#molecularevolution

[everythingaboutbiotech]

Gram Staining

The Gram stain was developed in 1884 by the Danish bacteriologist Hans Christian Gram. It is one of the most useful staining procedures because it classifies bacteria into two large groups: gram-positive and gram-negative.

Open for commission work related to academic graphic design.

[everythingaboutbiotech]

Binomial naming (Binomial nomenclature)

The binomial name of genus and species is unique for each species.

Rules for writing these names:

1-The name of the genus always begins with a capital letter. 2-The species name begins with a small letter. 3-The scientific names are always italicized. 4-When handwritten, the genus name and species name have to be underlined.

[everythingaboutbiotech]

From observation to the publishing, this is how Science works.

[everythingaboutbiotech]

Remember this, when next time you visit the grocery market.

Wild Mustard Plant is the source of six different plants; Brussels Sprouts, Broccoli, Cabbage, Kale, Kohlrabi, and Cauliflower

Source: Tech Insider

[everythingaboutbiotech]

Fossil evidence shows that modern humans overlapped with H.erectus and Neanderthal populations, but still they remained distinct from each other. In western Asia, modern humans and Neanderthals coexisted for about 80,000 years and in Europe, they coexisted for some 10,000 years, until modern humans completely replaced all other Homo populations.

According to SILVANA CONDEMI' hypothesis, it’s possible that there was a kind of interbreeding, during this period.

To back up her hypothesis, Condemi’s team analyzed the fossil’s DNA. The fossil had Neanderthal mitochondrial DNA, confirming that at least the individual’s mother was a Neanderthal. From the DNA and imaging evidence, Condemi and her team concluded that it was the child of a “female Neanderthal who mated with a male Homo sapiens”.

There are many questions that remain unanswered about these species. What is your think about this hypothesis?

[cytgen]

Distribution of Two Chloroplast Haplotypes of the Invasive Weed Himalayan Balsam (Impatiens glandulifera) in Ukraine and other European Coun

Abstract One of the most well-documented cases of successful plant invasion in Europe is the rapid spread of Himalayan balsam (Impatiens gla

Abstract One of the most well-documented cases of successful plant invasion in Europe is the rapid spread of Himalayan balsam (Impatiens glandulifera Royle). Introduced from the Himalayas to Europe in the first half of the 19th century as an ornamental and nectar-producing plant, this species initially naturalized in the United Kingdom, from where it subsequently dispersed across the European continent. Despite the active invasion of I. glandulifera in Eastern Europe, the genetic diversity of its populations in this region has remained largely unexplored. In this study, we evaluated the variability of two chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) regions, trnS-G and rpl32-trnL(UAG), in I. glandulifera samples from Ukraine and compared the results with cpDNA variants from continental Europe, the United Kingdom, as well as from India and Pakistan. Our results reveal the widespread distribution of two distinct I. glandulifera haplotypes, T1-R1 and T2-R2, across continental Europe. These haplotypes differ in both cpDNA regions analyzed, and their divergence is inferred to have occurred within the species’ native range. Chloroplast DNA variation was found to be significantly higher in the native range than in the invasive range. The broad distribution of the two chloroplast haplotypes across Europe supports the hypothesis of multiple introductions of I. glandulifera into the continent. The uneven distribution of haplotypes T1-R1 and T2-R2 within Ukraine may indicate a founder effect.

[cytgen]

Abstract An important model system for studying the role of genetic diversity and hybridization in plant invasions is the species complex of the genus Reynoutria Houtt. Within the secondary distribution range, two species of this genus are widespread, R. japonica Houtt. and R. sachalinensis (F. Schmidt) Nakai, as well as their derivatives, the hexaploid R. × bohemica Chrtek & Chrtková and the tetraploid R. × moravica (Hodálová and Mereďa) Olshanskyi and Antonenko, which are recognized as separate species. The genetic diversity of the species of the genus Reynoutria in Ukraine is still almost unexplored by molecular methods. In this work, we determined chloroplast haplotypes for samples of R. japonica, R. sachalinensis and R. × bohemica from Ukraine and other European countries and compared them with haplotypes of Reynoutria from the primary distribution range in China and Korea. The genetic diversity of R. japonica from the primary distribution range was significantly higher compared to European samples, which are mainly represented by the haplotype J1.1. At the same time, we identified haplotypes J1.2 and J1.3 specific to the Eastern European area, which probably arose as a consequence of the divergence of the chloroplast genome within the secondary distribution range. Of the five samples morphologically identified as R. × bohemica, three carry the haplotype J1.1, which is consistent with the idea that R. japonica var. japonica was involved as a maternal form in the formation of R. × bohemica. However, a chloroplast haplotype identical to R. sachalinensis was detected in two samples from the Alpine region of Europe. These samples likely represent another hybrid species of R. × moravica. Therefore, the use of chloroplast DNA markers is crucial for identifying the donor of maternal subgenomes in hybrid forms of the genus Reynoutria.

[cytgen]

Transition Bias and Its Compensation in the Evolutionary Lineage of the Subfamily Murinae (Rodentia): Analysis of Nuclear and Mitochondrial

A comparative analysis of the rates of molecular evolution, transition bias, and its evolutionary compensation was carried out on mitochondr

Abstract A comparative analysis of the rates of molecular evolution, transition bias, and its evolutionary compensation was carried out on mitochondrial (D-loop, Cytb, COI, 12S RNA) and nuclear (IRBP, Fv) DNA markers in the Murinae subfamily. According to the levels of variability, the markers can be divided into three classes: (1) hypervariable (D-loop), (2) rapidly evolving (Cytb, COI), and (3) conservative (12S RNA, IRBP, Fv). The nature of nucleotide substitutions appears by the levels of variability. With the D-loop, there is a maximum initial bias, which is already partially compensated for during the early stages of speciation, and completely compensated at the stages of species divergence. The pronounced bias within the Cytb and COI genes is only partially compensated, moreover at the genus levels. The 12S RNA, IRBP, and Fv genes with a low level of transition bias do not show evolutionary compensation as such, and the decrease of the ts/tv index in the evolutionary lineage has a technical character and is a consequence of a relative decrease of the difference in the frequencies of transitions and transversions against the background of an absolute increase in the frequencies of substitutions. The positive relationship between the intensity of nucleotide substitutions, the level of transition bias, and the rates of its evolutionary compensation proves that these phenomena have the same primary basis.