Has there ever been an instance of a combiner team known as the Rallybots that was a full combiner team, rather than a Power Core Combiner and their drones?
Dear Rallying Racer,
The Rallybots have a long and storied history. The name dates back to some of the earliest Cybertronian documents, always in connection to the destructive forces known as "Destrons", led by an unknown evil whose own name has been lost to history. Long before the Autobots came to exist, the Rallybot title was used by a group of neutral Cybertrons, who underwent an experimental procedure to become a mighty super-warrior capable of opposing the Destrons’ combined form. They chose the name Champion for themselves—hardly the most ostentatious moniker, but one they did their best to live up to.
Those first Rallybots were an innocent group, unused to the idea of war, but determined to put their ideals into action and defend their way of life. They were lead by Paragon, a former politician who had abandoned the cities after deciding it had become time for actions, not words. His second-in-command, Blow-Out, was their guide and scout—she had spent so long in the deserts of Cybertron that her entire body seemed to be made of sand, and Paragon trusted her experience enough to let her lead in situations where he himself was uncertain.
Sprint backed them up, being their weapons expert—he used to repair energon harvesters, but after becoming fascinated by the Destron's new inventions, he wasted no time reverse-engineering them for the Rallybots. The last of the team was Splashguard, who had found herself thrust into action defending others when the Destrons first attacked. Abandoning her former career as a dam-builder, she went on to become the greatest warrior of the Rallybots.
Together the four of them left civilization, deep into the primordial wilderness of Cybertron, where the Destrons feared to tread. Their hit-and-run attacks, though ineffective on a material level, robbed the Destrons of their believed invulnerability, and proved to the rest of Cybertron that an uprising was possible.
From then on, whenever a group has taken the title of "Destron", it seems destiny causes another group of warriors to take up the Rallybot mantle. As you note, one instance was the Power Core Combiner Doubleclutch and his team of drones, but the Rallybot name has been borne alike by Scramble City combiners, Duobots, Triple-Combination teams, and Micromaster squads. No matter what form they take, each new incarnation of the team shares two things with their predecessors: a desire for a just peace, and off-road automotive alt-modes.
The latest group to bear the Rallybot name were recruited in the wake of the Combiner Wars. There, the machinations of Megatronus led a team of ancient Destrons to reawaken, and in response Optimus Prime chose a group of his bravest warriors to oppose them.
Those Rallybots were led by Ultra Magnus, who had assumed the form of a rally assistance truck to guide Smokescreen, Wheeljack, the twins Jazz and Ricochet, and Hot Rod. They held off the bestial Destrons, long enough for the other combiners to find the relics of the Primes and defeat Megatronus. I believe their combined name was Road Caesar.
A fracked natural gas well in northwest Louisiana has been burning for two weeks after suffering a blowout. A state official said the fire will likely burn for the next month before the flames can be brought under control by drilling a relief well.
A fracked natural gas well in northwest Louisiana has been burning for two weeks after suffering a blowout. A state official said the fire will likely burn for the next month before the flames can be brought under control by drilling a relief well.
DeSmog obtained drone video footage shot 10 days* after the blowout, which occurred early in the morning on August 30, the day after the well was hydraulically fractured. A tower of flames reportedly shot into the air that could be seen from more than 30 miles away. While the flames are no longer as intense, the fire is still visible from a distance of more than a mile. GEP Haynesville, LLC, the well’s operator, told local ABC affiliate KPVI that the fire started during flow-back operations, but the exact cause has not been determined yet.
Experts have voiced concerns over the pollution being released, especially given the length of time this fossil fuel well has been leaking and burning.
“Blowouts are (unintended) large, uncontrolled pollutant sources with potentially significant health and environmental consequences,” Gunnar W. Schade, an atmospheric scientist at Texas A&M University, told me via email after viewing the drone video obtained by DeSmog. “Blowouts need to be shut down as soon as possible.”
Sharon Wilson, Texas coordinator of environmental advocacy group Earthworks, outlined what happens during well blowouts like this.
“The gas is under pressure so if they lose control, the gas, frack fluid, produced water, and oil/condensate all blast out of the hole,” Wilson said during a call after viewing the video. “They have to get specialized teams to come shut the well in.”
Air Quality Impacts?
The Louisiana Department of Environmental Quality (LDEQ) has determined that the blowout and fire present no major air quality concerns. “LDEQ responders consider this a very low-impact event,” Greg Langley, LDEQ spokesperson, said via email. “The well is clean, it’s gas and what is being released is being consumed in the fire.”
“LDEQ is receiving daily air monitoring results from the environmental response contractor hired by the well owner,” Langley explained. “The company set up four air monitors to test for sulfur dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, volatile organic compounds, and lower explosive limit. LDEQ also does periodic air monitoring with our own equipment. All meter readings have been below detection limits.”
Most of the air monitoring is being done with a chemical detector called MultiRAEs, according to Langley. When asked which volatile organic compounds, a class of air pollutants that includes the carcinogen benzene, were present, Langley replied, “Nothing was detected.”
“It’s laughable that they say there are no air impacts from this event,” Wilson said. She frequently monitors oil and gas industry sites with an optical gas imaging camera that detects leaking methane and other pollutants invisible to the naked eye. Wilson’s videos have been instrumental in identifying numerous leaking wells in various shale regions across the United States, including Louisiana’s Haynesville Shale, where this blowout is burning. Wilson reports her findings to state regulatory agencies, which on occasion have fined operators for the leaks she flagged.
“Even without my optical gas imaging camera, I know there are air impacts because I can see them with my naked eyes. You can see that the gas coming up is not all being burned off and the plume of smoke and gases is traveling a very far distance,” Wilson said, based on the drone footage.
Wilson recommends placing air sampling equipment on a drone to survey the area above the fire and leaking well.
“The problem is the plume is up much higher than an LDEQ inspector standing on the ground holding a MultiRae meter,” she said.
Wilma Subra, a technical advisor for the Louisiana Environmental Action Network, agrees that using drone would be advisable and that air canister testing should be done too. This latter approach captures air samples over a period of days and measures how much of each compound is present. Subra thinks air canister testing is the best way to know if the emissions around the blowout are a threat to human health.
Louisiana’s Response and Oversight
The Louisiana State Police’s hazmat (hazardous materials) team and the Louisiana Department of Natural Resources (LDNR), which regulates oil and gas production, are also monitoring the blowout.
Like LDEQ, these two agencies concluded the accident did not warrant alerting nearby residents of potential health concerns. A few people live within a mile and a half of the site.
“Any time there is a loss of well control, there is a concern about environmental impacts,” Patrick Courreges, communications director for LDNR, told me. DNR’s “first concern is for the physical safety of the workers on site and for any people potentially affected in nearby homes and businesses,” but in this case the site is fairly remote and air monitoring, in place since the first day of the blowout, hasn’t indicated any potential immediate impacts of harmful gases, he explained.
“Currently, well control contractors are on site, under the supervision of the operator and State Police Incident Command to keep the impacts contained as much as possible, using water to help control the heat and potential spread of flame,” Courreges said. “While there is no good news in a blowout, the fire does actually help with lessening the impact of the escaping methane by burning much of it off, though obviously the goal is to get the flow of methane stopped and the fire out as soon as possible.”
“The longer-term solution is likely to be the drilling of wells to intercept the affected wellheads and stop the flow of gas in the damaged wellheads,” he told me. That might take a month. A design for a relief well has not been submitted yet to DNR, though one is being planned. Drilling a relief well was the same basic approach which ultimately stopped the flow of oil from BP’s Macondo well blowout deep under the Gulf of Mexico in 2010.
“Full-on blowouts in hydraulically fractured Haynesville Shale wells are rare,” Courreges said. “While there have been instances of valves or piping giving way over the years that required emergency response, I don’t recall any blowouts on this scale from those type of wells.”
Wilson is skeptical of that response. “We don't know how common this is because the industry tries very hard to keep these events quiet,” Wilson said. “If they happen in a remote area, no one finds out. They are always downplayed and the regulators help with the deception.” She believes that “there has never been a system in place to adequately regulate this industry, so they are allowed to self-regulate by doing their own testing.”
“For decades we have endured these oil and gas disastrous accidents that have harmed health and pushed us into a climate crisis,” Wilson said, “but we don’t have to put up with this anymore because the technology to transition to clean renewable energy is available today and it’s cheaper. The only thing holding us back is the political will.”
Natural Gas Blowouts
Methane, the main component in natural gas, is a greenhouse gas that is up to 86 times more potent than carbon dioxide in the first 20 years after entering the atmosphere. A study organized by the Environmental Defense Fund (EDF) and published in June last year reports that the U.S. oil and gas supply chain is leaking roughly 60 percent more methane than previous Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) estimates, which largely relied on industry self-reports.
Wilson compared this blowout to the 2015 Aliso Canyon catastrophe in southern California and the 2018 XTO blowout in Ohio, which both gushed large amounts of methane. “This blowout is a huge deal,” Wilson said. “We are at the climate breaking point and no one can even say how much methane is blasting into the air.”
Schade told me that estimating the amount of pollutants released from the “flare” (the industry term for intentionally burning natural gas in oil fields) is possible by looking at data from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS). This source will show data about the flare detected by satellite, allowing the atmospheric scientist to calculate the estimated amount of heat and emissions.
After reviewing the satellite data available so far, Schade reported the heat generated from this burning Louisiana well is at least three times the magnitude of the largest flares in the Permian oil fields of neighboring Texas. According to his estimates, this burning well may be releasing approximately 8,700 pounds of nitrogen oxides, pollutants that lead to smog and acid rain, each day.
“The emissions from such a source can be enormous,” said Schade.
*Updated 9/13/19: This story has been updated to correct how long after the blowout the drone footage was recorded, which was on September 8.
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