What’s the difference? Ma’at vs. Ma’at:
ma’at is the principle/order/truth/right way of things. Uppercase Ma’at is the goddess personifying that. They *are* related, but they are not interchangeable.
If we speak about ma’at we have to speak about isfet.
Ma’at: order, balance, justice, truth, harmony. It’s not just “be nice” but the underlying fabric that keeps the cosmos running. It’s the glue and the firmament of the cosmos. It applies socially, politically, ritually, within your spirit and cosmologically. Pharaohs were judged by how well they maintained it. Your personal life is judged the same way at the weighing of the heart.
Isfet: disorder, untruth, chaos, violence out of proportion, injustice. It’s not just “evil” in a moral sense. It is anything that destabilises the balance. So a lie is isfet. Oppression can be isfet. Also, cosmic threats like Apep rising up against Ra against his solar barque is isfet.
A quality that does not exist in Kemetic thought is “sin”. Sin does not exist. However, harmony and balance does. In Kemetic thought, it’s less “I did X bad thing, and now I have a checkmark against me” and more “Did I live in harmony with truth, justice, and order? Did I act against it and invoke isfet?”
Isfet is not a rival principle on equal footing with ma’at. It’s the absence or breakdown of ma’at. However, it is a necessary quality that is required for ma’at to maintain shape and definition. Isfet is not a force that can entirely be defeated. It ebbs and flows naturally. In line with this thought, isfet is not “evil” either. It is also an organically occurring force. It is more like entropy and fills the cosmos where ma’at is broken down, absent, or weak.
It is the interest of the netjeru to maintain ma’at. This is where Set comes in. Set provides ma’at through the forces that otherwise would be seen as isfet. Set serves the interests of ma’at. He wields what may first “appear” as isfet (violence, chaos, storms, bloodshed), but it is actually ma’at. There is harmony in his actions and the directions he takes as he is in harmony with himself. His “disharmony” is critical to the harmony that comes. The storms that are carried are critical to the health and well-being, balance and growth of the Nile. He must slay Apep through violence, defending Ra’s barque. When we discuss the principle of the heart being weighed against Ma’at’s feather, you’re not just being weighed against the feather that belongs to Ma’at. You are being weighed against the principle and the force of ma’at. Your heart being weighed against the feather isn’t about a tally sheet. It is about whether your life overall is in tune with ma’at. And ma’at itself is a breathing and harmonious force.