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ROSTOV - RUSSIA

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[revise-sociology-aqa]

18 mark questions plan; aid is bad for developing countries

2 questions in one from Jan 2010 and Jun 2012;

Using material from Item (A/F) and elsewhere, asses the view that (foreign) aid (brings more harm than good/may be harmful) to developing countries. 18

-Modernisation theorists like Rostow believe that foreign aid can be very effective and most certainly should be used when aiding developing countries to push them towards take off. This is because most of the time countries that are trying to develop may not have the resources to do so. So by sending in experts and implementing values which will aid their development the west is helping more than hindering development.

-Modernisation theorists are wrong, aid is a very ineffective and destructive force to implement in another country when it is trying to develop. This is because the modernisation theories aid includes western education which directly disrupts and threatens the cultures and traditions of the developing country. It does this by threatening the structure of their days, weeks and years for productivity, it threatens collectivist values which they have had for many years. It also destroys their traditions because in order to develop the western way they need to rapidly industrialise and this does not happen over night.

-Aid, especially tied aid has a political agenda across the world, not to aid the countries that need it the most.Poor countries with no political, strategic or commercial advantages are neglected. Ethiopia’s famine of the 1985 was forewarned by UN but both UK and US refused to help due to it’s Marxist government. However capitalism has proven that it is the most effective structure in order to generate large quantities of money. Although the highest health and literacy rates are recorded in Cuba which is under a Marxist-Leninist government.

-Aid had an economic agenda; Neo-Marxist’s argue that essentially aid is just used as the expansion of capitalism, because it opens up new markets for western goods and services; e.g 75% of British aid is tied i.e the recipient country has to spend the aid in the UK. The UK economy has boosted in a number of ways because of this; A number of jobs depend on orders placed by developing countries using official aid. The DFID control what the money is spent on, for example, in other countries they may insist that the aid they give is infrastructure or technology that the UK supplies. Evidence suggests that the UK aid to Malaysia and Indonesia in return of weapons, aircraft and construction contracts for British government. Tied aid creates artificial trade because the aid recipient country will need spare parts and technical advice

-Neo-Liberals aid creates dependency on aid and will not help the country stand on its own two feet. If something is worth doing it will attract investment and private sector funding, if it isn’t then it shouldn’t be done. Peter Bauer (1995) was an economist who said that aid is not necessary for development because the west didn’t need it, and the term aid is seen as positive and ‘donors’ of aid are seen as doing the right thing, whereas they are not helping the poor people, just the third world corrupt governments.

[revise-sociology-aqa]

GD 33 marks - modernisation

Evaluate the contributions of modernisation theory to our understanding of global development 33

Rostow's theory shows societies developmental process – the stages of development. It has given us greater understanding of the developmental process

Uses the developed worlds process to promote development and this assumes all countries will develop in the Ethnocentric way when this is not the case because of context. For example CUBA has a lower GDP but everyone is more equal, whereas the US has one of the highest GDP's but vastly unequal.

Parsons old us about the cultural barriers to development; ascribed vs achieved, moving from collectivism culture to individualistic etc. Allows us to maybe find ways to promote development through education; for example USAID in Pakistan. --move away from communist to capitalist societies.

Says the problem is within the country rather than between the countries/societies.

Tells us what prevents development;

From these two points It also provides ways to promote development; giving Aid during stage 2 of societies pre take off stage will accelerate them towards take off. Education is also super helpful

Used as a political tool rather than to promote development; Aid is tied to being an ally to the west.

Tells us what is happening in the world today; moving from the subsistence culture to a manufacturing and industrialised culture. It can help us figure out where countries are going to end up. We can see the dangers of China and India developing to the environment.

NL practical, and up date explanation of economic development; more up to date than modernisation which was made just after WWII to solve the destruction of the war and deal with the threat of communism.

[revise-sociology-aqa]

Theories of development; modernisation theory

This is a cold war theory and needs to be seen in this context. Essentially, this theory is from the 1960's during the cold war and counted development as turning towards a capitalist structure. After 1947 the USA launched the Marshal plan to rebuild western Europe and basically keep them aligned with the west and not Russia with $17billion. They offered the Third world a way out of poverty if they adopted western ways. W.W. Rostow was a pioneer of this in the American state department who believed this.

What prevents development? (Modernisations theory)

The wrong values; they don't have deferred gratification which McCelland (1961) calls 'the need for achievement'. Also a lack of people with business smarts and entrepreneurial skills. Also want too many children and so birthrates skyrocket up.

Lack of institutions; these countries lack banks and institutions which are built to gain economic growth and lack the tech needed for this.

poverty

There are two theories of modernisation:

Rostow (1960) want economic modernisation to essentially bring the poorer countries to a western standard so that they would have lots of growth, but more importantly be the USA's ally in the cold war. Its all about an evolutionary process. Parsons was a functionalist who thought that we should look at cultural factors. Whereas Functionalist modernists like Hoselitz (1952) argued that there should be more of a primary on the social blockades poorer countries have.

Rostow argues that the economic growth was more important, and countries had to pass through 5 stages of economic growth before they could be considered developed and that this would take 60 years from the get go to the everyday. The five stages

Traditional values hold back the development of social change. These places survive on substance farming (farming for the family not market).

Preconditions for take off: This is where the western views and values need to be taken on board. New stuff to modernise the country needs to come in, like new roads, technologies in farming that mass produces what they make, new institutions like education and health ect. These have to come before 3.

Take off: Step 2 takes effect and breeds a new class of people who have internalised these values and are ready to take a risk in investment and growing the economy. It becomes self-replicating. New wealth filters to the population.

Drive to maturity: Step 3 leads to rising standards and new investment. Starting to mature.

Age of mass-consumption: High mass consumption, about the stage the USA was in the 60's, high standards of life.

Parsons: Cultures that block development:

Traditional values block a country from developing e.g valuing the extended family block geographical mobility.

Traditional values -- Modern Values

Ascription -- Achievement

Particularism --  Universalism

Collectivism  -- Individualism

Ascription is where a role is given based on family or close group not ability

Achievement is the effort you put in to work (education/skills) which results in this role.

Particularism is treating someone on the basis of them being a member of a specific group

Universalism is where people are treated according to the role they have

Collectivism is where the group is more important than the individual

Individualism is where the individual is more important than the group.

In order for societies to develop they need to acquire the modern values.

Education allows people to come from ascription to achievement. In our country because of the industrial revolution new skills needed to be learnt.

Ascription and collectivism is key to modernisation because they are intertwined with the other two. If you grow up in a collective environment you won't move away, you will take up the job that your parents did.

The role of the west:

Western investment in factories, expertise and equipment. Loans from the world bank

Western funding to introduce meritocratic education (modern values)

Mass media to disseminate modern ideas e.g nuclear families

Urbanisation (growth of towns and cities)

How would this help the developing world?

A. capitalist entrepreneurial middle class to develop business opportunities

B. high mass consumption

C. an urban populations

D. Lifestyles of conspicuous consumption

Modernisation theory in the modern day

Like Functionalists generally in sociology, modernisation theories have largely been dismissed as irrelevant but stuff remains to be true today from what they have said.

Westerns ways and economies still seem to be the aspirations of developing countries.

China was predicted by Rostow to be in the 3rd stage (take-off) about now, and they seem to be correct predictions.

Communism has proved to not be as effective in economic growth as capitalism.

Criticisms of Modernisation theory:

-Ethnocentric-

it devalues traditional values and social institutions. E.g extended families

ignores increasing inequalities within and between countries

not a neutral theory as it suggests (western values)

-Education

Will only benefit the small elite in the developing world, and then the elite leave for the developing world.

-Assumes there are these unlimited resources in these developing countries where they can manufacture them

-Assumes development occurs in the same way everywhere, historical context is important.

-The culture of developing countries, importance of the family, may be a response to economic insecurity and low levels of material well-being not the cause of it (Inglehart and Baker 2000)

Positives

-They have promoted that these countries cannot develop on their own they need help. Paternalism of NGO's (non-gov organisation)

-Neo-liberals want a free market and advocate 'helping' poor countries.

Neo-liberal stress idea of cultural values:

-Christian traditions and values led to economic prosperity for the western zone. Non-western zones resent this prosperity. Christianity is tightly linked to capitalism because

-Some may reject modernisation an return to fundamentalism Eg the Arab world and fostering of international terrorism.

[russlandtv]

Kosaken Hip Hop

Wenn Kosaken in Russland Musik machen, so müssen da nicht immer die Rentner-kompatiblen Kosakenchöre herauskommen, die in Deutschland so beliebt sind. Maxim Ilinow, ein kosakischer Sänger und Maler aus Rostow am Don hat eine ganz andere Art, sein Lebensgefühl auszudrücken: Per HipHop mit seiner Band Atamansky Dworez. Und das klingt zugleich modern und zutiefst russisch.

[russlandtv]

Kinderstunts und Mädchenmodels - russland.TV hat in Rostow am Don eine Stunt-Fahrschule für Kinder und wirklich sehr jungen Modelnachwuchs besucht

[russlandtv]

RUSSLANDS KINDER: Dieses mal Kinderstunts und Mädchenmodels