Battleship Potemkin (1925) Sergei Eisenstein
Battleship Potemkin (original Russian title: Броненосец «Потёмкин» , Bronenosets Po'tyomkin ) was the second feature film directed by Sergei Eisenstein; today it is considered an absolute masterpiece of world cinema, not only for its aesthetic merits and its value as a historical and social document, but also for the linguistic innovations that continue to stimulate the creativity of filmmakers and critical debate. One hundred years after its theatrical release (January 21, 1926), we re-present this work not with the original soundtrack by Edmund Meisel or the more common one by Nikolai Kryukov, but with a new soundtrack composed, performed, and recorded live by Cinestesia, which reinterprets this immortal cinema classic in an alternative and contemporary way.
Battleship Potemkin is an ensemble film in which no single protagonist emerges; at the center of the story are the people with their multiplicity of viewpoints. To use the director's own words:
"...it seems like a newsreel (or chronicle) of events, but in reality, it strikes like a drama. The secret of this effect lies in the fact that the rhythm of the newsreel adapts to the rigorous laws of tragic composition; and even more so, of tragic composition in its most classical form: the tragedy in five acts."
00:27 - Act I. Men and Maggots
13:54 - Act II. Drama on the Deck
31:45 - Act III. A Dead Man Calls Out
43:00 - Act IV. The Odessa Steps
54:15 - Act V. One Against All
Produced in 1925, the film was commissioned and produced by Goskino to celebrate the 20th anniversary of the 1905 Russian Revolution. The direction was entrusted to the young Sergei Mikhailovich Eisenstein, then twenty-seven years old, who had already distinguished himself with his debut film Strike!.
The original project, based on the treatment written by Nina Agadzhanova-Shutko, planned the creation of several films based on multiple historical episodes starting from the Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905). After a scouting trip to the city of Odessa, the director was struck by the monumental staircase (designed by the Italian architect Francesco Boffo), which suggested the famous scene set there.
He proposed and obtained permission from the production to make a single film telling the story of the mutiny of the Potemkin sailors and the violent repression that befell the inhabitants of Odessa who sided with the rebels. This episode occupied a small and marginal space in Nina Agadzhanova's subject; Eisenstein developed it into a screenplay together with Grigori Vasilievich Aleksandrov .
In historical reality, the massacre took place at night along the city streets, but in the cinematic reconstruction, the director chooses to set it on the staircase, which, due to its particular shape, allows him to put into practice his theories on montage. For a more in-depth analysis of these, we refer to later videos, limiting ourselves here to highlighting the three scenes most frequently cited by critics to illustrate Eisenstein's theories:
(13:05) The sailor breaking the plate. This scene, which closes the first act of the film, is an example of overlapping editing : the same action is filmed and shown from different points of view; the editing of the shots extends the duration of the event, emphasizing it and amplifying its impact. The sailor's outburst of anger marks, in fact, the beginning of the revolt.
(53:38) The broken glasses. The Odessa Steps sequence closes with the elderly woman being struck by a soldier. Here, Eisenstein uses the opposite technique to overlapping editing, subtracting frames from the sequence instead of adding them: we see the soldier striking his blows and immediately after the woman's face covered in blood... we as viewers are forced to mentally reconstruct what happened, making us participants in it.
(54:08) The lion. This scene, characterized by strong symbolism—the lion is the people who sleep, wake up, and rebel—is an example of how Eisenstein uses montage to give his images a metaphorical meaning as well.
These famous examples represent only a small part of the devices used by Eisenstein in his film, which push cinematic montage beyond its primary narrative function, making it evolve into expressive montage .
Following the Revolution, the Soviet Union had been excluded from international markets for several years; Battleship Potemkin was the first Soviet film to obtain wide distribution abroad. Despite being soon censored for its revolutionary content, its success was such that it allowed Eisenstein a certain creative freedom for a few more years before the ideals of the Revolution were suppressed by the Stalinist dictatorship.