#internal migration

[focusability]

How Nigerians Use Night Guard Jobs to Relocate

How

[justinspoliticalcorner]

Stay and Resist, or Go into Exile?

The dilemma of whether (and when) to leave the country when autocracy arrives

Ruth Ben-Ghiat at Lucid:

"Should I leave the country now for somewhere safer?” “How do you know when it's time to move?" “Where should I go?” Almost every day now, as the inauguration of Donald Trump approaches, I receive queries like these from fellow Americans. The personalized nature of the decision to go into exile means that it is very difficult to counsel people. However, we can learn from the history of such fateful choices, which also teaches us that exile is not a linear path, nor an irreversible one. I have been engaging with the history of émigrés from dictatorships for decades. My interest in studying Fascism was sparked by growing up in Pacific Palisades, California, where the writer Thomas Mann and other famous exiles had sought refuge from Nazism. Over the next century, America became a destination for so many others fleeing dictatorship. Now it may be our turn to experience some form of autocracy. The title of this essay sums up the eternal dilemma of the anti-authoritarian: do I stay and resist, or go into exile? In reality, there is a third option, and as everywhere in the world, it is likely to be the most popular one. You stay put, and keep your head down and your criticism of the government private. That way you and your loved ones can minimize any adverse consequences while you “wait it out.” Only a small percentage of the population leaves the country, or stays and actively resists, not least because these choices pose financial, legal, physical, and other challenges. And yet it is often these minorities who make history, whether by leading the opposition from abroad (as Belarusian politician Sviatlana Tsikhanouskaya is doing from Lithuania) or from inside the country, organizing protests or other resistance actions. And in our age of transnational repression, being abroad can still be dangerous for dissidents who persist with political activities.

Yet the questions that the politically active have grappled with have changed little since the dawn of authoritarianism. If all the resisters leave, who is left to fight for freedom? How can I turn my back on my country? “Guilt is exile’s eternal companion,” reflects the writer Hisham Matar, who, as the son of Jaballa Matar, an opponent of Libyan dictator Muammar Gaddafi, was forced to follow his compatriots’ fates from abroad and had no information about his imprisoned relatives back home. And if the resisters who stay are silenced, who is left to lead the struggle, document the abuses, and counter the propaganda? Isn’t it more pragmatic to leave and be able to work for freedom rather than sit in jail? Alexi Navalny’s death in a Siberian lager is an example of what can happen to high-profile opponents of the dictator when they do not leave. Navalny could have easily remained abroad after his stay in Germany to recover from a Kremlin poisoning, but he refused to remove himself voluntarily and make it easier for the “thieving little man in his bunker,” as he memorably referred to Vladimir Putin during his 2021 Moscow sentencing, to claim victory over him and his anti-corruption work.

Some people escape one dictatorship by going to another. That might seem strange, and yet geographical proximity or the ability to get residence papers make it a not uncommon choice. Chileans who fled Augusto Pinochet’s military regime after the 1973 coup settled in Brazil’s military regime, or (if they were Communists) in East Germany. Germans found refuge from Nazism in Fascist Italy, and Syrians crossed the border to Turkey as they fled the Assad regime. Some exiles also return home, thinking maybe it won’t be that bad, before leaving again for good. Many people want to know the right time to leave, and history is full of stories of people who did not leave their countries in time to escape persecution. There are good reasons for this. Dictators are impulsive, and love “shock events,” as I refer to them in Strongmen (which has exile as a theme). What is fine today may be grounds for persecution tomorrow, and all bets are off if a state of emergency is declared.

Going into exile also requires money and other things that many individuals do not have: a job offer, the right connections, entry papers, a way to care for loved ones who cannot leave, or a place to stay in another country. Those at elite institutions or multinational/global companies might have more possibilities to move abroad than activists or politicians rooted in local contexts. That’s why we should not assume that those who stay in dictatorships are in denial. The Jewish linguist Viktor Klemperer is a case in point. He remained in Nazi Germany because he could not find a university position abroad (unlike his famous conductor cousin, Otto Klemperer, who moved to Los Angeles). “Don’t think about it, live one’s life, bury oneself in the most private matters!" he wrote in late September 1938, hoping, like other Jews who stayed in Germany, that each new round of persecution would be the last. "Fine resolution, but so difficult to keep.”

As we prepare for some form of autocracy in America, it is no comfort to know that Trump and his zealous and unscrupulous associates have advertised their desire to go after groups of people perennially targeted by authoritarians: immigrants, Muslims, Jews, opposition politicians, the unhoused, LGBTQ+ people, activists, journalists, scientists, and educators. It will be especially dangerous to be a transgender person in America, or anyone involved with reproductive and immigrant rights. American movements in response to autocracy may differ from those of other populations due to the strength of states’ rights here. We are likely to see internal migration instead of exile, with people leaving states where voting, reproductive, LGBTQ+ and other rights are being extinguished.

There's also a history of regional movement in search of freedom in our country that we can build on. The Jim Crow South was a regional authoritarianism in many respects. That’s why the former CEO and President of the NAACP, Cornell William Brooks, states in our 2021 Lucid interview that we might begin to see “Black Southerners who came to New York and Chicago and Detroit” as “refugees; they were fleeing terrorism. And so Black folk are the descendants of these refugees, as well as of enslaved people." While every person contemplating exile has their own unique situation and resources, there is one constant among such departures: when you exit your homeland, you enter into a state of waiting. Waiting for things to get better; waiting for the tyrant to die or, if elections still exist, be voted out; waiting for freedom to arrive so you can return to beloved places and people.

Ruth Ben-Ghiat wrote a solid piece on the tough decision for those opposed to tyrannical regimes as to whether to stay and fight back or leave for exile.

[family-tree-assignment]

My mother eventually settled in Mandeville with her now husband, Richard Reid, whom she met at work. After living there for so long she misses the community in Hayes. “I do not believe most people in Manchester are as family-oriented as I'm used to…What we have in our yard back in Hayes you do not see here.” Even from a mile away, she felt the support of her family on her back. My mother spoke to me about her goal of Self-Actualization. For her, that means furthering her education by completing her master’s degree. The photo below shows my mother graduating with her Bachelor of Science in Business Administration-Accounting.

[family-tree-assignment]

Two other sisters decided to build their own home on Mama’s plot of land. They filled each home with children who depended on each other then and even now. While the 4 siblings lived together two were only a stone’s throw away. The third, their youngest and only brother Audley, moved to St. Elizabeth but vists occasionally. Mention photo. My grandmother enjoys her life as it is today, surrounded by her grandchildren, husband, son and of course her sisters and their family. This photo pictures a young Audley with his older sisters

[family-tree-assignment]

My mother’s maternal grandfather and Thelma’s father, Austin Cunningham, had moved from Hanover to the parish. Neither woman can recall why he moved “I assume he was seeking a better life?”, my mother commented. The only information the family has on Austin is his relation to the Maroons in the Hanover countryside, with no names of potential relatives. Southwestern Clarendon was the birthplace and home of my great-grandmother, Lilla, affectionately called ‘Mama’ and her mother Mabel a Black and Syrian mixed woman. Lilla and her common-law husband, Austin, met and began their family in Sedge Pond in her mother Mabel’s home. Around age 22 in 1958-1961 the couple moved to Corn Piece Settlement in Hayes, Southeastern Clarendon. Pictured below is Lilla in her late adulthood. Below that is a photo of Austin in his later years.

[migrantsday]

Act Today, Shedding light on climate impacts on migration.

Ahead of the #MigrantsDay, join us to discuss the impact of climate change on migration with opening remarks by the IOM Germany's Chief of Mission.

Friday, 15 December 14:30 - 15:00 Live Discussion

[gameofthrones2020]

Why Are Americans Jumping Ship

The question needs to be asked why are Americans jumping ship and leaving California, New York and other cities in the United States for new locations? 

The question needs to be asked why are Americans jumping ship and leaving California, New York and other cities in the United States for new locations?  This is internal migration within the United States of America, not migration to other nations, particularly the English-speaking world and Europe.  People migrated due to better economic prosperity or an escape from persecution immigration to…

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[ijtsrd]

Internal Migration for Education Challenges Faced by Young Students Migrated to Delhi NCR

by Sudhanshu Arora "Internal Migration for Education-Challenges Faced by Young Students Migrated to Delhi NCR"

Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021,

URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd44967.pdf

Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/social-science/44967/internal-migration-for-educationchallenges-faced-by-young-students-migrated-to-delhi-ncr/sudhanshu-arora

callforpaperpapersinjournals, multidisciplinaryjournal

Introduction Migration is a well known phenomenon of movement of peoples from one place to another, in India migration of people occurs on a large scale, and there are various reasons of migration, education being one of them, migration of young students for education is increasing day by day as the world class education facilities are reaching in all countries in times of globalisation. Internal migration is least focused in previous literature and neglected in association with education. In the present study, the social and political exclusion faced by young migrants is also explained. Objective the objectives of the present study were to find out the reasons for the migration of youth to Delhi NCR and to study the problems and social exclusion faced by them after migrating. Methodology The present study is a cross sectional study conducted among 150 young adults, migrated students residing in Delhi NCR data was collected through structured questionnaires. Results the major findings of the present study are that young students migrate to urban locations like NCR for reasons such as unavailability of courses and in search of better campuses and opportunities. As many as 33.33 of total students migrated from Uttar Pradesh, and 68.7 of total students who migrated to Delhi NCR for educational purposes does not go back for voting in the last elections to their home constituency. Other than this political exclusion, many students also reported discrimination based on caste, race, gender, colour, and ethnicity. Conclusion The government should re examine the migration policies of our country and try to connect with the booming young population, and implement already existing policies widely for the development of youth. The government and educational institutions also require urgent interventions regarding the exclusion of migrated young students and their mental health.