#respiratoryillness

[canada-2-england]

I took Cassie for her follow up with the Respiratory Specialist this morning and 10 days before her second birthday she’s been officially diagnosed with Asthma. It’s a bit of a relief really considering the last year and a half of emergency room and hospital stays for her breathing. She said there is a small likelihood she could grow out of it at about age 7/8 however due to the immediate family who suffered and still suffer from asthma that started as young children we still have. So she said it is small but still chance so we’ll be hoping she does grow out of it unlike me and my sister who still suffer from it. I was surprised to have the diagnosis as many have said their little ones showed signs early on and they’re now 4/5 years old and they won’t definitely say if it is or not. #asthma #childhoodasthma #twin #asthmatic #respiratoryillness #breathingdifficulties #cassieelizabeth

[mothersnsisters]

H3N2 Flu Cases Surge: Symptoms, Treatment & Protection Guide

H3N2 Flu Cases Spike: Know the Symptoms and How to Protect Yourself

A new mutated flu strain is sweeping across the globe, sending hospitalizations soaring and health officials scrambling. The H3N2 subclade K variant has emerged as a formidable opponent this winter season, causing severe outbreaks in Japan, the United Kingdom, Canada, and now spreading rapidly throughout the United States. With flu cases tripling in some regions compared to last year, understanding this aggressive strain has become crucial for protecting yourself and your loved ones.

#h3n2 flu symptoms

Understanding the H3N2 Subclade K Variant

What Makes This Flu Strain Different

The H3N2 subclade K represents a significant evolution in influenza viruses. This mutated strain emerged in summer 2025 after acquiring seven new genetic mutations, making it substantially different from the strain included in this season's flu vaccine. According to global health experts, the variant spread rapidly and gained dominance in several Northern Hemisphere countries TODAY.com, sparking concerns about a particularly severe flu season ahead.

What sets this variant apart is its ability to evade immunity from both previous infections and current vaccinations. The virus emerged too late for vaccine manufacturers to adjust their formulations, creating a mismatch between the circulating strain and vaccine protection. Early data from the UK indicates the vaccine provides approximately 70-75% effectiveness for children but only 30-40% effectiveness for adults, particularly those over 65.

Global Impact and Current Spread

The H3N2 subclade K strain has already demonstrated its severity across multiple countries. Japan experienced the fastest flu surge in a decade, with over 6,000 schools and day-cares forced to close X due to widespread outbreaks. Scotland reported a staggering 70% surge in hospital admissions, while flu cases more than doubled within weeks.

In the United States, the CDC recently reported at least 650,000 illnesses, 7,400 hospitalizations, and 300 deaths from flu this season through mid-November. Among reported cases, H3N2 accounts for approximately 72% of infections, with about half linked to the subclade K variant. The virus has been detected in more than half of U.S. states, with activity increasing primarily among children and young adults.

Recognizing H3N2 Symptoms

Primary Warning Signs

H3N2 flu symptoms strike suddenly and intensely, distinguishing them from the gradual onset of common colds. Watch for these key indicators:

- High fever: Temperature ranging from 38-40°C (100-104°F), often lasting several days - Persistent cough: Typically dry initially, potentially becoming productive and causing chest discomfort - Severe body aches: Widespread muscle soreness affecting your entire body, making even simple movements painful - Extreme fatigue: Profound exhaustion beyond normal tiredness, making daily tasks feel monumental - Sudden onset: Symptoms appear within 48-72 hours of virus exposure, hitting hard and fast - Intense headaches, often concentrated behind the eyes - Sore throat making swallowing difficult - Nasal congestion and runny nose - Chills accompanying fever spikes - Gastrointestinal issues (more common in children), including nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea - Difficulty breathing or shortness of breath - Persistent chest pain or pressure - Severe or persistent vomiting - Confusion or difficulty waking - Bluish lips or face - High fever lasting more than three days despite medication - Symptoms that improve then suddenly worsen

#h3n2 flu symptoms

🌸 Hi ladies!

I'm so excited to share that I just launched my new mobile app Mothers&Sisters 💕 — a safe and empowering space created especially for women.

✨ Here's what you can do inside the app:

- • Create your own women's communities (as many as you like!) - • Join existing groups to connect, share, and grow together - • Enjoy familiar social media features designed with women in mind - • Host or join live group calls 📱💬 - • Share your knowledge, skills, or passions — and even earn money by offering paid lessons or sessions 💼🌟

Whether you're looking for support, inspiration, or sisterhood, Mothers&Sisters is all about women uplifting women. 💪👭

👉 Download the app today and be one of the first to try it out:

⚡️ Quick note: When you first sign up, your home screen may look empty at the start — that's normal! Just tap the search icon 🔍, explore, and join a community (we have demo groups ready for you). Let's build this amazing space together. Your feedback means the world to me! 💖

Proven Protection Strategies

Vaccination Remains Your Best Defense

Despite the vaccine mismatch with subclade K, health experts unanimously recommend getting vaccinated. The 2025-2026 trivalent flu vaccine still provides protection against H1N1 and influenza B strains, and offers some defense against H3N2 variants. Even with reduced effectiveness, vaccination significantly decreases hospitalization risk and severity of illness.

The CDC now recommends universal use of single-dose, thimerosal-free formulations for children, pregnant women, and adults. FluMist has been approved for self-administration or caregiver administration, expanding access to vaccination options.

Essential Hygiene Practices

Implement these proven preventive measures to reduce transmission risk:

- Wash hands frequently: Scrub with soap and water for at least 20 seconds, especially after being in public spaces - Use hand sanitizer: When soap isn't available, use alcohol-based sanitizer with at least 60% alcohol content - Avoid face touching: Keep hands away from eyes, nose, and mouth where viruses enter your body - Wear masks: In crowded indoor settings or when feeling unwell, masks significantly reduce respiratory droplet transmission - Disinfect surfaces: The H3N2 virus remains active on surfaces for up to 48 hours; regularly clean high-touch areas - Prioritize sleep: Aim for 7-9 hours of quality sleep nightly to support immune function - Maintain balanced nutrition: Consume fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean proteins rich in vitamins and minerals - Stay hydrated: Drink plenty of water, herbal teas, and warm fluids throughout the day - Exercise regularly: Moderate physical activity boosts immune response and overall health - Manage stress: Chronic stress weakens immunity; practice relaxation techniques like meditation or yoga

Effective Treatment Options

Home Care Strategies

Most people recover from H3N2 with proper home management:

- Complete rest: Allow your body to direct energy toward fighting the infection during the first 3-4 days - Stay hydrated: Drink warm water, oral rehydration solutions, lemon water, coconut water, soups, and herbal teas to prevent dehydration - Manage fever and pain: Over-the-counter medications like acetaminophen or ibuprofen help reduce fever and alleviate body aches - Use steam inhalation: Helps loosen throat congestion and ease coughing - Run a humidifier: Keeps air moist, making breathing easier and soothing irritated airways - Oseltamivir (Tamiflu): Most effective when started within 48 hours of symptom onset; reduces severity and duration - Baloxavir: Alternative antiviral option showing effectiveness against influenza - Target populations: Particularly recommended for elderly individuals, young children, pregnant women, and those with chronic health conditions - Are experiencing severe symptoms requiring hospitalization - Belong to high-risk groups (over 65, under 5, pregnant, or immunocompromised) - Have chronic conditions like asthma, diabetes, heart disease, or lung disease - Show no improvement after five days of home care - Develop breathing difficulties or persistent high fever

#h3n2 flu symptoms

Protecting Vulnerable Populations

High-Risk Groups Requiring Extra Vigilance

Certain populations face increased risk of severe H3N2 complications:

- Elderly adults (65+): Experience lower vaccine effectiveness and higher hospitalization rates - Young children (under 5): More susceptible to severe respiratory complications - Pregnant women: Altered immune response increases infection risk and potential complications - Immunocompromised individuals: People undergoing chemotherapy, taking steroids, or with weakened immune systems - Chronic disease patients: Those with asthma, diabetes, heart disease, or lung conditions face higher complication risks - Encourage sick individuals to stay home until fever-free for 24 hours without medication - Increase ventilation in enclosed spaces - Provide hand sanitizer stations throughout facilities - Regularly disinfect high-touch surfaces like doorknobs, keyboards, and shared equipment - Consider flexible work-from-home policies during peak flu season - Monitor absenteeism patterns for potential outbreak clusters

The H3N2 subclade K variant represents a significant public health challenge this flu season, but knowledge and proactive measures provide powerful protection. Understanding the symptoms—sudden high fever, persistent cough, severe body aches, and extreme fatigue—enables early detection and prompt treatment. While the vaccine mismatch reduces effectiveness against this specific strain, vaccination remains essential for reducing severity and hospitalization risk.

Protect yourself and your community by practicing diligent hand hygiene, wearing masks in crowded settings, maintaining a healthy lifestyle, and staying home when symptomatic. For high-risk individuals, early consultation with healthcare providers can prevent serious complications. Remember, antiviral medications work best when started within 48 hours of symptom onset, making early medical evaluation crucial. Stay vigilant, prioritize prevention, and don't hesitate to seek professional care when needed.

#h3n2 flu symptoms

[roomstudent]

Mystery Virus Going Around 2024

A new mysterious respiratory illness has been causing concern as it spreads among people around the world. Known as the “mystery virus,” it…

[symptomfinder]

Valley fever is a fungal infection that affects both humans and animals, including dogs. The disease is caused by inhaling spores of the Coccidioides fungus, which is commonly found in the soil of arid regions. Although many dogs may not show any symptoms, some can develop severe and life-threatening complications. The symptoms of valley fever … Read More »

Valley fever is a fungal infection that affects both humans and animals, including dogs. The disease is caused by inhaling spores of the Coccidioides fungus, which is commonly found in the soil of arid regions. Although many dogs may not show any symptoms, some can develop severe and life-threatening complications. The symptoms of valley fever in dogs can vary depending on the severity of the infection. Common signs include coughing, fever, lethargy, loss of appetite, and weight loss. Some dogs may also develop skin lesions, joint pain, and difficulty breathing. Early detection and treatment are crucial to prevent the disease from progressing. If you live in an area where valley fever is prevalent, it's important to be aware of the symptoms and take preventive measures to protect your furry friend. Regular visits to the vet, avoiding dusty areas, and keeping your dog indoors during dust storms can help reduce the risk of infection. With proper care and treatment, most dogs can recover from valley fever and lead a healthy life.1. Understanding Valley Fever: What is it and how does it affect dogs?Valley Fever is a fungal infection caused by Coccidioides immitis or Coccidioides posadasii. Dogs can contract it by inhaling spores found in soil and dust in the southwestern United States, Mexico, and parts of Central and South America. The symptoms of Valley Fever in dogs include coughing, lethargy, fever, weight loss, and lameness. It can also cause skin lesions, eye inflammation, and seizures. Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial for a better prognosis. Dogs with weakened immune systems, such as puppies, senior dogs, and those with underlying medical conditions, are at a higher risk of developing severe Valley Fever. Breeds such as Chihuahuas, Dachshunds, and Bulldogs are also more susceptible. To prevent Valley Fever, keep your dog away from dusty areas, especially during windy weather. Use a mask when walking your dog in areas where the fungus is prevalent. Feed your dog a balanced diet to maintain a healthy immune system. Consult your vet if you notice any symptoms of Valley Fever in your dog. Valley Fever can be treated with antifungal medication, which can last from several weeks to months. In severe cases, hospitalization may be necessary. Regular check-ups and follow-up visits are essential to monitor your dog's progress and prevent relapse. Valley Fever can be a serious and potentially life-threatening disease for dogs. Educate yourself on the risks and symptoms, and take preventive measures to keep your furry friend healthy and happy. 🐾2. Common Symptoms of Valley Fever in Dogs: Recognizing the signs early onValley fever in dogs can be difficult to detect. Here are common symptoms to watch out for: - Coughing, which can be dry or moist - Fever, which can be mild or high - Lethargy and lack of appetite - Weight loss and muscle wasting - Difficulty breathing and rapid breathing - Lameness and joint swelling - Skin lesions and nodules Early recognition of these signs can lead to prompt diagnosis and treatment. Don't hesitate to consult your vet if you notice any of these symptoms in your furry friend. Remember, early intervention can save lives. 🐾💊 Valley fever can be mistaken for other diseases, so it's important to get a proper diagnosis. Your vet may recommend blood tests, X-rays, or even a biopsy to confirm the presence of the fungus. Treatment usually involves antifungal medication and supportive care. 🩺💉 In severe cases, hospitalization may be necessary. Some dogs may require long-term medication and monitoring. The good news is that most dogs recover fully from valley fever with proper treatment. 🙏🏼💪🏼 Prevention is key. Avoid walking your dog in dusty areas, especially during dry and windy seasons. Keep your dog's immune system strong with a healthy diet and regular exercise. And always keep an eye out for any unusual symptoms. Stay vigilant and keep your furry friend safe. 🐶❤️3. The Importance of Diagnosis: Testing and treatment options for Valley Fever in dogsValley Fever in dogs can be serious. Diagnosis is critical for effective treatment. Testing options include blood tests, X-rays, and fungal cultures. Early detection is key. Symptoms include coughing, fever, and lethargy. Treatment options range from antifungal medication to surgery. Antifungal medication can be given orally or intravenously. Surgery may be necessary to remove infected tissue. Supportive care, such as fluids and pain management, is also important. Valley Fever can be prevented by avoiding areas with high levels of dust and spores. Regular vet check-ups can also help detect the disease early. Don't ignore symptoms. Valley Fever can be fatal if left untreated. Seek veterinary care immediately if your dog shows signs of illness. 🐾4. Managing Valley Fever Symptoms: Tips for supporting your dog's health and wellbeingValley Fever symptoms can be managed to support your dog's health and wellbeing. Provide your dog with plenty of fresh water. Feed a high-quality diet to support the immune system. Keep your dog's environment clean and free of dust. Monitor your dog's breathing and energy levels. Regular check-ups with your veterinarian are essential. Discuss any changes in your dog's behavior or symptoms. Follow your veterinarian's treatment plan. Administer medication as prescribed. Be patient, as recovery can take time. Support your dog's mental health during recovery. Provide plenty of love and attention. Engage in low-impact activities, such as gentle walks. Offer mental stimulation, such as puzzle toys. Consider consulting with a veterinary behaviorist. Remember to take care of yourself, too. Seek support from friends and family. Take breaks when needed. Practice self-care, such as exercise and meditation. Stay informed about Valley Fever and its symptoms. With proper management, your dog can recover from Valley Fever and enjoy a happy, healthy life.5. Preventing Valley Fever: Strategies for reducing your dog's risk of infectionValley Fever can be prevented by following these strategies: Keep your dog indoors during dust storms and windy days. Use air conditioning and air filters to reduce airborne spores. Avoid areas with disturbed soil, such as construction sites. Keep your dog away from rodent burrows and bird droppings. Consider using a protective mask for your dog during outdoor activities. Regularly check your dog for symptoms such as coughing, lethargy, and loss of appetite. Consult with your veterinarian about vaccination and antifungal medication options. Ensure your dog has a healthy immune system through proper nutrition and exercise. Stay informed about Valley Fever outbreaks in your area and take necessary precautions. By taking these measures, you can reduce the risk of your dog contracting Valley Fever and ensure their overall health and well-being. 🐾6. Living with Valley Fever: Coping with long-term effects and supporting your dog's recoveryLiving with Valley Fever can be challenging, but there are ways to cope with its long-term effects. Here are some tips: Keep your home clean and dust-free to prevent further exposure Stay hydrated and eat a healthy diet to boost your immune system Take prescribed medication and attend follow-up appointments with your doctor Supporting your dog's recovery is also important. Here's how: Administer medication as directed by your veterinarian Provide a comfortable and stress-free environment for your dog Ensure your dog is eating a balanced diet and staying hydrated Valley Fever can cause fatigue, joint pain, and shortness of breath. Be patient with yourself and your dog during recovery. Join a support group or seek therapy to manage the emotional toll of living with Valley Fever. Remember, with proper care and management, it is possible to live a fulfilling life with Valley Fever. 🐾🩺💊🌡️💪🏼 In conclusion, Valley Fever is a serious disease that can affect dogs in certain regions. It's important to recognize the symptoms early on to ensure prompt treatment. 🐾 If you suspect your dog may have Valley Fever, don't hesitate to consult with your veterinarian. With proper care, most dogs can make a full recovery. 🩺 Remember to take preventative measures such as avoiding dusty areas and keeping your dog's immune system strong. Stay informed and keep your furry friend healthy! 🐶💪 https://symptomfinder.com/valley-fever-symptoms-in-dogs/?_unique_id=648118de571bc

[symptomfinder]

🤡🤧🩺 Clown lung, also known as hypersensitivity pneumonitis, is a rare lung disease that affects people who work with or around dusty materials. Symptoms can be mistaken for a common cold or flu, but can lead to serious lung damage if left untreated. It’s important to recognize the signs and seek medical attention early. 🩺📈 … Read More »

🤡🤧🩺 Clown lung, also known as hypersensitivity pneumonitis, is a rare lung disease that affects people who work with or around dusty materials. Symptoms can be mistaken for a common cold or flu, but can lead to serious lung damage if left untreated. It's important to recognize the signs and seek medical attention early. 🩺📈 Symptoms of clown lung include coughing, shortness of breath, fever, fatigue, and chest tightness. These symptoms may come and go, and can be triggered by exposure to certain materials such as hay, sawdust, or feathers. If you work as a clown or in a circus, or have hobbies that involve these materials, be aware of the risks and seek medical attention if you experience any of these symptoms. 👨‍⚕️👩‍⚕️ Diagnosis of clown lung involves a physical exam, lung function tests, and imaging such as chest X-rays or CT scans. Treatment may include avoiding exposure to the triggering material, medication to reduce inflammation, and in severe cases, oxygen therapy or lung transplantation. Early recognition and treatment can prevent permanent lung damage and improve quality of life.1. Understanding the Basics of Clown Lung SymptomsClown Lung Symptoms are caused by exposure to toxic chemicals found in clown makeup. Shortness of breath Chest pain Coughing These symptoms can be severe and lead to long-term lung damage. It's important to seek medical attention if you experience any of these symptoms. Prevention is key, so avoid using clown makeup that contains harmful chemicals. 🤡🚫🎨 Protect yourself by wearing a mask and using proper ventilation when applying makeup. 👩‍⚕️👨‍⚕️🩺 Clown Lung Symptoms can be prevented by taking proper precautions. Stay safe and keep your lungs healthy! 🌬️💪2. Common Signs and Symptoms of Clown LungClown Lung is a serious respiratory disease that affects those who work in clowning. Here are some common signs and symptoms: Shortness of breath Chest tightness Coughing Wheezing Fatigue If you experience any of these symptoms, seek medical attention immediately. Clown Lung can lead to permanent lung damage and even death. Clown Lung is caused by long-term exposure to dust, mold, and other irritants found in clown costumes and props. The disease can take years to develop, so it's important to take preventative measures. To prevent Clown Lung, wear protective gear such as masks and gloves, wash costumes and props regularly, and avoid smoking and other lung irritants. Early detection is key in treating Clown Lung. If you work in clowning, get regular check-ups and lung function tests to monitor your respiratory health. Don't let Clown Lung take the fun out of clowning. Take precautions and stay healthy! 🤡💪3. Causes and Risk Factors of Clown Lung🤡 Clown Lung is a rare but serious respiratory disease caused by exposure to mold and bacteria found in clown costumes and props. 🌡️ The moist environment inside clown costumes and props promotes the growth of mold and bacteria, which can cause respiratory problems in those who inhale them. 🤧 Symptoms of Clown Lung include coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath, and chest tightness. 👨‍⚕️ Risk factors for Clown Lung include working as a clown, exposure to mold and bacteria, and a weakened immune system. 💊 Treatment for Clown Lung may include medications, oxygen therapy, and avoiding exposure to mold and bacteria. 👀 To prevent Clown Lung, clowns should regularly clean and dry their costumes and props, and avoid wearing them if they are damp or moldy. 🚫 Clown Lung is a serious condition that can lead to permanent lung damage and even death, so it's important to take precautions to prevent it.4. Diagnosis and Treatment of Clown LungClown Lung is diagnosed through a combination of medical history, physical examination, and imaging tests. Symptoms include coughing, wheezing, and shortness of breath. Tests may include chest X-ray, CT scan, and lung function tests. Treatment involves avoiding exposure to irritants, medications, and sometimes oxygen therapy. In severe cases, lung transplantation may be necessary. Preventative measures include wearing protective gear, avoiding smoking and secondhand smoke, and reducing exposure to chemicals and pollutants. Early diagnosis and treatment can improve outcomes and quality of life. Clown Lung is a serious condition that requires prompt medical attention. Remember to seek medical advice if you experience any symptoms or have concerns about your lung health. 🤡🩺💨5. Prevention and Management of Clown Lung🤡🦠 Clown Lung can be prevented and managed with proper precautions. Here are some tips: - Wear a mask and gloves when handling clown costumes and props. - Use a HEPA filter vacuum to clean up any clown-related debris. - Avoid inhaling any dust or particles from clown materials. - Store clown items in a clean, dry area away from other items. - Seek medical attention if experiencing any respiratory symptoms. 🌡️ If diagnosed with Clown Lung, treatment options include: - Oxygen therapy to help with breathing. - Steroids to reduce inflammation in the lungs. - Antibiotics to treat any secondary infections. - Pulmonary rehabilitation to improve lung function. - Avoidance of further exposure to clown materials. 👨‍⚕️ It's important to consult a healthcare professional if experiencing any respiratory symptoms related to clown materials. Early detection and treatment can prevent further complications.6. Complications Associated with Clown Lung🤡🫁 Clown Lung can lead to various complications, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), lung cancer, and respiratory failure. 🌡️ Individuals with Clown Lung may experience difficulty breathing, chest pain, and coughing up blood. These symptoms can worsen over time and lead to severe respiratory issues. 💊 Treatment options for Clown Lung include medications, oxygen therapy, and pulmonary rehabilitation. However, in severe cases, lung transplantation may be necessary. 🚭 Prevention is key to avoiding Clown Lung. Avoiding exposure to harmful chemicals and wearing proper protective gear can reduce the risk of developing this condition. 👨‍⚕️ If you suspect you may have Clown Lung, seek medical attention immediately. Early diagnosis and treatment can help manage symptoms and prevent further complications. 🌟 It's important to raise awareness about the dangers of Clown Lung and take steps to protect ourselves and our loved ones from this potentially life-threatening condition.7. Living with Clown Lung: Coping Strategies and SupportLiving with Clown Lung can be challenging, but there are ways to cope. Here are some strategies: Join a support group to connect with others who understand your experience. Practice breathing exercises to improve lung function and reduce anxiety. Stay active and maintain a healthy diet to support overall health. Use humor as a coping mechanism and embrace the clown within. Remember to prioritize self-care and seek professional help when needed. Here are some resources: The American Lung Association offers support and education for those with lung disease. The National Alliance on Mental Illness provides resources for mental health support. The World Clown Association offers a community for professional and amateur clowns. Living with Clown Lung may not be easy, but with the right support and coping strategies, it is possible to live a fulfilling life. 🤡❤️ In conclusion, recognizing clown lung symptoms is crucial for the health and safety of performers. Symptoms may include shortness of breath, coughing, and wheezing. Early detection and treatment can prevent long-term damage to the lungs. 🤡🩺 Performers should prioritize their lung health by wearing protective gear and practicing proper breathing techniques. Regular check-ups with a healthcare professional are also recommended. Don't ignore symptoms and seek medical attention if necessary. 🌬️💨 Remember, prevention is key. Take care of your lungs and protect yourself from harmful substances. Stay healthy and keep clowning around! 🤡👍 https://symptomfinder.com/recognizing-clown-lung-symptoms/?_unique_id=646edc0290c01

[healthwire]

The researchers were of the view that chronic respiratory diseases pose a major public health problem. According to an estimate, around 3.9 million deaths were reported because of respiratory disease in 2017. This accounts for 7 per cent of all deaths worldwide.

[herhealths]

"Influenza A H3N2: The Dominant and Dangerous Virus Behind India's Current Respiratory Illness Outbreak"

Influenza A H3N2 a subtype is reported as the major cause of the current respiratory illness outbreak in India, according to a study conducted by the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR). Influenza A H3N2 The ICMR study found that H3N2 was the predominant influenza strain detected in 92.9% of the samples collected during the study period. The remaining samples were positive for influenza B…

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[lucasciences]

Why do so many infectious disease outbreaks seem to start in China? The currrent COVID-19 (caused by the formerly known Wuhan virus) first appeared in Wuhan, SARS in 2002 orginated in Guangdong Province, the flu pandemic caused by H2N2 in 1957 orginated in Guizhou, H7N9 the bird flu that infected humans in 2013 from Shanghai, and there are even indications that the Spanish Flu of 1918 (top) may have originated in Shanxi Province in 1917 and brought to Europe by Chinese laborers that were mobilized to work behind British and French lines during World War I. . Opinions vary but it is most likely due to high concentrations of local populations that come into contact with many species of animals that are potential reservoirs, and a general lack of hygiene. For example, recent reports suggest that the virus most likely orginated in a wet market in China where many people are squeezed and confined to a small area with freshly butchered animals such as chickens, pigs, snakes, civets, pigs, and bats. Due to poor regulations and sometimes the lack of enforcement of rules, these areas can serve as biochemical laboratories for the mixing and evolution of strains that can cause virulent zoonotic diseases. . For example, influenza viruses are identified with Hemagglutinin (H) (bottom right) and Neuroaminidase (N) proteins (bottom left) on their surfaces. Thus, if two influenza virus particles with different H or N proteins infects an organism, different proteins of these types can mix within the cell and a new type of virus particle can be created which can be more virulent to another organism. . Thus, limiting close contact of reservoirs and hosts in these types of markets must be adopted and enforced stringently to prevent future outbreaks that cause suffering across the world. . Credit: (photos) Corbis/NG/CSIRO/NASA. . #infectiousdisease #sars #respiratoryillness #coronavirus #covid2020 #covid19 #spanishflu #pandemic #influenza #viruses #wuhanvirus #hemagglutinin #antigens #vaccines https://www.instagram.com/p/B-cj6AFD8jP/?igshid=kszu8tieuqqh