethical attitude and it is affected by our technologies, understanding of the environment. Understanding how exploitation affects society, understanding how exploitation affects the environment, and lastly how one understands ethical attitudes about oneself and the environment.   Ethical sustainability, thus is essential so that one understands its meaning and practices it, and unless one knows what it is, it will be difficult to achieve it. For example, sustainability could mean anything from ‘exploit as much as desired without infringing on future ability to exploit as much as desired’ to ‘exploit as little as necessary to maintain a meaningful life’. These two statements, represent two completely different worlds - either vulgar or virtuous, yet either of them could be considered as sustainability. Every single individual has a different take on sustainability. Each person’s way of defining it differs across various set of people and their needs, therefore people stick to the definition and meaning of sustainability that is most just across all levels of the society. This characteristic has given rise to the judicial system that defines the most appropriate norms of sustainability. With this discussion, another argument comes under the light of sustainability. Is sustainability an Anthropocentric or Non-anthropocentric ? Do we care about ecosystem health because ecosystems are intrinsically valuable, or do we care about ecosystem health only because it serves human interests ?

Many scientists and engineers have argued over this. They do not suggest that sustainability is either an anthropocentric or a non-anthropocentric concern but they do think it is important to discuss this issue amongst all academics to achieve sustainability. In order to arrive a conclusion, they assessed hiring patterns amongst universities, conducting cluster hires keeping sustainability in mind. As per the research   they found that after 2008, no university had a record to have had a cluster hire in favor of sustainability. This is precisely the reason that there arises a need to consider the ethical dimension of sustainability. The ethical dimension is better understood by taking account of how literature has shaped the concept of sustainability. There has been a mention of weak and strong sustainability in papers written by various people. Weak sustainability is generally concerned with sustaining human welfare and is more relatable to economic principles, whereas strong sustainability is generally concerned with sustaining natural capital and is thought to be more aligned with traditional conservation values.  After varied discussions and study scientists and engineers and other learned individuals conclude that whether anthropocentric or non-anthropocentric, both approaches to sustainability will results is different outcomes. It is important to note whether the ethical aspect of sustainability has been considered and what values or ideas motivates a person to adopt a certain kind of sustainability. Research on sustainability therefore provides us with valuable information and helps an individual to determine whether sustainability is Anthropocentric or Non-anthropocentric and how he/she may adopt the virtuous  or vulgar way to satisfy their desires. Technology could also be used in order to determine data in a better way.

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- Nandini

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MAKER’S INSTINCT

For the maker’s instinct project, we had to find waste materials, keep it front of us, and something from it. I have made a lamp using a coke bottle, black paper, and a one watt LED bulb. I first cut the bottle into half, and used the top as a shade. I fixed the light inside and covered the top with a black paper in a curved shape. And the lamp was ready.  

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Virtuous and Vulgar

Another class activity included reading an essay and writing down our thoughts on the same:

This essay Sustainability: Virtuous or Vulgar by John A. Vucetich and Michael P. Nelson, begins with discussing the meaning of sustainability. It speaks of how the meaning is subjective and therefore unclear. Considering how this concept has gained importance and popularity over the last decade or so it needs to have a meaning that is accepted by all in the same manner. Sustainability as of now has the following definition: “Meeting human needs in a socially just manner without depriving ecosystems of their health.” The main aim of this paper is to focus on the ethical aspect of sustainability which has for so long been neglected. Most connect sustainability to other subjects such as economics, sociology and engineering. This paper gives importance to ethical sustainability. It divides the way people understand ethical sustainability into two attitudes. One which says ‘exploit as much as desired without infringing on the future ability to exploit as much as desired’ the other ‘exploit as little as necessary to maintain a meaningful life’ labelling them as vulgar and virtuous respectively. The authors believe that it is close to impossible to reach a consensus as the definition of sustainability is very subjective and depends a lot on the morality of the person as well as the kind of norms he or she. The words are all open to interpretation, in the sense that they are relative in nature.

This essay Sustainability: Virtuous or Vulgar by John A. Vucetich and Michael P. Nelson, begins with discussing the meaning of sustainability. It speaks of how the meaning is subjective and therefore unclear. Considering how this concept has gained importance and popularity over the last decade or so it needs to have a meaning that is accepted by all in the same manner. Sustainability as of now has the following definition: “Meeting human needs in a socially just manner without depriving ecosystems of their health.” The main aim of this paper is to focus on the ethical aspect of sustainability which has for so long been neglected. Most connect sustainability to other subjects such as economics, sociology and engineering. This paper gives importance to ethical sustainability. It divides the way people understand ethical sustainability into two attitudes. One which says ‘exploit as much as desired without infringing on the future ability to exploit as much as desired’ the other ‘exploit as little as necessary to maintain a meaningful life’ labelling them as vulgar and virtuous respectively. The authors believe that it is close to impossible to reach a consensus as the definition of sustainability is very subjective and depends a lot on the morality of the person as well as the kind of norms he or she. The words are all open to interpretation, in the sense that they are relative in nature.

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Sustainable Designers - Malvika Ruparel

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Who Killed the Electric Car - Review

Who killed the electric car is a documentary directed by Chris Paine. It was released in the year 2006. The film, as the title explains, surrounds the history of electric cars, how they were launched, and why they declined in circulation eventually due to political and economic influences. It is a compilation of interviews and footage of all those involved with and witness to the launch and demises of the electric car. The car they specifically speak of is the General Motors EV1. This car was seen on roads around 1996 in California, and now has completely disappeared. Why would a car, so technologically advanced and sympathetic to the environment ever have a fall in sales in the market? The documentary explores the intervention by the oil companies who had a hand in ‘killing’ the electric car. The success and increase in sales of the electric car would have directly affected and threatened the sales and profits of these companies leading to their downfall. Chris Paine also touches the political hindrance the electric car faced. The government declared a set of rules called the ZEV Mandate. This restricted the circulation of cars damaging the environment. However, the board of directors of the company GM, saw losses the production of this car, even as they had made amendments to comply to the law of the government. The car need little or no maintenance or change in part, unlike regular cars which required constant servicing. This mean losses and no ongoing profit from the sales of the car. The ZEV Mandate even caused more problems as the list of amendments kept on increasing. The oil companies, to maintain their profits, suggested hydrogen cars, this due to technical reasons was not a real possibility according to experts, however was still put forth as a solution. After even more sets of events, and the subsequent recollection of cars by EV companies, the film makes final declared the following guilty: Government, Oil companies, Car companies and the Hydrogen Fuel Cell as guilty, for killing electric cars. This film ended with showing the various possibilities of cars like electric and hybrid cars in the future.

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Systems at ISDI

For this project we were required to identify problems within the campus and propose solutions to them.

- Krisha Kothari, Malvika Ruparel, Nehal Modi

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Maker’s Instinct

The brief of this project was to make use of materials lying around at home and to make something instinctively.   I brought materials such as CDs, foil, rubber band other bands, and fabric. On seeing that I realised I had different textures I could make stamps out of. I later went to the workshop to make stamps out of scrap wood. I then used glue or rubber bands to attach these textures on the wooden stamps.

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Maker’s Instinct

Things one would require

So one would require- Cello tape , plastic jar and thread.

Final Product

Nehal Modi

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AFX Documentary

One of the final project required us to film a documentary on a social issue. Our documentary is based on the Angel Express Foundation. Here it is: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ExZgySm2K2I The learning outcome of this project was the fact it encouraged, motivate and inspired us to participate in such initiatives.

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Carbon Footprint

As a part of the course, one of the activities we did was to calculate our carbon footprints. we answered a questionnaire asking us questions such as number of cars in the household, gas bill, electricity bill and more. 

This was mine:

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Maker’s Instinct

Idea 2:  Making a coaster out of an old T-shirt 

Process 1) Take an old T-shirt and cut strips of about 1/2 an inch along its edge, starting from the bottom. 2) Taking single strips, use 3 of them to make a braid 3) Once all the strips have been used to make braids, attach each of the smaller braids to create one long braid, using a simple running stitch along its edge. 4) When the single long strip is ready, start stitching it in a spiral form as you go along

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Maker’s Instinct

Assignment:  The final project for our Sustainable Systems course was to create objects/useful things out of everyday waste materials. We were asked to start collecting materials a week prior to this assignment. For this assignment, we were to use the materials in front of us to create something unique, rather than the other way around. I collected beer bottles, mayonnaise and jam jars, twine, newspaper and wasted lace pieces.

Idea 1: Creating decorative jars and/or holders from used jam jars.

I was really happy with the way these jars turned out.  I think I will use the colourful jar to store my art supplies like paint brushes, pencils, colours, etc.  I will use the other jar as a showpiece at home.

Total no. of hours required: 1 hour Cost of making: 40/- (colourful ice cream sticks)

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Who killed the electric car?

“Who killed the electric car?” is a documentary by Chris Paine. Through this documentary he shows the life of the electric car and how influential politicians and automotive companies were threatened by this great invention.

Throughout the documentary the efficiency and effectiveness of the electric car is apparent. The movie is a satire on the leaders and corrupt big companies. The movie starts with a funeral for the electric car. Where numerous people who owned electric cars spoke about their experience with the electric car and how they will miss it. The electric car by General Motors was a zero emission, silent, non-polluting vehicle that ran on battery. The EV 1 is basically the main focus of the movie. The EV1 was leased to the public in Southern California. The smog in California was increasing day by day and causing various respiratory problems for the people. California is known to have the worst air quality in the United States. The pollution created from gasoline cars as well as the power plants was one of the major causes for this damage. The electric car was created in order to make vehicles that were environmental friendly and did not pollute the air. Throughout the documentary there are various interviews with people from members on the board of General motors to celebrities as well as technicians and mechanics. Celebrities such as Mel Gibson and Tom Hanks who supported the electric car. The movie deals with how the California Air Resources Board and how they passed a mandate in 1990 that stated that in order for the automobile companies to continue selling cars in California a certain percentage had to be Zero Emission Vehicles(ZEV) that did not run on gasoline. However this angered numerous influential automobile companies as they now had to produce hybrid cars and ZEV’s. This lead to the automobile companies suing the California Air Resources Board. Another part of the problem was oil industry. They saw the electric car as a threat. At this point all of the oil in America was from the Middle East. When they realised the threat posed by the electric car they dropped the prices of oil. And the States being a consumer driven society would naturally prefer buying the cheaper alternate. The oil companies would advertise directly against electric cars. Another aspect of the problem was that General Motors sabotaged their own product as they failed to produce cars to meet the existing demand and they only leased the cars. This was also due to the shift in the priorities of General Motors as the Hummer was a much more profitable opportunity versus the EV1. However under the leadership of Clinton, various automobile companies like Toyota released the Toyota Prius which was a hybrid. This was done under pressure from the government. However soon this pressure was dropped. The government was also a cause of killing the electric car. Under George Bush the federal government supported the automobile companies and due to this the California mandate was abandoned. The hydrogen fuel cell was introduced as an alternative. However the main purpose of this proposal was only to distract people from the real problem. “A fuel cell car powered by hydrogen made with electricity uses three to four times more energy than a car powered with batteries” as said by Joseph J Roman who is the author of the “The Hype About Hydrogen”.

The last but not the least was General Motors itself. The company had to make large investments and they would rather be a part of a project like the hummer where the growth and profitability was much higher. Also the pressure from numerous automobile companies and fuel industries proved to be problematic for them. The CEO gave various reasons for withdrawing the electric car from lease. Although In 2009 Rick Wagoner admitted that the biggest mistake he made as chief executive at General Motors was killing the EV1. However In 2010 they were able to recreate the electric car with greater technology in the Chevrolet Volt this car switches to a gas generator if the battery dies.

Chelsea Sexton was the EV1 specialist and was a firm supporter of the programme. She worked with people like Alexandra Paul. When the funeral of the electric cars happened, she gave an emotional speech about how she and many others were going to miss the electric car. Besides this various activists began protesting about the killing of the electric car and decided to stand outside the gate from where the cars were supposed to be transported to the site where they would then be smashed and shredded. The people wore shirts that said “Save the electric car”. They helped create awareness and even though they were unable to stop the destruction of the EV1 at least they made enough noise to capture the attention of various others. The last EV1 still remains as the treasure of history in the Peterson Automotive Museum. Although General Motors disabled all the cars and shredded them. This last one remains here without its mobility. -Simran Merwah

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Less Impact Story: My Experiment

Moving towards a greener lifestyle

        Personally speaking, I was taken aback when I saw the documentary entitled 'No Impact Man'. The movie had several aspects that were intriguing. For instance, the worm bin concept or even creating homemade cleaning liquids were practices I was naïve of. Even though they seemed to be pretty disgusting at first sight, I was amazed to see their functionality and the positive impact the activity had in achieving sustainability and a healthier environment. I would definitely say that the movie not only educated me on the ways in which we can act in a sustainable manner to bring about a change in our external environment, but also inspired me on the idea of how one can and should live on this planet with doing more good than harm. It's always said that one should start small in order to achieve big. And because man is a social being, he adapts and learns through social interactions in the society. Hence, through this practice I also learnt how it's important to take initiative rather than wait for someone else to.

         Taking inspiration from Colin and his several activities to help achieve a greener planet, I decided to give up on the use of private transport for a period of 3 weeks. Upon analysing the current scenario in Mumbai and an activity we performed which helped us calculate the estimated carbon footprint of certain cities, I was able to figure how Mumbai due to its large population density is being increasingly covered in soot day by day, worsening the air we breathe due to commercial and private activities like the manufacturing of chemicals, burning of fireworks or even driving a car; each of which emit harmful gases into the Earth's atmosphere.

         At first thought, I was quite reluctant to give up on private transport obviously because of the fact that it's much more luxurious and convenient compared to public transport like the local trains and buses. I wanted to avoid taxis and auto rickshaws because they too, similar to cars destroy the environment although at a lesser extent. I thought that I wouldn't be successful before I even started. Since I have issues with things being unhygienic, I couldn’t imagine travelling by the local trains due to the fact that they’re full of germs.  However, when I finally did, I realised how using public transport like the local trains helped me arrive to my destinations in a much quicker time span rather than travelling in auto rickshaws or cars which ended up being caught in long traffic jams. I started reaching school on time in the morning which really helped me a lot as I usually wake up late in the mornings. To overcome my fear of cleanliness and hygiene, I avoided touching the railings or even the support to help us stand in the trains. I started carrying my own pocket tissues and sanitizer to satisfy myself.  In due course of time I was able to develop a positive attitude towards both, using public transport as well as bringing about a change in our environment.

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Who Killed The Electric Car

The movie, Who Killed the Electric Car is a documentary written and directed by Chris Paine in the year 2006 which investigates the birth and death of an electric car in the United States of America, as well as the role of renewable energy and sustainable living in the future years to come.  The documentary showcases the lives of the badly affected consumers who had to give up their battery-driven electrical vehicles due to the commercialization and advancements in technology which took place in the automobile sector. Moreover, the movie also sheds light upon the functionality of the U.S. and California Government, the oil industries and the never-ending competition between the several automobile manufacturers in the country.

In a broader sense, the movie revolves around the interviews and opinions of various consumers as well as celebrities who drove the car, making it a way of everyday life. Thus, for them, it was something really difficult to give up. This included views of Alexandra Paul and Tom Hanks. However, they were all unfortunately left with no choice but to give it up for dismantle and destruction. The movie also featured interviews of renowned engineers like Paul MacCready and Alec Brooks. Quoting from the movie, experts like Joseph Romm was of opinion that the idea of having or using electrical vehicles was unreasonable. During his interview in the movie, he clearly stated how the electric car initiative started in California was an unsuccessful policy and promoted nothing but a distraction, exploiting better and advanced technologies of EV’s and hybrid cars being produced in the industry. He also said how these battery driven electric-cars didn’t support or conserve enough amounts of energy in America.

The movie was quite touching because it explains the emotions and feelings of those consumers who were attached to their cars not only because it helped keep the environment clean, but because it was so user-friendly. Normal cars or any vehicle for that matter be it a two wheeler or even a four wheeler, produce tremendous amounts of carbon emissions into the Earth’s atmosphere causing a lot of air pollution and health hazards. On the other hand, since electrical cars are battery operated, they produce zero CO2 emissions, are absolutely silent on the road and create positive impacts on our external environment.  However, the documentary explains how companies like Nissan and Ford took over the EV market by manufacturing cars which were much more sustainable, eco-friendly and relatively easier to use than the initial EV.  This is because, the initial electric car had a few problems related to the use and disposal of hydrogen batteries it operated on. Also, users had to charge it in their individual garages either overnight or throughout the day for a couple of hours. There weren’t any visible charging stations on the streets of California. But the main question the movie addresses is the fact that why are there myths that the electric car is not a desirable or viable vehicle for the masses?

Living in the 21st century, science and technology have created milestones for the automobile industry and this documentary seems to cover it all. Each idea and concept is woven together to produce an informative movie which teaches each one of us the importance of the natural environment and how we human beings continuously work against it and exploit it more than appreciate it.  It teaches us the responsibility how we as individuals have to be active in the environment and work towards supporting and sustaining it.  

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SUSTAINABLE DESIGNER

KARIM RASHEED SUSTAINABLE PRODUCT DESIGNING Sustainable products are those products that provide environmental, social and economic benefits while protecting public health and environment over their whole life cycle, from the extraction of raw materials until the final disposal. During product or packaging design, the environmental impact should be considered at every stage in the lifecycle, from the raw material extraction through to the end of the product’s life. Designers already do this when considering form or function; for example, a common design question is “how strong does packaging need to be to transport the product safely from the manufacturer to the consumer?”. It is therefore only a small step for businesses to start to consider the life-cycle from a wider sustainability point of view.   (1)For example, when manufacturing a mobile phone and looking at the consumer behaviour, we can see that it is often only used for twelve to eighteen months before it is replaced. Therefore, one of its biggest impacts would be disposal (which can be minimized by designing the phone for ease of recyclability), so a mobile phone company might want to examine the amount and mixture of materials from which it is made to help minimize any impacts associated with its dismantling and disposal. During the ‘eco-design’ process the company would need to consider its manufacturing using as little (and as few) materials as possible. If the phone is compared to the mobile phone charger, the biggest environmental impact of this is almost definitely the amount of energy expended during its usage. It would, therefore, be sensible to ‘eco-design’ the phone charger by trying to optimise the energy efficiency during usage. 

TIPS TO DESIGN PRODUCTS THAT REDUCE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT By investigating the potential impacts of  the product and then finding ways of reducing these issues through eco-design, we can create functional, aesthetically pleasing and successful designs without locking in unnecessary environmental impacts. There are a number of ways you can design your products so they are sustainable, here are some tips:   • (2)think eco-fibre: choose a fabric that will enhance durability and longevity, suit functionality, and allow for low impact maintenance • less is more: reduce the ecological footprint of your product by designing patterns to use up as much of the fabric as possible. Also reduce hems and seams etc. where possible. • think life cycle: try to find innovative ways of reducing the impacts of your product throughout its life, from packaging to the washing and care, and end of life • label it: labels are an essential part of a garment and a great way to communicate eco-options to consumers • make it last: select materials and design styles that will promote durability and longer use of the garment

• enhance recyclability: select materials that can be easily recycled, or design your product so it has timeless style. • be efficient: select manufacturers and production processes that are energy efficient, use green, renewable energy and make efforts to reduce inputs such as water and chemicals. • look for certification: ask your suppliers, manufacturers, and contractors to provide you with independently verified certifications  • make it multifunctional: encouraging customers to do more with less through multifunctional design promotes ove

ACHIEVEMENTS

His award winning designs include luxury goods for Christofle, Veuve Clicquot, and Alessi, democratic products for Umbra, Bobble, and 3M, furniture for Bonaldo and Vondom, lighting for Artemide and Fabbian, high-tech products for Asus and Samsung, surface design for Marburg and Abet Laminati, brand identity for Citibank and Sony Ericsson and packaging for Method, Paris Baguette, Kenzo and Hugo Boss.   Karim’s touch expands beyond product to interiors such as the Morimoto restaurant, Philadelphia; Semiramis hotel, Athens; how hotel, Berlin; Universita Metro Station, Naples as well as exhibition design for Deutsche Bank and Audi.   Karim’s work is featured in 20 permanent collections and he exhibits art in galleries worldwide. Karim is a perennial winner of the Red Dot award, Chicago Athenaeum Good Design award, I. D. Magazine Annual Design Review, IDSA Industrial Design Excellence award.

SUSTAINABLE DESIGNS                                                                                                                                 SUSTAINABLE FURNITURE FOR PUNKALIVE  

(4)Punkalive, a Finnish design company formed just two years ago debuted new furniture from NY designer Karim Rashid at the 2011 IMM Cologne. Punkalive products are made from laminated pieces of Finnish spruce shaped with a computer controlled milling machine. His ‘High Roller’ lounge chair is a “complex form that is between natural and the artificial, mysterious yet harmonic”. The inspiration for the design of the Maya stack-able chair came from the ancient civilization of the same name. Rashid aimed to create a shape that “straddles both the natural world and constructs of mathematics”. The design blends the natural character of wood with digital production processes creating a chair that is “sustainable, biodegradable, yet has a futurist presence”.   Punkalive is committed to being a good community neighbor in their hometown of Punkaharju, Finland. All of the wood harvested for their products comes from certified forests that are within 100 kilometres of the production facility. The companies use of computer controlled fabrication equipment keeps the generation of waste materials at an amount near zero. Hot water generated in the production plant goes on to provide heat for the town. Last year, the company planted more trees in the surrounding forests than it used in their manufacturing. Their aim is to keep the surrounding region, which is a major tourist destination for nature experiences, as pristine as possible.

BOBBLE WATER BOTTLE 

• Designer Karim Rashid has created a bottle that filters tap water as the user drinks it.   • The product features a replaceable carbon filter, available in six colours.   • Each cartridge can filter up to 150 litres.   • Bobble is reusable. It is intended to be an everyday accessory rather than an impulse decision.

CONCLUSION   Sustainable design  is  something that we as designers  should always look  forward to. These  designs  are not  only  consumer friendly but also are easy on nature. Karim Rasheed has not only designed just products but  has contributed in every field  such as graphic, interiors, architecture etc.  All his designs have a peculiar  ‘Karim’ touch to it , all of them seem to be born out of a specific need  and then has effectively solved the problem. He as of yet has created over 180 products  and has undertaken many more sustainable projects in different fields. His  aim is to make available all types of designs  to every part of the society and make it innovative .The way he strives to achieve those designs and make a change in the society inspired me to study more on him . REFERENCES • bpf.co.uk/sustainable.../design/Designing_Sustainability.aspx   • www.business.vic.gov.au › ... › Sustainable business     • www.styleathome.com/...and-design/...design/...design-karim-rashid/a/97..   • www.psfk.com/.../2011-imm-cologne-karim-rashids-sustainable-furnitur..