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Interesting Facts #3
So a few days ago I watched Annihilation(it's alright) on Netflix, and at one point Natalie Portman's character says to(I think?) her husband something like "Death is a flaw in your genes", and that's wrong.
Yes, telomere degradation DOES seem to play a role in gene replication errors, aging, and death, but that's not a mistake. Different species are effected by that degradation differently. Different species experience that degradation at different rates. This is how mayflies live for a day, and humans live for 60-100 years. Telemere degradation is selected for. Death is an evolutionary adaptation.
In other work, the Brimble group recently accomplished more efficient synthesis of gamma-rubromycin (figure 21.8), a potent inhibitor of human telomerase.
"Chemistry" 2e - Blackman, A., Bottle, S., Schmid, S., Mocerino, M., Wille, U.
Leaving a Tip
Celebrated by an exhibition at its new building in White City, London in January, the MRC LMS launched a book and website with over 100 interpretations of the phrase ‘A Picture of Health’ gathered from a broad cross-section of society.
As his Picture of Health, Dr Jean-Baptiste Vannier, head of the Telomere Replication and Stability group at the MRC LMS, chose an image highlighting the tips of chromosomes called telomeres. Read why:
“In each of our cells our unique genetic code exists as lengths of DNA sequence assembled as discrete structures called chromosomes. Chromosomes (here stained blue) end in DNA/protein structures called telomeres (red), repetitive sequences that protect genes along the chromosome from degradation. Telomeres can become shorter with ageing, damage through stress and in disease, but they are also restorable. The enzyme telomerase replenishes shortened telomeres by adding DNA sequence. Telomerase is not active in most of our body’s cells, but cancer cells have developed mechanisms by which telomeres are constantly elongated, which is a key process in helping cancer cells to continue growing. Keeping telomeres at their best is a critical feature of healthy ageing. Maintaining the balance between senescence/cell death and tumour formation is bound up with the mechanisms that control telomere shortening and lengthening. Hence, targeting telomere maintenance pathways in cancer is a long-term goal in my field, as we strive to keep humans healthier longer.”
Image from the Telomere Replication and Stability group at the MRC LMS
Image copyright held by Dr Jean-Baptiste Vannier
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5 cosas que debes saber sobre los telómeros con relación a tu salud
1. Qué son los telómeros?
Los telómeros son básicamente los extremos de los cromosomas de las células, algo parecido a las puntas de plástico de los cordones de los zapatos. La palabra telómero proviene del griego y significa “la parte final”.
A principios de la década de 1970, el teórico ruso Alexei Olovnikov reconoció por primera vez que los cromosomas no podían replicar completamente sus extremos, y confirmaba de esta manera la idea del científico Leinard Hayflick de que las secuencias de ADN se pierden cada vez que una célula se replica hasta que la perdida alcanza un nivel crítico, en donde prácticamente se termina la división celular.
Los telómeros juegan un papel importante en la vida de las células, ya que mantienen la integridad de las terminaciones de los cromosomas impidiendo que se enmarañen y fusionen con otras.
2. Los telómeros son como los escudos protectores del ADN de nuestras células.
El ADN de cada cromosoma tiene regiones finales que consisten en hebras de ADN revestidas de una delicada funda protectora de proteínas.
A medida que las células se dividen para multiplicarse, ya sea para regenerar tejidos o partes de los órganos de nuestro cuerpo, la longitud de los telómeros se va reduciendo, hasta que finalmente al acortarse en un punto las células dejan de replicarse.
En la medida en que nuestras células van perdiendo esa capacidad de replicación, los fallos en nuestros órganos surgen, y perdemos la capacidad de restaurarlos ocasionando enfermedades, o si la replicación es errónea se genera cáncer.
En 1961, el biólogo Leonard Hayflick descubrió que las células se podían dividir en un numero finito antes de morir. Hayflick descubrió que después de un tiempo, las células terminaban de reproducirse, lo que llamo senescencia, es decir continuaban vivas, pero habían dejado de dividirse. Al limite natural que las células tienen para dividirse se le llamó limite de Hayflick, y los telómeros cortos son el interruptor que los apaga.
Abstract
Telomere shortening is one of the main causes for cellular senescence. Caffeine is a natural stimulant most commonly found in coffee and tea. In this study, caffeine was discovered to promote the expression of telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) at both mRNA and protein levels, consequently extend telomere length and prevent cellular senescence. Knockdown of TERT eliminated the effect of caffeine on telomere elongation. Moreover, animal studies indicated that caffeine promoted the expression of TERT and extended telomere length in the thymus and spleen of mice treated with caffeine for a long period of eight months. In addition, caffeine restored the decline of organ index and improved the histological structural change of the thymus, spleen and liver of mice due to aging. These results suggest that caffeine promotes the expression of TERT to delay cellular senescence and aging, which help to understand the mechanism for the benefit of caffeine containing foods on health.
Lobsters do not weaken, slow down, or lose fertility due to aging. This may be due to an enzyme called telomerase that repairs DNA sequences. Photo : Bart Braun / wikipedia